Mwa akavalo onse omwe tikudziwa pakadali pano, pali amodzi osowa kwambiri, Hatchi yakutchire ya Przewalski... Subpecies izi zidapezeka muulendo wina wopita ku Central Asia mu 1879 ndi wasayansi waku Russia Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.
Amabwerera kunyumba, koma m'malire a Russia ndi China adalandira mphatso kuchokera kwa wamalonda m'modzi - khungu ndi chigaza cha nyama zomwe anali asanawonepo mpaka pano, zofananira ndi kavalo ndi bulu nthawi imodzi. Anatumiza nkhaniyi ku St. Petersburg, ku Zoological Museum, kumene anaphunzira mosamala ndi wasayansi wina, Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov. Wachiwiriyu adazindikira kuti nyama zamtunduwu sizikudziwikabe, adapanganso kufotokoza koyamba kwa zomwe zapezeka.
Kusiyanitsa kwake kwakukulu ndi banja lonse la equine ndikulakwitsa kwa ma chromosomes. Oyimira onse odziwika a banjali, ngakhale tarpan yatha, ali ndi ma chromosomes 64, pomwe nyama yosowa iyi ili ndi 66. Pali lingaliro loti nyama iyi siyofanana. Komabe, dzinali silinapangidwe kwa iye.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndi iye amene amalowa muubwenzi ndi kavalo wamba, kulandira ana. Ndipo kuyesera kuwoloka wothandizira wathu wapakhomo ndi abale ena mwina sikupindula kapena sikungathandize.
Izi zidapereka chifukwa choganiza kuti timagulu ta hatchi yakutchire sikuti zidangochitika mwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tonse tabanja tidatsikirapo. Pokhapokha pakukula ndiye kuti ma chromosomes adayamba kutayika. Hatchi wamba ili ndi 64, bulu waku Africa ali ndi 62, bulu waku Asia ali ndi 54, ndipo mbidzi ili ndi 46.
Pakadali pano, titha kunena zachisoni kuti kavalo wa Przewalski watsala pang'ono kutha kuthengo. Anamuwona pomaliza m'mabwalo a 1969 ku Mongolia.
Mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho yamkuntho ya 1944-1945 idathandizira kusowa kwachilengedwe. Ndipo tisaiwale kuti panthawiyi njala inali ikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Asitikali aku China ndi Mongolia adabweretsedwa ku Mongolia, ndipo magulu ankhondo okhala ndi zida zankhondo adapezeka m'malire. Chifukwa cha njala, anthu amafafaniziratu akavalo amtchire. Pambuyo pa nkhonya zoterezi, ma equid sanathe kuchira ndipo anasowa mwachangu kuthengo.
Tsopano pali padziko lapansi pafupifupi anthu zikwi ziwiri. Amachokera ku mahatchi okwana 11 omwe adagwidwa ku Dzungaria koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th. Ana awo akhala akuleredwa mwakhama kwa zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri mu ukapolo, kumalo osungira nyama ndi malo osungidwa padziko lonse lapansi. choncho Hatchi ya Przewalski mu Red Book IUCN ilipo m'gulu la "kutha kwachilengedwe".
Soviet Union inali ndi yayikulu kwambiri Malo osungira akavalo a Przewalski - Askania-Nova (Ukraine). Mwini wake woyamba FE Falz-Fein adasonkhanitsa nyamazi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Anakonzekereranso maulendo opita ku Dzungaria.
Ndizovuta kutulutsa nyama yomwe kulibe kuthengo. Mu ukapolo, kuthekera kwake kubereka kumatayika pang'onopang'ono. Mafelemu ocheperako amapangitsa mavuto mu jini. Ndipo kuyenda kocheperako kumawononganso chithunzicho. Kumtchire, kavaloyu ankathamanga pafupifupi ma kilomita zana pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nthawi yomweyo, tikuwona kuti mtundu uwu wa kavalo ndi wolimba kwambiri komanso wolimba. Ali ndi minofu yotukuka bwino, makamaka ntchafu. Kukula mwachangu, kukankhira pansi, kulumpha. Itha kugundana ndi ziboda kumbuyo, ndikudabwitsa pafupi. Pachifukwa ichi, sikulimbikitsidwa kuti munthu wosadziwa zambiri pamahatchi akhale pafupi ndi nyani waukali.
Kufika mu mkhalidwe woyipa, nyama yotere imatha kupha. Njira yabwino yosinthira malingaliro ake ndikumuchiritsa shuga. Ndikofunika kuyandikira nyama pang'onopang'ono, osafulumira. Sayenera kuchita mantha. Ndibwino kuti musayang'ane m'maso mwake, chifukwa aziona kuti ndizovuta.
Hatchi iyi imawoneka yolimba kuposa kavalo wamba. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 2 mita. Kutalika kumafota kuchokera ku 1.3 mpaka 1.4 m. Kulemera pafupifupi 300-350 kg. Miyendo siitali, koma yamphamvu. Mutu ndi waukulu, wokhala ndi khosi lamphamvu ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono osongoka. Chovala chake ndi mchenga wokhala ndi utoto wofiira. Izi zimatchedwa "savraski". Mimba ndi mbali zake ndizopepuka. Mane, mchira ndi "mawondo apamwamba" pamapazi ndi akuda kuposa chokoleti, pafupi ndi wakuda.
Chovalacho chimakhala cholimba m'nyengo yozizira kuposa nthawi yachilimwe, ndi malaya ofunda ofunda. Poyerekeza ndi kavalo wowetedwa, malaya okongola a Dzungarian ndi ofunda komanso owoneka bwino. "Hedgehog" yochokera kumayendedwe achidule imamera pamutu pake.
Palibe ziphuphu. Kumbuyo kwake kuli lamba wakuda. Mikwingwirima yayikulu pamiyendo. Hatchi ya Przewalski pachithunzichi amawoneka akusewera chifukwa cha mchira woyakira. Tsitsi lalifupi limawoneka pamwamba pake, lomwe limapanga voliyumu yokongola.
Minofu ndi mafupa a kavalo amakula bwino, khungu limakhala lolimba, thupi limakhazikika. Maso ndi akulu kuti athe kuwona bwino. Mphuno ndizoyenda, kununkhira kumapangidwa bwino. Ziboda ndi zolimba mokwanira kuthamanga mtunda wautali. "Mwana wamkazi weniweni wa steppes". Mofulumira komanso mwamphamvu ngati mphepo.
Iye, ngakhale ndi wocheperako, koma amasiyana ndi mahatchi akunyumba komanso owoneka bwino. Maonekedwe ake ali pafupi ndi mitundu yokwera pachikhalidwe, osati mahatchi aku Mongolia. Mutu waukulu wokha pakhosi lamphamvu suumulola kuti akhale m'gulu la opondaponda mahatchi.
Chiwalo chili ndi chala chimodzi - chapakati. Phalanx yake yomaliza imakhuthala ndipo imatha ndi ziboda. Zala zonsezo zidachepetsedwa ndikukula mu nthawi. Izi zimapatsa nyamayo mwayi wokhoza kuyenda mwachangu.
Mosiyana ndi wachibale wake wamba, kavalo wakutchire wa Przewalski sanaphunzitsidwe konse. Chifuniro ndi mphepo zokha ndi zomwe zingagonjetse izi. Nthawi zonse timakambirana za cholengedwa ichi chachikazi, ngakhale zingakhale zolondola kunena kavalo wa Przewalski, zikuwoneka mwankhanza kwambiri.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu itatu ya akavalo amtchire - steppe tarpan, nkhalango ndipo, Hatchi ya Przewalski... Onsewa anali osiyana malo okhala komanso momwe amakhalira. Koma tsopano tarpan imatha kuonedwa ngati nyama yomwe yatha.
Pakadali pano, abale apafupi kwambiri a zidzukulu za Dzungarian amatha kutchedwa kavalo woweta, bulu wamphepo, kulan, mbidzi, tapir ngakhale chipembere. Zonsezi ndi za dongosolo la ma equids.
Ndi nyama zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi zala zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza pa gawo lofananalo, onse ndi olumikizana ndi mawonekedwe: chitukuko chaching'ono kapena ayi, ali ndi mimba yosavuta ndipo ndi odyetsa ziweto.
Ena a iwo aweruzidwa monga mahatchi ndi abulu. Izi zidalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu. Kumvera anthu, adawanyamula, ndikugwira ntchito m'minda yawo, adatumikira magawo onse amoyo wamtendere komanso wankhondo.
Mwa kupambana konse kwa anthu pa zinyama, chofunikira kwambiri ndikofunikira ndikupambana kavalo. Tikanena izi, timatanthauza kutengera mitundu ina iliyonse. Anthu olemekezeka onsewa ndi othandizira, abwenzi komanso atumiki okhulupirika a anthu.
Sizikudziwika kuti ndi ndani komanso liti lomwe linapangidwa kuti liwongolere, koma tsopano ndizovuta kulingalira moyo wamunthu m'mbiri yopanda mahatchi. Ndipo nyama zopanda ziboliboli zomwe munthu sanaweta nazo, amazitsata ndi mfuti. Nyama zonsezi zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana - nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu, chifukwa chake ndizofunikira pakasaka.
Ena mwa iwo ndi tapir, amene ali chinthu kusaka masewera. Nyama izi ndizofunikira pakhungu ndi chakudya. Zipembere zimasakidwa mosavomerezeka chifukwa cha nyanga ndi ziwalo zina za thupi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku onse. Chifukwa chake tokha tikufafaniza mitundu yosawerengeka ya ma equid padziko lapansi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Zimakhulupirira kuti Hatchi ya Przewalski - nyama, yomwe idapulumuka nthawi yachisanu yomaliza. Madera omwe amakhala amakhala akulu. Malire akumpoto anali kwinakwake pakati pa Europe ndipo anafika pafupifupi ku Volga, ndi kum'mawa - pafupifupi ku Pacific Ocean.
Kuchokera kumwera, maulendo awo anali ochepa ndi mapiri. M'dera lalikululi, adasankha zipululu zowuma, mapiri ndi zigwa zazitali kuti akhalemo. Kumapeto kwa Ice Age, tundra ndi steppes aku Europe pang'onopang'ono zidasanduka nkhalango. Malowa sanali oyenera akavalo. Ndipo dera lomwe amakhala limasunthika ndikukhazikika ku Asia.
Kumeneko anakapeza chakudya chawo m’malo odyetserako udzu. Asanadziwike kuti ndi mtundu wina, akhala akudziwika kale kwa anthu okhala pafupi ndi Nyanja Lob-Nor. Nyamazo zinkatchedwa "takhi". Anthu a ku Mongolia amatcha dziko lawo kuti Takhiin-Shara-Nuru ridge ("Mtsinje wachikasu wa kavalo wamtchire").
Kodi kavalo wa Przewalski amakhala kuti Lero? Tidangozindikira izi zitatha kupezeka. Pa nthawi imeneyo ankakhala ku Mongolia, m'chigawo cha Dzungarian Gobi. Zowonjezera izi ndizoyenera bwino zosowa zake zakuthupi.
Zofuna zambiri, zitsamba, anthu ochepa. Chifukwa cha akasupe atsopano komanso amchere pang'ono, ozunguliridwa ndi ma oases, anali ndi zonse zofunika pamoyo wawo - madzi, chakudya, pogona. Iwo adapeza dzina lawo lakale pokumbukira wofufuza wamkulu waku Russia komanso wofufuza yemwe adawazindikira ndikuwasankha. Ndipo m'mbuyomu mtundu uwu unkatchedwa kavalo wa Dzungarian.
Pofika madzulo, gulu, motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri, linapeza malo odyetserako ziweto. Gululo linadya chakudya chawo poyera usiku wonse. Ndipo m'mawa mtsogoleri adamutengera kumalo otetezeka, otetezedwa. Pa nthawi yodyetserako ziweto ndi kupumula, ndiye anali ndi udindo woteteza gulu la ziweto zake.
Hatchi yayikulu inali yokwera pang'ono kuposa abale ake, pamwamba pa phiri, ndipo mosamala kwambiri adayang'ana pozungulira chilichonse. Anawatsogolera mosamala kupita ku madzi othirira. Gululo linathawa chifukwa cha kutentha, kuzizira komanso nyama zolusa, lomwe linayandikana ngati bwalo.
M'madera a steppe ndi semi-chipululu ku Central Asia, ma equid amenewa alandanso bwino madamu ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Abusa ankapha akavalo amtchire kuti azidyetsa okha. Izi, komanso zovuta zachilengedwe, zidapangitsa kuti tsopano tiwawone m'malo osungira nyama okha.
Chondiyamikira, malo osungira nyama ambiri padziko lapansi amaganiza kuti cholinga chawo chachikulu sikusangalatsa anthu, koma kuteteza ndi kubereketsa nyama. Ndi kavalo wa Przewalski, ntchitoyi ndiyotheka, ngakhale kuli kovuta. Nyama iyi idakula bwino mu ukapolo ndipo idawoloka ndi kavalo woweta.
Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kuyesa kuti amasulidwe m'malo ake achilengedwe - madera ndi zipululu za Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan ndi Russia. Akavalo omwe adasamukira kumalo otsegukawa amayang'aniridwa ndi asayansi.
Adazindikira kuti nyama zotere zimazika paliponse m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mdera la Dzungarian Gobi, imaberekanso moyipa kuposa m'malo ena. Ngakhale maderawa anali malo ake omaliza okhala.
Mwina zinthu zasintha, kapena pakhala kusintha kwa kavalo weniweni, koma adayamba kupeza chakudya kumeneko movutikira. Ndipo chakudya chikasowa, ziweto sizichuluka.
Pambuyo pa kafukufuku, zinawonekeratu kuti anali ndi zakudya zosiyana kale. Ankadya udzu m’ngululu ndi chilimwe, ndipo m’nyengo yozizira ndi yophukira ankadya nkhuni zakufa ndi nthambi. Amayenera kubisala pansi pa tchire kwa munthu, chifukwa chake zofunika kwambiri pakudya.
Tsopano sakubisala, m'malo mwake, akusamaliridwa. Komabe, chodabwitsachi ndikuti izi ndi zomwe "zinawawononga", titero kunena kwake. Sangathenso kupikisana ndi ziweto, chifukwa amakhala ndi chakudya chambiri, ndipo kupulumuka kwawo kwatsika. Anthu akuchulukirachulukira. Tiyenera kudyetsa nyamazi nthawi zonse kuti zisafe.
Malo awo amatha kusungidwa ngati nkhokwe kapena malo opulumukirako. Kusaka iwo kumaonedwa ngati mlandu waukulu kwambiri. Ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti, potulutsa nyama izi mtsogolomo, ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa pasadakhale njira ina yamoyo ndi zakudya.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya cha kavalo wotereyu chinali udzu wolimba kwambiri wa ma steppe, nthambi ndi masamba a zitsamba. Adapita ku busa msana. M'miyezi yozizira kwambiri, amayenera kukumba chipale chofewa kwambiri kuti akafike kuudzu woumawo.
Zofufuza ndi kafukufuku wina zaulula china chake chosangalatsa. Mtsogoleri wa gululo ali ndi mphamvu, koma mahatchi achikulire amatsogolera aliyense kufunafuna chakudya. Pakadali pano, mtsogoleri amatseka gululo.
Maziko a chakudya chawo anali chimanga: udzu wa nthenga, udzu wa tirigu, fescue, chiy, ndi bango. Ankadyanso chowawa, anyezi wamtchire, komanso kutafuna tchire tating'ono. Amakonda saxaul ndi Karagan. Mwa njira, anthu omwe akukhala m'malo osungidwa m'makontinenti ena tsopano akulekerera bwino zakudya zakomweko.
Nthawi yovuta kwambiri ya chakudya imabwera m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka pambuyo pa chisanu. Jute yomwe idapangidwa (kutumphuka) imasokoneza mayendedwe, akavalo amaterera, ndizovuta kuti adutsane ndi madzi oundanawa ndikufika muudzu. Njala ikhoza kuchitika.
Ndikosavuta kuwadyetsa ali mu ukapolo, amasintha mitundu yonse yazakudya zamasamba. Chokhacho sichiyenera kuiwala zokonda zawo zachizolowezi, kuphatikizapo zakumwa zakumwa. Nthawi zina zimalimbikitsidwa kuthira mchere m'madzi. Kupatula apo, madzi amchere a Dzungarian Gobi anali mbadwa zawo. Madzi awa amapindulitsa kwambiri nyama.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
M'malo okhala achilengedwe, m'mapiri ndi m'zipululu, amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri kukondana kumachitika mchaka cha Epulo kapena Meyi. Mimba inatenga miyezi 11, choncho anawo anawonekera masika otsatira.
Kuchita bwino kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti apange njira zoyenera kubadwa ndi zakudya. Amayi amabala mwana wamphongo mmodzi, nthawi zambiri madzulo kapena m'mawa. Amawona kuyambira pakubadwa. Ndipo atatha maola angapo amatha kutsatira gululo pamiyendo yake.
Anayesedwa ndi wamwamuna. Mwana atangotsalira m'mbuyo pang'ono, adamulimbikitsa, akumenya khungu kumunsi kwa mchira. Amayi adadyetsa mwana kwa miyezi ingapo mpaka mano ake adakula. Kenako mbidziyo inkatha kudya udzu paokha.
Ankhandwe akale ankasiyidwa m'gulu la ziweto ngati anali mahatchi. Ngati panali stallion, mtsogoleriyo amamuchotsa pagulu lake mchaka chimodzi. Kenako achinyamata adapanga magulu osiyana, momwe adakhala zaka zitatu, kufikira atakula. Pamsinkhu uwu, wamwamuna wokhwima pogonana amatha kuthana ndi amphongo ndikupanga gulu lake.
Tsopano ndizovuta kunena kuti kavaloyu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji kuthengo. Malinga ndi zomwe tapeza, titha kukambirana zaka 8-10 za moyo. Poyang'aniridwa ndi anthu, nyama imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20. Masiku ano, anthu ali ndi udindo pamahatchi a Przewalski.
Chiwerengero chake ndi chosakhazikika, pali chiopsezo chokhala ndi chibadwa chokha. Akavalo onse pakadali pano ndi abale apafupi kwambiri, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kusintha.
Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhudza kutenga matenda. Komabe, zambiri zachitika kale. Anthu adatha kupulumutsa kukongola uku. Chiwerengero cha akavalo sichikudetsanso nkhawa. Chifukwa chake pali chiyembekezo chamtsogolo cha mitundu iyi.
