Ma dolphin ndi nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi za Delphinidae (ma dolphin am'nyanja) ndi Platanistidae ndi Iniidae, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma dolphin amtsinje. Mitundu 6 ya ma dolphin amatchedwa anamgumi, kuphatikiza anamgumi opha komanso akupera mwachidule.
Kufotokozera kwa dolphin
Ma dolphin ambiri ndi ang'ono, osapitilira 3 mita kutalika, okhala ndi matupi ooneka ngati opindika, milomo ngati milomo (rostrum) ndi mano osavuta ngati singano. Ena mwa ma cetacean amenewa nthawi zina amatchedwa porpoises, koma asayansi amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito dzinali ngati dzina lodziwika bwino la mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamtundu wa Phocoenidae, lomwe limasiyana ndi ma dolphin chifukwa ali ndi zikopa zopanda mano komanso mano opunduka.
Mitundu ya Dolphin
Ma dolphin amtsinje
Amazonia inia (Inia geoffrensis)
Kutalika kwa dolphin yamtsinje wa Amazon kumakhala pafupifupi mita 2. Amabwera mumitundu yonse ya pinki: kuchokera ku imvi-pinki mpaka pinki-pinki komanso pinki yotentha, ngati flamingo. Kusintha kwamtunduwu kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa madzi omwe dolphin amakhala. Madzi akuda kwambiri, nyama imawala kwambiri. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawapangitsa kuti atayike mtundu wawo wapinki. Madzi akuda a Amazon amateteza mtundu wokongola wa dolphin.
Nyamazi, zikakhala zosangalatsa, zimasintha thupi lawo kukhala pinki lowala. Pali zosiyana zingapo pakati pa ma dolphin a Amazonia ndi mitundu ina ya dolphin. Mwachitsanzo, ma Rows amatembenuza makosi awo mbali ndi mbali, pomwe mitundu yambiri ya dolphin satero. Khalidwe ili, kuphatikiza kuthekera kwawo kutsogolo ndi chimphepo chimodzi kwinaku kubwerera kumbuyo ndi chimzake, zimathandiza ma dolphin kuyenda mozungulira. Ma dolphin amenewa amasambira m'malo osefukira, ndipo kusinthasintha kwawo kumawathandiza kuyenda mozungulira mitengo. Chowonjezera chomwe chimawasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ndi mano awo ngati mano. Ndi chithandizo chawo, iwo amatafuna masamba owuma. Tsitsi longa chiputu lomwe lili kumapeto kwa milomo yawo limawathandiza kupeza chakudya pabedi lamatope lamtsinje.
Gangetic (Platanista gangetica)
Dolphin wofiirira wotereyu ali ndi mutu wowoneka modabwitsa komanso mphuno. Maso awo ang'onoang'ono amafanana ndi mabowo olowa ngati zibowo pamwamba penipeni pa kamwa lawo losandulika. Maso ndi achabechabe, ma dolphin awa amakhala akhungu ndipo amangodziwa mtundu ndi mphamvu ya kuwala.
Mphuno yayitali, yopyapyala ili ndi mano ambiri akuthwa, osongoka omwe amafikira kumapeto ndipo amawonekera panja pakamwa. Mimbulu yam'mbali imawoneka ngati kachilombo kakang'ono katatu, mimba imakhala yozungulira, yomwe imapatsa ana a dolphin mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Zipsepazo ndi zazing'ono, zazikulu ndi zazikulu, ndi kumbuyo kwake kotsekedwa. Mchira umatha nawonso ndi wokulirapo.
Ma dolphin amakula mpaka 2.5 m ndikulemera kupitilira 90 kg, akazi ndi akulu pang'ono kuposa amuna.
Dolphin waku La Plata (Pontoporia blainvillei)
Kawirikawiri amapezeka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa South America. Membala uyu wamabanja amtsinje wa dolphin ndiye mtundu wokhawo womwe umakhala munyanja. Dolphin La Plata imatha kuwoneka m'mitsinje yam'mitsinje ndi m'madzi osaya am'mphepete mwa nyanja momwe madzi ake ndi amchere.
Dolphin ili ndi mlomo utali kwambiri poyerekeza kukula kwa thupi la membala aliyense wa banja la dolphin. Akuluakulu, milomo imatha kukhala mpaka 15% ya kutalika kwa thupi. Ndi amodzi mwa ana ang'onoang'ono kwambiri a dolphin, nyama zazikulu 1.5 mita m'litali.
Ma dolphin a La Plata amalowa m'madzi osati ndi zipsepse zawo, koma ndi zipsepse zazitali. Ma dolphin achikazi a La Plata amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka zinayi, ndipo atakhala ndi pakati pa miyezi 10 mpaka 11 amabereka koyamba ali ndi zaka zisanu. Amalemera makilogalamu 50 (amuna ndi akazi) ndipo amakhala m'chilengedwe kwa zaka 20.
Ma dolphin am'nyanja
Zofala zazitali (Delphinus capensis)
Ikakhwima kwathunthu, dolphin imafikira kutalika kwa 2.6 m ndikulemera mpaka 230 kg, pomwe amuna amalemera komanso otalikirapo kuposa akazi. Ma dolphinwa ali ndi msana wakuda, mimba yoyera ndi yachikaso, golide kapena imvi yomwe imatsata mawonekedwe a galasi la ola limodzi.
Chotupa chachitali chachitali chachitali chakuthwa chakumaso chili pafupifupi pakati pamsana, ndipo mlomo wautali (monga dzinalo likusonyezera) uli ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, akuthwa.
Dolphin wamba (Delphinus delphis)
Ali ndi mtundu wosangalatsa. Thupi limakhala ndi imvi zakuda zomwe zimaphimbidwa mu mawonekedwe a V pansi pamiyala yammbali mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi. Mbalizo zimakhala zofiirira kapena zachikaso kutsogolo ndi zotuwa kumbuyo. Msana wa dolphin ndi wakuda kapena wabulauni, ndipo mimba yake ndi yoyera.
Amuna ndiwotalika motero amakhala olemera kuposa akazi. Amalemera 200 kg mpaka 2.4 m kutalika. Pakamwa pamakhala mano 65 pa theka lililonse la nsagwada, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyamayi ikhale ndi mano ambiri.
Dolphin yoyera (Cephalorhynchus eutropia)
Kutalika kwa mitundu yaying'ono ya dolphin iyi pafupifupi 1.5-1.8 m mwa munthu wamkulu. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake ozungulira, ma dolphin nthawi zina amasokonezeka ndi porpoises.
Mtundu wa thupi ndi chisakanizo cha mithunzi yosiyanasiyana yakuda ndi utoto wozungulira kuzungulira zipsepse ndi mimba.
Imathandizira kuzindikiritsa ndikusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya dolphin yokhala ndi milomo yayifupi kwambiri, zipsepse zakuzungulira komanso chimaliziro chakumbuyo.
Dolphin wautali (Stenella longirostris)
Ma dolphin amadziwika kuti ndi ma acrobats aluso pakati pa abale (ma dolphin ena nthawi zina amayenda mumlengalenga, koma kwa kutembenukira pang'ono). Dolphin yemwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali amakhala kunyanja yotentha ya Pacific, amatenga matupi asanu ndi awiri kutembenukira kulumpha kamodzi, amayamba kuzungulira m'madzi asanakwere pamwamba pake, ndikulumpha mpaka mamitala atatu mlengalenga, kuzungulirabe mosalekeza asanabwererenso nyanja.
Ma dolphin onse okhala ndi mphuno yayitali amakhala ndi milomo yayitali, yopyapyala, thupi lowonda, zipsepse zazing'ono zopindika zokhala ndi maupangiri osongoka, ndi mphonje yaying'ono yamakona atatu.
Dolphin wamaso oyera (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Dolphin wapakatikati amapezeka ku Kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi West Atlantic, amakhala ndi matumba olimba omwe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 2-3 m ndipo amalemera mpaka 360 kg atakhwima kwathunthu.
Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, dolphin amatchula dzinali kuchokera pakamwa pake lalifupi, poterera. Mbali yake yakumtunda ndi yakuda. Dolphin ili ndi zipsepse zakuda ndi ziphuphu zakuda. Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndi yoyera komanso zonona. Mzere woyera umayenderera m'maso pafupi ndi zipsepse kumbuyo ndi kuzungulira kumbuyo kwa dorsal fin.
Dolphin wa mano akulu (Steno bredanensis)
Zikuwoneka zachilendo, ma dolphin akunja ndi achikale, ngati ma dolphin akale. Mbali yapadera ndi mutu wawung'ono. Ndi dolphin yokhayo yokhala ndi nthawi yayitali yopanda malire pakati pa mlomo ndi pamphumi pake. Mlomo ndi wautali, woyera, wosandulika bwino kukhala chipumi choloza. Thupi lakuda mpaka imvi yakuda. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiyira. Mimba yoyera nthawi zina imakhala ndi pinki. Thupi liri ndi madontho oyera, osagwirizana.
Zipsepsezo ndizotalikirapo komanso zazikulu, kumapeto kwake kumakhala kokwera komanso kolumikizidwa pang'ono kapena kupindika.
Mbalame yotchedwa Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
M'mawu aumunthu, nthawi zambiri, ma dolphin onse ndi ma dolphin a botolo. Amadziwika kwambiri pamitundu yonse chifukwa cha makanema ndi makanema apawailesi yakanema. Monga lamulo, awa ndianthu akuluakulu, onenepa omwe ali ndiimvi yakuda komanso mimba yotuwa. Ali ndi mlomo wachidule komanso wokulirapo komanso mawonekedwe omveka pakamwa omwe amawoneka ngati ma dolphin akumwetulira - chinthu chomvetsa chisoni mukamaganizira za "kumwetulira" kumeneku komwe kunapangitsa ma dolphin kukhala "osangalatsa". Kudulidwa ndi kudindidwa kumapeto kwa dorsal ndizosiyana ndi zala zaanthu.
Nkhope zazikulu (Peponocephala electra)
Thupi lamtundu wa torpedo ndi mutu wabwino ndizabwino kusambira mwachangu. Mlomo mulibe, mutu wake ndiwokulungika modekha komanso wokometsedwa ndi zolemba zoyera pamilomo ndi "maski" amdima kuzungulira maso - mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a nyama izi. Zipsepse zakuthambo monga mawonekedwe a arc, zipsepse zosongoka ndi zipsepse zakumanja, matupi ofiira achitsulo ali ndi "zisoti" zakuda pansi pa zipsepse zakuthambo ndi mawanga otumbululuka pamimba.
Chitchainizi (Sousa chinensis)
Anyani a mtundu wa humpback ali ndi kansalu kakang ono kotchedwa "hump". Ma dolphin onse a humpback ndi ofanana. Koma mitundu yaku China ili ndi "hump" wosiyana kwambiri ndi abale ake aku Atlantic, koma owonekera kwambiri kuposa anyani a Indo-Pacific ndi Australia.
Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi 120-280 cm, wolemera mpaka 140 kg. Nsagwada zazitali zazitali zokhala ndi mano, zipsepse zazikulu za caudal (masentimita 45), fupa lakuthwa (masentimita 15 kutalika) ndi zipsepse zam'mimba (30 cm). Ma dolphin ndi abulauni, imvi, akuda pamwamba ndi otumbululuka pansipa. Zitsanzo zina zitha kukhala zoyera, zamawangamawanga, kapena zamawangamawanga. Nthawi zina amatchedwanso Pink Dolphins.
Irrawaddy (Orcaella brevirostris)
Kuzindikiritsa Dolphin sikovuta. Mitundu ya Irrawaddy imakhala ndi mutu wodziwika bwino, wokopa komanso wamlomo wopanda pake. Nyama ndizofanana ndi belugas, koma ndi dorsal fin. Milomo yawo yosuntha ndi mapindidwe awo pakhosi zimapereka chithunzi pakamwa pawo; ma dolphin amatha kusuntha mitu yawo mbali zonse. Amakhala otuwa m'thupi lonse, koma opepuka pamimba. Mpheto yakumbuyo ndi yaying'ono, zikuluzikulu ndizitali komanso zazikulu, zokhala ndi mphindikati zokhota ndi malekezero ozungulira, ndipo mchirawo ulinso wokulirapo.
Cruciform (Lagenorhynchus cruciger)
Chilengedwe chapanga zolemba zapadera pambali pa nyama ngati mawonekedwe a hourglass. Mtundu wapansi wa dolphin ndi wakuda (mimba ndi yoyera), mbali iliyonse ya thupi pali mzere woyera (kuyambira kumbuyo kwa pakamwa mpaka mchira), womwe umadutsa kumapeto kwa dorsal fin, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a hourglass. Ma dolphin amakhalanso ndi zipsepse zapadera, zomwe zimapangidwa ngati mbedza. Kumapeto kwake kumapeto kumatsamira, wamkuluyo amakhala munthuyo.
Whale wakupha (Orcinus orca)
Anangumi opha (inde, inde, ndi a banja la dolphin) ndiochuluka kwambiri komanso amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amazindikiridwa nthawi yomweyo ndimitundu yawo yakuda ndi yoyera: chakuda chakuda chakuda ndi pansi choyera choyera, malo oyera kumbuyo kwa diso lililonse ndi mbali, "malo owonekera" kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa dorsal fin. Anangumi akumphanga anzeru komanso otuluka, amamveka mosiyanasiyana, ndipo sukulu iliyonse imayimba manotsi omwe mamembala ake amazindikira ngakhale patali. Amagwiritsa ntchito echolocation polumikizana ndikusaka.
Kuswana kwa dolphin
Ma dolphin, maliseche amakhala pamunsi. Amuna ali ndi zotchinga ziwiri, imodzi ikubisa mbolo pomwe inayo the anus. Mkazi ali ndi chotumbula chimodzi chomwe chili ndi nyini ndi anus. Mikanda iwiri yamkaka ili mbali zonse ziwiri zazikazi zoberekera.
Kuphatikizana kwa ma dolphin kumachitika m'mimba mpaka m'mimba, mchitidwewo ndi wamfupi, koma umatha kubwerezedwa kangapo munthawi yochepa. Nthawi ya bere imadalira mtunduwo, mu ma dolphin ang'onoang'ono nthawi imeneyi ndi pafupifupi miyezi 11-12, mu anamgumi opha - pafupifupi 17. Ma dolphin nthawi zambiri amabala mwana mmodzi, yemwe, mosiyana ndi nyama zina zambiri, nthawi zambiri amabadwira mchira. Ma dolphin amagonana ali aang'ono, ngakhale asanakule msinkhu, zomwe zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitundu komanso jenda.
Zomwe dolphins zimadya
Nsomba ndi squid ndiwo chakudya chachikulu, koma anamgumi opha amadya nyama zina zam'madzi ndipo nthawi zina amasaka anangumi omwe ndi akulu kuposa iwowo.
Njira yodyetsera ziweto: ma dolphin amatenga gulu la nsomba pang'ono pang'ono. Kenako a dolphin amasinthana kudya nsomba zodabwitsazo. Njira yoponyera: Ma dolphin amayendetsa nsomba m'madzi osaya kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwira. Mitundu ina imenya nsomba ndi michira yawo, kudumphadumpha ndikudya. Ena amagwetsa nsomba m'madzi ndi kugwira nyama m'mwamba.
Adani achilengedwe a dolphin
Ma dolphin ali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa. Mitundu ina kapena anthu ena alibe, ali pamwamba pamndandanda wazakudya. Mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya dolphin, makamaka ana, imasakidwa ndi nsombazi. Mitundu ina ya dolphin, makamaka anamgumi opha, amasakanso a dolphin ang'onoang'ono, koma izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri.
Ubale wamunthu ndi ma dolphin
Ma dolphin amatenga gawo lofunikira pachikhalidwe cha anthu. Iwo amatchulidwa mu nthano zachi Greek. Ma dolphins anali ofunika kwa a Minoans, kuweruza ndi zaluso zochokera kunyumba yachifumu yowonongedwa ku Knossos. M'nthano zachihindu, dolphin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi Ganges, mulungu wa Mtsinje wa Ganges.
Koma anthu samangokonda zolengedwa izi, komanso zimawawononga, amayambitsa mavuto.
Ma dolphin amaphedwa mosadziwa ndi ma drift-netting and gillnets. M'madera ena padziko lapansi, monga Japan ndi zilumba za Faroe, ma dolphin mwamwambo amaonedwa ngati chakudya ndipo anthu amawasaka ndi nyemba.
