Aliyense amadziwa kuti zamoyo zingapo, zomera ndi zinyama zimakhalira pamtunda kapena pamadzi. Kuphatikizana kwawo, komanso ubale komanso kulumikizana kwawo komanso zinthu zina za abiotic, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa biocenosis. Mawuwa amapangidwa ndikuphatikiza mawu awiri achi Latin "bios" - moyo ndi "coenosis" - wamba. Gulu lililonse lazachilengedwe limakhala ndi zinthu monga bioceosis monga:
- dziko lanyama - zoocenosis;
- zomera - phytocenosis;
- tizilombo - microbiocenosis.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti phytocoenosis ndiye gawo lalikulu lomwe limatsimikizira zoocoenosis ndi microbiocenosis.
Chiyambi cha lingaliro la "biocenosis"
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, wasayansi waku Germany Karl Möbius adaphunzira malo okhala nkhono ku North Sea. Phunziroli, adapeza kuti zamoyozi zimatha kupezeka m'mikhalidwe ina, monga kuzama, kuthamanga, mchere komanso kutentha kwamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, adanenanso kuti mitundu yamoyo yam'madzi imakhala ndi nkhono. Chifukwa chake mu 1877, ndikutulutsa buku lake "Oysters ndi Oyster Economy", mawu ndi lingaliro la biocenosis zidawonekera mwa asayansi.
Gulu la biocenoses
Lero, pali zizindikilo zingapo zomwe biocenosis imagawidwa. Ngati tikulankhula zadongosolo potengera kukula kwake, ndiye kuti:
- macrobiocenosis, omwe amaphunzira mapiri, nyanja ndi nyanja;
- mesobiocenosis - nkhalango, madambo, madambo;
- microbiocenosis - duwa limodzi, tsamba kapena chitsa.
Biocenoses akhoza wachinsinsi monga malowa. Kenako mitundu yotsatirayi ifotokozedwa:
- m'madzi;
- madzi oyera;
- zapadziko lapansi.
The systematization yosavuta madera kwachilengedwenso ndi kugawanika mu biocenoses zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. Zoyamba zimaphatikizapo zoyambira, zopangidwa popanda kutengeka ndiumunthu, komanso yachiwiri, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe. Gulu lachiwiri limaphatikizapo omwe asintha chifukwa cha zinthu zosafunikira. Tiyeni tiwone mawonekedwe awo.
Natural biocenoses
Natural biocenoses ndi mayanjano azinthu zolengedwa mwachilengedwe. Madera oterewa ndi machitidwe omwe adapangidwa kale, opangidwa ndikugwira ntchito molingana ndi malamulo awo apadera. Wasayansi waku Germany V. Tischler adafotokoza izi:
- Biocenoses zimachokera kuzinthu zopangidwa kale, zomwe zitha kukhala nthumwi zamtundu uliwonse ndi malo onse;
- madera ena ammudzi amatha kulowa m'malo mwa ena. Chifukwa chake mtundu umodzi ukhoza kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi wina, osakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa m'dongosolo lonse;
- Poganizira kuti mu biocenosis zofuna za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizotsutsana, ndiye kuti dongosolo lonse la supraorganic limakhazikitsidwa ndikukhazikika chifukwa cha zochita za omwe akutsutsana nawo;
- dera lililonse lachilengedwe limamangidwa ndi malamulo owerengeka amtundu wina ndi linzake;
- kukula kwa machitidwe aliwonse osagwirizana ndi thupi kumadalira zinthu zakunja.
Machitidwe opangira zamoyo
Amapanga biocenoses amapangidwa, amasungidwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi anthu. Pulofesa B.G. A Johannsen adayambitsa zachilengedwe tanthauzo la anthropocenosis, ndiye kuti, chilengedwe chomwe chimapangidwa mwadala ndi munthu. Itha kukhala paki, lalikulu, aquarium, terrarium, ndi zina zambiri.
Mwa biocenoses zopangidwa ndi anthu, agrobiocenoses amadziwika - awa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwira chakudya. Izi zikuphatikiza:
- madamu;
- njira;
- mayiwe;
- msipu;
- minda;
- nkhalango nkhalango.
Chizindikiro cha agrocenosis ndikuti sichingakhaleko kwakanthawi popanda kuchitapo kanthu.
