Ziwombankhanga zazikulu, zamphamvu, zolusa zimagwira ntchito masana. Ziwombankhanga zimasiyana ndi mbalame zina zodya zazikulu mu kukula kwake kwakukulu, malamulo ake amphamvu komanso mutu ndi mulomo waukulu. Ngakhale mamembala ang'onoang'ono am'banja, monga chiwombankhanga chaching'ono, amakhala ndi mapiko ataliatali komanso otambalala.
Mitundu yambiri ya mphungu imakhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa. Ziwombankhanga zamphongo ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhala ku United States ndi Canada, mitundu isanu ndi inayi imapezeka ku Central ndi South America ndipo atatu ku Australia.
Chiwombankhanga chimafanana ndi chiwombankhanga cha kapangidwe ka thupi ndi mawonekedwe ake owuluka, koma chimakhala ndi mutu wa nthenga (nthawi zambiri wopindika) ndi miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zopindika. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 59 ya ziwombankhanga. Oyang'anira mbalame agawa ziwombankhanga m'magulu anayi:
- kudya nsomba;
- kudya njoka;
- ziwombankhanga - kusaka nyama zazikulu;
- Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimadya nyama zazing'ono.
Ziwombankhanga zazimayi ndizazikulu kuposa zamwamuna ndi 30%. Kutalika kwa chiombankhanga kumatengera mitundu, mphungu yamphongo ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide zimakhala zaka 30 kapena kupitilira apo.
Zakuthupi za mphungu
Pafupifupi ziwombankhanga zonse zimapangidwa ngati ndodo zopota, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti matupiwo amakhala atazungulirazungulira kumapeto kwake. Izi mawonekedwe amachepetsa kuukoka kuthawa.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga ndi mulomo wake wamfupa wolimba, wopindika, womwe umakutidwa ndi mbale zaku keratin. Mbedza kumapeto kwake imatsegula mnofu. Mlomowo ndi wakuthwa m'mphepete mwake, umadula pakhungu lolimba la nyamayo.
Ziwombankhanga zili ndi zibowo ziwiri zamakutu, imodzi kumbuyo ndi inayo pansi pa diso. Siziwoneka ngati zikutidwa ndi nthenga.
Mapikowo ndi aatali komanso otambalala, kuwapangitsa kukhala othandiza kunyamuka. Pochepetsa mphepo yamkuntho pamene mpweya umadutsa kunsonga ya mapiko, nsonga za nthenga zomwe zili kumapeto kwake zimalumikizidwa. Chiwombankhanga chikatambasula bwinobwino mapiko ake, nsonga za nthenga sizigwira.
Ziwalo za masomphenya a mphungu
Maso akuthwa a chiwombankhanga amatchera nyama kuchokera patali. Maso ali mbali zonse za mutu, kutsogolo. Acuity owoneka bwino amaperekedwa ndi ophunzira akulu, omwe amachepetsa pang'ono kulowa kwa ophunzira.
Maso amatetezedwa ndi zakumtunda, m'munsi mwa zikope ndi khungu. Imakhala ngati chikope chachitatu, chosunthira mozungulira kuyambira pakona lamkati la diso. Chiwombankhanga chimatseka nembanemba yowonekera, chimateteza maso osataya kumveka bwino kwa masomphenya. Kakhungu kamagawana madzi amadzimadzi posunga chinyezi. Zimatetezeranso pakuwuluka masiku amphepo kapena pakakhala fumbi ndi zinyalala mumlengalenga.
Ziwombankhanga zambiri zimakhala ndi chotupa kapena nsidze pamwamba ndi patsogolo pa diso lomwe limateteza ku dzuwa.
Mphungu imawona
Ziwombankhanga zili ndi miyendo yolimba komanso yamphamvu. Mapazi ndi mapazi zimakutidwa ndi masikelo. Pali zala 4 paw. Yoyamba imayang'ana kumbuyo, ndipo atatu enawo amapita kutsogolo. Chala chilichonse chili ndi chikhadabo. Zikhadabo zake ndizopangidwa ndi keratin, zomanga thupi zolimba, ndipo ndizopindika pansi. Mbalame zimagwira ndikunyamula nyama ndi zala zamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zolimba zakuthwa.
Ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimapha ndi kunyamula nyama zazikulu, zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali, zomwe zimagwiranso mbalame zina zikauluka.
Mitundu yambiri ya ziwombankhanga imakhala ndi nthenga zosakhala zowala kwambiri, makamaka zofiirira, dzimbiri, zakuda, zoyera, zamabuluu ndi zotuwa. Mitundu yambiri imasintha mtundu wa nthenga zake kutengera gawo lamoyo. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira kwathunthu, pomwe mbalame zazikulu zimakhala ndi mutu woyera ndi mchira woyera.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya ziwombankhanga
Mphungu yagolide (Aquila chrysaetos)
Ziwombankhanga zokhwima zagolidi zimakhala zofiirira ndi mitu ndi makosi agolide. Mapiko awo ndi thupi lawo lakumunsi ndi bulauni yakuda, mapiko a nthenga ndi mchira amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yosadziwika bwino. Ziwombankhanga zagolidi zili ndi mawanga ofiira ofiira pachifuwa, kutsogolo kwa mapiko komanso kumunsi kwenikweni kwa thupi. Mawanga oyera oyera amitundu yosiyanasiyana amawoneka pafupi ndi malo olumikizana ndi nthenga zazikulu zamkati ndi zamkati zobisika zamapiko.
Nthenga za ziombankhanga zazing'ono zagolidi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwamitundu. Nthenga zamapiko zimakhala zakuda, zopanda mikwingwirima. Pamwamba ndi nthenga zina zachiwiri, mawanga oyera amawoneka pafupi ndi mabasiketi, ndipo zotchinga zakumtunda komanso zakumunsi zamapiko zimakhala zofiirira. Mchirawo ndi woyera kwambiri ndi mzere wakuda wakuda motsatira nsonga.
Achinyamata amasintha pang'onopang'ono mtundu ndikuyamba kuoneka ngati mbalame zazikulu, koma amakhala ndi nthenga zonse za ziwombankhanga zazikulu za golide pambuyo pa chisanu chachisanu. Zolemba zofiira pamimba ndi kumbuyo zimadziwika kwambiri ndi ukalamba. Ziwombankhanga za golide zili ndi zikhadabo zachikasu ndi nthenga kumtunda kwakumiyendo ndi milomo yakuda ndi sera wachikasu. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, irises ndi abulauni, mbalame zokhwima, zofiira zachikasu.
Ziwombankhanga za golide zimauluka popanga mapiko awo 6-8, kenako ndikumayenda mwamphindi masekondi angapo. Ziwombankhanga zikuuluka m'mwamba zikukweza mapiko awo ataliatali mozungulira ngati mawonekedwe a V.
Mphungu ya Hawk (Aquila fasciata)
Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimakhala ndi nthenga zosiyanasiyana. Chiwombankhanga ndi chakuda pamwamba, choyera pamimba. Mikwingwirima yolumikizidwa yolumikizana yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera imawonekera, yomwe imapatsa chiwombankhanga mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino ndi okongola. Chiwombankhanga chimakhala ndi mchira wautali, chofiirira pamwambapa ndi choyera pansipa ndi mzere umodzi wakuda wakuda. Mapazi ake ndi maso ake ndi achikasu bwino, ndipo utoto wonyezimira ukuwonekera mozungulira mlomo wake. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi achikulire ndi nthenga zawo zowala pang'ono, mimba ya beige komanso kusapezeka kwa mzere wakuda kumchira.
Pouluka mokongola, mbalameyi imasonyeza mphamvu. Chiwombankhanga chimatengedwa ngati mbalame yaying'ono komanso yaying'ono, koma kutalika kwake ndi 65-72 masentimita, mapiko amphongo ndi pafupifupi 150-160 cm, mwa akazi - 165-180 cm, izi ndizosangalatsa. Kulemera kwake kumayambira 1.6 mpaka 2.5 kg. Kutalika kwa moyo mpaka zaka 30.
Mphungu yamwala (Aquila rapax)
Mbalame, mtundu wa nthenga ukhoza kukhala chilichonse choyera mpaka bulauni-bulauni. Ndi nyama zolusa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi chakudya, kudya chilichonse kuchokera njovu zakufa mpaka chiswe. Amakonda kuzalanyaza zinyalala ndikubera chakudya cha adani anzawo pamene angathe, ndikusaka pomwe kulibe. Chizolowezi chotola zinyalala chimakhudza kwambiri ziwombankhanga zamiyala, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimadya nyambo zapoizoni zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi adani awo.
Ziwombankhanga zamiyala zimadya kwambiri nyama zakufa kuposa anzawo a mammalian, chifukwa zimawona mitembo m'mbuyomo ndikuwulukira pachakudya chofulumira kuposa nyama yomwe yafika kumtunda.
Chiwombankhanga (Aquila nipalensis)
Kulira kwa chiwombankhanga kumamveka ngati kulira kwa akhwangwala, koma ndi mbalame yodekha. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi 62 - 81 cm, mapiko ake ndi 1.65 - 2.15 m.Akazi omwe amalemera 2.3 - 4.9 kg ndi akulu pang'ono kuposa 2 - 3.5 kg ya amuna. Ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chokhala ndi pakhosi lotumbululuka, thupi lakumtunda lofiirira, nthenga zowuluka zakuda ndi mchira. Mbalame zazing'ono sizimasiyana mosiyana ndi achikulire. Zigawo zakummawa A. n. nipalensis ndi yayikulu komanso yakuda kuposa Europe ndi Central Asia A. n.
Manda (Aquila heliaca)
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu kwambiri, zocheperako pang'ono kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kukula kwa thupi kumachokera pa masentimita 72 mpaka 84, mapiko ake amakhala kuyambira masentimita 180 mpaka 215. Mbalame zazikulu zimakhala zofiirira, pafupifupi zakuda, zokhala ndi utoto wagolide kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi. Nthawi zambiri pamapewa pamakhala mawanga oyera oyera amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe kulibe anthu ena. Nthenga za mchira ndi zotuwa zachikaso.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nthenga zonyezimira. Nthenga zouluka za ma Imperial Eagles achichepere ndizofanana. Mtundu wa munthu wamkulu umapangidwa pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka 6 za moyo.
Chiwombankhanga (Aquila pennata)
Mitundu ya subspecies yokhala ndi nthenga zakuda siyodziwika kwenikweni. Mutu ndi khosi ndi zofiirira, ndi mitsempha yakuda. Mphumi ndi yoyera. Gawo lakumtunda la thupi ndi lofiirira komanso nthenga zowala kumtunda kwa ocher wotumbululuka, wokhala ndi mdima wakuda wofiirira mchira. Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndi yakuda bulauni.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chiwombankhanga chachikulire timakhala ndi nthenga zoyera m'miyendo yake. Msana ndi wakuda imvi. Thupi lakumunsi ndiloyera ndi mizere yofiira-bulauni. Mutu ndi wotumbululuka komanso wofiira. Pothawa, chingwe chotumbululuka chimawoneka pamapiko akuda akuda. Pansi pa chivundikirocho panali utoto ndi nthenga zakuda.
Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana. Achinyamata amafanana achikulire amtundu wamdima wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yowopsa kwambiri komanso mikwingwirima yakuda. Mutu ndi wofiira.
Mphungu ya siliva (Aquila wahlbergi)
Ndi imodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zazing'ono kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi mphamba yomwe imalipira zachikaso. Anthuwo ndi ofiira kwambiri, koma ma morphs amitundu ingapo adalembedwa mkati mwa mitunduyo, mbalame zina ndizofiirira, zina zoyera.
Chiwombankhanga chotsogola chimasaka zouluka, osakonda kubisalira. Imagunda tiana tating'onoting'ono, mbalame zazing'ono zazing'ono, zokwawa, tizilombo, komanso kuba anapiye kuzisa. Mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga zina, zomwe anapiye ake ndi oyera, zazing'ono zamtunduwu zimakutidwa ndi zofiirira kapena zofiirira pansi.
Kaffir chiwombankhanga (Aquila verreauxii)
Imodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu, kutalika kwa 75-96 cm, amuna amalemera kuchokera ku 3 mpaka 4 kg, azimayi akuluakulu kuchokera ku 3 mpaka 5.8 kg. Wingspan kuchokera 1.81 mpaka 2.3 m, mchira kutalika kuchokera 27 mpaka 36 cm, kutalika kwa phazi - kuchokera 9.5 mpaka 11 cm.
Nthenga za ziwombankhanga zazikulu zakuda zakuda, ndi mutu wachikaso, mlomo ndi wotuwa komanso wachikasu. "Nsidze" zachikaso kwambiri ndi mphete mozungulira maso zimasiyana ndi nthenga zakuda, ndipo ma irises ndi abulauni yakuda.
Chiwombankhanga chili ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ngati ofiira ngati V kumbuyo kwake, mchira wake ndi woyera. Chitsanzocho chimangowoneka pouluka kokha, chifukwa mbalame ikakhala, mawu ake oyera amakhala okutidwa pang'ono ndi mapiko.
Maziko a mapikowo amakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera, mlomowo ndi wandiweyani komanso wolimba, mutu wake ndi wozungulira, khosi ndilolimba, ndipo miyendo yayitali imakhala ndi nthenga zonse. Ziwombankhanga zachinyamata zili ndi mutu ndi khosi lofiira ngati golide, mutu wakuda ndi chifuwa, zikopa zonenepa, zokutira mapiko achikasu. Mphete zozungulira maso ndi zakuda kuposa ziwombankhanga zazikulu; amakhala ndi mtundu wa munthu wokhwima pambuyo pa zaka 5-6.
Momwe mphungu zimaswana
Amamanga zisa zawo m’mitengo ikuluikulu, m’miyala, ndi m’matanthwe. Mzimayi amaikira mazira 2-4 ndipo amawafungatira kwa masiku 40. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 30 mpaka 50, kutengera nyengo. Yaimuna imagwira nyama zazing'ono, zimadyetsa mphungu.
Wobadwa kumene
Ikatuluka m'dzira, yokutidwa ndi madzi oyera, mwana wopanda thandizoyu amadalira kwambiri mayi kuti amupatse chakudya. Imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 85. Ng'ombe yoyamba imakhala ndi msinkhu komanso kukula kwake kuposa anapiye ena onse. Chimakula mwamphamvu ndipo chimapikisana bwino kwambiri pakudya.
Anapiye
Asanachoke pachisa kwa nthawi yoyamba, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhalabe "anapiye" kwa milungu 10-12. Zimatenga nthawi yaitali kuti anapiyewo akhale ndi nthenga zokwanira kuuluka komanso okulirapo mokwanira kusaka nyama. Wachichepere amabwerera kuchisa cha makolo kwa mwezi wina ndikupempha chakudya bola akadadyetsedwa. Masiku 120 atabadwa, chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chidziyimira palokha.
Yemwe ziwombankhanga zimasaka
Ziwombankhanga zonse ndi nyama zolusa, koma mtundu wa chakudya chimadalira komwe amakhala komanso mitundu yake. Ziwombankhanga ku Africa zimadya njoka, ku North America nsomba ndi mbalame zam'madzi monga abakha. Mphungu zambiri zimangosaka nyama zomwe ndizocheperako kuposa iwo, koma ziwombankhanga zina zimawombera nswala kapena nyama zina zazikulu.
Malo okhala ziwombankhanga
Ziwombankhanga zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikiza nkhalango, madambo, nyanja, madambo, ndi zina zambiri. Mbalame zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi kupatula Antarctica ndi New Zealand.
Yemwe amasaka ziwombankhanga m'chilengedwe
Chiwombankhanga chachikulire chathanzi, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kokongola ndi luso lake la kusaka, sichikhala ndi adani achilengedwe. Mazira, anapiye, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono, ndi mbalame zovulala zimakodwa ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana monga mbalame zina zodya nyama, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga ndi akabawi, zimbalangondo, mimbulu ndi nkhuku.
Chiwonongeko cha malo
Kuwonongedwa kwa malo ndiwopseza kwambiri. Gawo la mbalame, monga lamulo, limafikira mpaka ma kilomita lalikulu 100, ndipo amabwerera ku chisa chomwecho chaka ndi chaka.
Ziwombankhanga zimasakidwa ndi anthu posaka nyama kapena kupha nyama monga ma hazel grouses. Ziwombankhanga zambiri zinaikidwa poizoni chifukwa cha nyama zakufa, zomwe zimaphedwanso ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
M'madera ena, mbalame zimasakidwa nthenga, mazira amabedwa kuti agulitsidwe mosavomerezeka pamsika wakuda.
