Ng'ombe ndi imodzi mwazinyama zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mu Chirasha, mawu angapo amafotokoza nyama pamibadwo yosiyana:
- mwana wa ng'ombe ndi mwana wang'ombe;
- wamkazi - ng'ombe yaikazi;
- champhongo ndi ng'ombe.
Mwana wamkazi wamphongo ndi wamkazi amene sanaberekepo mwana. Ng'ombe yoyamba itabadwa, ng'ombeyo imakhala ng'ombe. Ng'ombe zamphongo zambiri zimadulidwa kuti zichepetse nkhanza ndikuzipangitsa kuti zizikhala zosavuta.
Amuna achichepere omwe ali ndi ziweto zotoleredwa ng'ombe amatchedwa ng'ombe zamphongo. Amuna achikulire omwe ali ndi ziweto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafamuyi amatchedwa ng'ombe. Gulu la ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe limapanga gulu.
Etymology ya dzina "ng'ombe"
Ng'ombe ndi mamembala a gulu la nyama zogawanika. Zimaphatikizapo zinyama zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zala zazing'ono. Ng'ombe zili ndi ziboda zogawanika (zopangidwa ndi zala ziwiri zapakati pa phazi lililonse). Ng'ombe ndi za:
- banja la Bovidae (bovids, lomwe limaphatikizaponso antelopes, nkhosa ndi mbuzi);
- banja la Bovinae (mulinso njati ndi antelopes a genus Western eland);
- mitundu Bovini (kuphatikiza ng'ombe, njati ndi yaks),
- mpaka mtundu wa Bos - kuchokera ku bos, liwu lachilatini la "ng'ombe".
Zina mwazinthu zamagulu a ng'ombe
Kodi ng'ombe imafuna nyanga
Kukula ndi kulemera kwa ng'ombe kumadalira mtundu wake. Amuna akuluakulu amalemera makilogalamu 450 mpaka 1800, pomwe akazi amalemera makilogalamu 360-1100. Ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zili ndi nyanga, ndizochepa m'mitundu yambiri, ndipo zimakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu ku Texas Longhorns ndi ng'ombe za African Ankole Watusi.
Mitundu ina imaswanidwa yopanda nyanga kapena imadulidwa nyanga zake akadali achichepere. Ng'ombe Amadziwika ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa mammary (mabere) omwe ali ndi mawere anayi.
Kodi ndi momwe ng'ombe zimadyera
Ng'ombe zimadya (zimadyetsa) pa udzu. Amakhala ndi m'kamwa ndi mano otakasuka kuti adye zomera zolimba. Akuluakulu ali ndi mano 32, koma ma incisors apamwamba ndi mayini akusowa. Ng'ombe zimakhala ndi pakhosi pakamwa pake kuti zithandizire kudula udzu. Mizere yam'meno oyenda imayenda moyandikana ndi lilime, motero kutafuna kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri ndipo kumayenda mozungulira.
Zomera zodziwika bwino kwambiri zomwe zimadya ng'ombe (ndi zina zowotcha) ndimimba yawo yayikulu yazipinda zinayi, yomwe imakhala ngati malo opangira nayonso mphamvu. Mkati mwa chibangacho, chipinda chachikulu kwambiri cham'mimba, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono timagaya ulusi wolimba (cellulose). Pofuna kuthandizira izi, ng'ombe zimabweza chakudya ndikuyesanso chakudya mobwerezabwereza chisanalowe m'malo ena am'mimba kudzera muzipinda zina zam'mimba.
Njirayi, yotchedwa "chingamu," imagwedeza chakudya chomwe chimagaya nyama (chosakanikirana) ndikuthandizira kuyamwa michere. Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yowunikiranso, ng'ombe zimapewa kufunafuna chakudya chatsopano kumene. Izi zimawathandiza kuti atenge msangamsanga udzu wambiri kuchokera pamalo osatetezeka.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya ng'ombe
Ng'ombe zapakhomo zimawonjezeredwa nyama, mkaka, kapena zikopa, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu zankhondo ku Europe, India ndi Africa. Mitundu ina ya nyama, monga njati zaku Asia, Tibetan yak, Gayal ndi Banteng aku Southeast Asia, ndi njati zomwe zimakhala ku North America, zakhala zowetedwa kapena kuwetedwa ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswana ng'ombe.
Ng'ombe zonse zamakono zimakhala za mitundu iyi:
- Bos taurus (mitundu yaku Europe, m'modzi mwa omwe akuyimira ndi Shorthorn ndi Jersey);
- Bos indicus (mitundu yaku India ya zebu, mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Brahman);
- akupezeka podutsa awiri oyamba (mwachitsanzo, santa gertrude).
Mitundu ya ng'ombe yomwe ikudziwika masiku ano sinakhaleko nthawi zonse, ndipo zambiri zidasinthidwa posachedwa.
Kutanthauzira mtundu wa ng'ombe ndizovuta chifukwa cha kuswana kwa nyama, ngakhale mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ovomerezeka bwino komanso ogwirizana ndi ng'ombe. Nthawi zambiri, mtunduwo umamveka ngati nyama zomwe zasankhidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kuti zizindikire mtundu, kukula, mawonekedwe amthupi ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndipo izi kapena zina zake zimasungidwa mwa ana.
Mitundu yapangidwa ndi mibadwo ya obereketsa omwe akufuna kupanga ndi kusunga mtundu wina wa ng'ombe wokhala ndi zofunikira. Izi zimatheka pogwira ntchito mfundo yoti "monga kubereka ngati". Ndi posachedwapa pomwe sayansi ya chibadwa, makamaka chibadwa cha anthu, yathandizira pakupanga mitundu yatsopano ya ng'ombe.
Pali mitundu yambiri yakale ku Continental Europe - mwachitsanzo ng'ombe za Charolais ndi mitundu ya mkaka wa Norman ndi ena ambiri - koma mitundu yaku Britain ndi yomwe yakhala maziko opangira ng'ombe zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimapereka ng'ombe ndi mkaka wambiri kumsika.
Ng'ombe za mkaka
Ayshirskaya
Ng'ombe ndi zofiirira zofiirira, mahogany muutoto, kuyambira kuwala mpaka mdima woyera. Mu ng'ombe zina, mtunduwo ndi wakuda kwambiri womwe umawoneka ngati wakuda. Mawanga nthawi zambiri amatenthedwa m'mphepete, ang'onoang'ono komanso obalalika thupi.
Izi ndi ng'ombe zazing'ono, pakukhwima zimalemera makilogalamu opitilira 550, zimakhala zolimba, zolimba, zimaima mwakachetechete m'makola m'minda yamkaka, ndipo zimazolowera makina oyamwitsa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a udder, samakhala ndi mavuto amiyendo.
Mitundu ina yochepa imafanana ndi kuthekera kwa ng'ombe zaku Ayshire kudyetsa m'malo ovuta kudya kapena nyengo. Ng'ombe zilibe mafuta achikaso, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wanyama, chifukwa chake Ayrshir amakwezedwa ngati gobies. Mkaka wa mtunduwo uli ndi mafuta ochepa.
Jersey
Nthawi zambiri ng'ombe zimakhala zofiirira, ngakhale zimakhala zotuwa komanso zakuda. Amathanso kukhala ndi zigamba zoyera zomwe zimakwirira mascara ambiri. Ng'ombe weniweni wa ku Jersey nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mphuno yakuda komanso mphuno yoyera mozungulira pakamwa. Miyendo yamphamvu sachedwa kuvulala.
Ng'ombezo ndizochepa kukula, pafupifupi 400-450 kg.
Mtundu wa Jersey umatulutsa mkaka bwino kuposa mitundu ina. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'maiko omwe chakudya chimasowa ndipo chimapangitsa mtunduwu kukhala mwayi wopindulitsa paulimi.
Holstein
Mitunduyi imadziwika chifukwa chakuda ndi yoyera kapena kofiira ndi koyera, kapangidwe ka mkaka, thupi lalikulu. Mwana wang'ombe wathanzi wa Holstein amalemera makilogalamu 40 kapena kupitilira apo pakubadwa. Ng'ombe yokhwima ya Holstein imalemera pafupifupi 680 kg. Moyo wabwinobwino wa mtundu wa Holstein ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Ng'ombe zimatulutsa mkaka wambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Amakhala ndi kuthekera kopitilira muyeso kwakubadwa kwawo kotheka kusintha popanda denga lachilengedwe. Kusintha kwamtundu wa 1 mpaka 2% pachaka ndizowona.
Ng'ombe zimasinthasintha kuti zizikhalamo m'minda yotsekedwa, pang'ono pang'ono komanso mopanda ziweto. Komanso, momwe moyo umakhalira mulibe kanthu, nyama zimadya kumapiri komanso kumapiri.
Ng'ombe za ng'ombe
Mapiri
Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mphonje yayitali (yomwe imawoneka ngati ikuphimba maso), nyanga zazitali komanso zakuda zimapangitsa kuti mtunduwo ukhale wosaiwalika komanso wosazolowereka.
Ng'ombeyo ili ndi ubweya wapawiri - chovala chamkati chamkati chamkati ndi ubweya wautali wakutali, umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 30 ndipo umakutidwa ndi mafuta omwe amateteza chinyezi. M'madera otentha, owuma, ng'ombe zaku Highland zimatsanulira ubweya wawo wokulirapo kenako zimameranso nyengo yozizira ikabweranso.
Mtundu wa malayawo ndi wakuda, wamawangamawanga, ofiira, achikasu komanso otuwa. Mitunduyi ndi yolimba ndipo imatha kudyetsa bwino msipu wobiriwira. Amadziwika ndi moyo wautali, ng'ombe zambiri zimaswana zili ndi zaka zopitilira 18, zimabereka ana a ng'ombe 15 m'moyo wawo wonse. Chibadwa cha amayi chimapangidwa, ngakhale ana amphongo oyamba samakonda kusiya ana.
Ng'ombe zazikulu zimalemera pafupifupi 800 kg, ng'ombe - 500 kg.
Amapereka nyama yamphongo yopyapyala ndi zamkati, zotsekemera komanso zamadzi zokoma ndi mawonekedwe. Nyama ya ng'ombe ndi yathanzi, yathanzi, yopanda mafuta komanso cholesterol komanso imakhala ndi mapuloteni ndi ayironi wambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya ng'ombe.
Aberdeen Angus
Mtunduwo umabadwa wopanda nyanga. Ng'ombe ndi zakuda kapena zofiira, ngakhale zakuda ndi mthunzi waukulu, nthawi zina zoyera zimawonekera pa udder.
Mitunduyi imagonjetsedwa ndi nyengo yoipa, yosasunthika, yosinthika mosavuta, yabwino. Zoyesazo zimakhwima molawirira, akaphedwa amalandila nyama zakufa ndi nyama yonyamula yokometsedwa. Mitundu ya Angus imagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo kukonza nyama. Akazi ali ndi kuthekera kwakubala ndi kulera ana a ng'ombe. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati dziwe lakubadwa, chifukwa jini lalikulu limapereka mawonekedwe oyenerera.
Pano
Mtundu wa ng'ombe umakhala utoto kuchokera kufiyira wakuda mpaka kufiira-wachikaso. White akuwoneka wosiyana ndi mbiri iyi:
- mutu;
- kufota;
- mame;
- m'mimba.
Ng'ombe zomwe zili ndi zoyera zoyera komanso zolemba zoyera pansi pa mawondo ndi hock ndizofala. Nyama zambiri zimakhala ndi nyanga zazifupi, zakuda zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhota m'mbali mwa mitu yawo, koma ng'ombe yopanda nyanga ya Hereford idabadwira ku North America ndi Britain.
Amuna okhwima omwe amalemera mpaka 800 kg, akazi pafupifupi 550 kg.
Mtundu uwu ndiwolimba komanso wotchuka chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali, akazi amabala ana ang'ombe opitilira zaka 15. Ng'ombe zamphongo zimapatsa ana ziweto mpaka zaka 12 kapena kupitilira apo. OĊµeta ambiri amasunga nyama mpaka kufa chifukwa cha chilengedwe.
Mtundu wa Hereford umakhala m'chipale chofewa ku Finland, umapirira kutentha kwa Northern Transvaal, ndipo umalimbana ndi nyengo yovuta komanso maudzu akumpoto kwa Uruguay kapena madera otentha ku Brazil.
Ng'ombe zophatikiza ndi mkaka
Ng'ombe yamabuluu yaku Belgian
Chinyama chachikulu chokhala ndi mizere yozungulira komanso minofu yotchuka. Phewa, kumbuyo, chiuno ndi sacrum ndizolimba. Msana ndi wowongoka, sacrum ikutsetsereka, mchira umatchulidwa. Ali ndi miyendo yokongola, yamphamvu ndipo amayenda mosavuta.
Mtunduwo ndi woyera ndi wabuluu ndi wakuda kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri; zofiira zimapezeka m'ma genotypes ena. Mitunduyi imadziwika chifukwa chokhazikika.
Kulemera kwa ng'ombe yamphongo wamkulu kumachokera ku 1100 mpaka 1250 kg. Ng'ombe kuyambira 850 mpaka 900 kg.
Buluu waku Belgian m'mapulogalamu owoloka ndi mitundu ina ya mkaka kapena nyama imakulitsa zokolola za 5 - 7% poyerekeza ndi mzere wamayi.
Zofanana
Mitunduyi imachokera ku golide mpaka kufiira ndi yoyera, ndipo imagawidwa mofanana kapena yamatsatanetsatane bwino. Mutu ndi woyera ndipo nthawi zambiri mzere woyera umawonekera pamapewa.
Ng'ombe za mtunduwu zimalemera pafupifupi 700-900 makilogalamu, ndipo ng'ombe zamphongo - 1300 kg.
Kuswana kosankhika kuti mupange mkaka ndi ng'ombe pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kwadzetsa mtundu wabwino womwe umatha kusintha, kukhala wolimba mwamphamvu komanso kupulumuka kwabwino. Kugonjera komanso mawonekedwe abwino a umayi ndi mawonekedwe ena amtunduwu.
Mukadutsa, mtundu wa Simmental umapereka kukula bwino, chifukwa chake, zokolola zabwino za ng'ombe kwa ana owoloka, zimapangitsa kuti nyama izikhala ndi mafuta oyera komanso kukongola kwakukulu, kumakulitsa mkaka.
Shvitskaya
Thupi loyera, bulauni yoyera yoyera ndi mdima wakuda wamaso amathandizira kuti ziweto zizilimbana ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Amakhala olimba, achonde, amakhala ndi moyo wautali, amatha kusinthasintha ndikuwongolera momwe ziboda ndi miyendo ya ng'ombe imakhalira.
Mitunduyi imapereka zokolola zabwino za mkaka ndi nyama.
Mkaka wa ku Swiss umakondedwa ndi opanga tchizi chifukwa cha mafuta ndi mapuloteni abwino kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ya mkaka.
Ng'ombe zikakonzeka kuswana
Ng'ombeyo imakula msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 15, kutengera mtundu wake, koma siyimalira mpaka miyezi 18. Mimba msanga imalepheretsa kukula ndikuchepetsa chonde komanso kupanga mkaka.
Kodi ng'ombe imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Zimatengera mtundu ndi mwana wa ng'ombe. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi masiku 279 mpaka 287. Kwa mitundu yambiri, nthawiyo ndi masiku 283. Ng'ombe zonyamula ng'ombe zimakhala ndi bere lalitali kuposa ng'ombe zonyamula ana amphongo.
