Njovu ndizazikulu kwambiri ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zapadziko lapansi. Palibe nyama ina yomwe ili ndi lamulo lofananako: mphuno yayitali (thunthu), makutu akulu ndi osinthasintha, miyendo yayikulu ndi yayikulu.
Njovu zamtundu wanji zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi komanso kuti
Mitundu itatu ndi mitundu itatu yazinyama imakhala ku Africa ndi Asia.
Njovu zaku Africa za Loxodonta africana
Njovu ya Bush Bush Loxodonta africana
Ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yapamtunda. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, njovu zimadya msipu, koma zina zimapezeka ku chipululu cha Namib ndi Sahara. Njovu zaku savanna zaku Africa ndizotuwa mopepuka, zazikulu, ndipo mankhusu awo amaweramira pansi.
Njovu zamtchire (Loxodonta cyclotis)
Njovu zakutchire Loxodonta cyclotis
Ankawerengedwa ngati subspecies ya njovu yamtchire ku Africa, koma kenako amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wina womwe udatuluka zaka 2-7 miliyoni zapitazo. Njovu ndizocheperako, zili ndi makutu ozungulira, ndipo thunthu lawo limakhala lokwera kuposa la njovu za savannah. Njovu ya m'nkhalango ndi yakuda kuposa imvi ndipo minyanga yake imakhala yowongoka komanso yotsika.
Njovuzi zimakonda nkhalango zowirira, ndipo zambiri zimapezeka ku Gabon. Amadyetsa zipatso (masamba ndi makungwa amapanga zakudya zotsalazo) ndipo amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, akutali a mamembala awiri mpaka asanu ndi atatu.
Njovu zaku India (Elephas maximus)
Njovu zaku India Elephas maximus
Ili ndi mutu waukulu komanso waufupi komanso wamphamvu. Ndi makutu akulu, amayendetsa kutentha kwake komanso amalumikizana ndi njovu zina. Kusiyana pakati pa njovu zaku India ndi Africa:
- makutu a njovu yaku India ndi ocheperako kuposa amitundu yaku Africa;
- Njovu zaku India zili ndi msana wopindika kuposa njovu yaku Africa;
- mtundu wa khungu ndi wopepuka kuposa njovu yaku Asia;
- madera ena amthupi opanda pigment.
Njovuzi zili ndi michira yayitali yomwe imera pansi pa mawondo awo. Njovu zaku India sizimakhala ndi minyanga, ndipo ikakhala nayo, njovuzo sizimera kunja kwa kamwa.
Njovu zaku India zimapezeka m'maiko 10 akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, koma ambiri (pafupifupi 30,000) amakhala zigawo zinayi za India. Izi zikuphatikiza mapiri a Himalaya kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo, zigawo zapakati pa Orissa ndi Jharkhand, ndi chigawo chakumwera cha Karnataka.
Njovu ya Sri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
Njovu ya Sri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
Yaikulu kwambiri ku subspecies yaku Asia. Ku Sri Lanka kuli njovu zochuluka mdziko laling'ono chonchi. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti Sri Lanka ili ndi njovu zochulukirapo ku Asia. Amakhala m'mapiri ouma kumpoto, kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo.
Njovu ya ku Sri Lankan imakhala ndimalo opanda khungu, yomwe ndi yamawangamawanga opanda khungu m'makutu, kumutu, torso, ndi pamimba. Njovu iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo mdima wandiweyani kwambiri ku Asia. Zimasiyana ndi njovu zaku Africa zomwe zili ndimakutu ang'onoang'ono komanso msana wopindika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi abale awo aku Africa, akazi a mtundu uwu alibe mano. Mwa akazi omwe ali ndi ming'oma, ndi ang'ono kwambiri, osawoneka, amawonekera pakamwa pokha pakatseguka. Amphongo ali ndi mphonje zazitali zomwe zitha kukhala zazitali komanso zolemera kuposa njovu zaku Africa.
Njovu ya Sumatran (Elephas maximus sumatranus)
Njovu ya Sumat Elephas maximus sumatranus
Kutha. Kwa zaka makumi anayi zapitazi, 70% ya malo okhala njovu pachilumba cha Indonesia (makamaka nkhalango zam'mlengalenga) awonongedwa, zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti anthu athe kuchira.
Kukula kwakukulu kuposa njovu zaku Africa. Izi zimafikira kutalika kwa 3.2 m ndikulemera mpaka 4000 kg. Poyerekeza ndi njovu zaku Sri Lankan ndi India, ma subspecies a Sumatra ali ndi khungu lowala komanso mawonekedwe ochepa amthupi. Zazimayi ndizocheperako komanso zopepuka kuposa zamphongo ndipo zimakhala ndi minyewa yofupikirapo yomwe simawoneka kwenikweni. Poyerekeza ndi mamba a mitundu ina ya ku Asia, njovu za njovu za Sumatran ndizofupikitsa.
Njovu ya Bornea (Elephas maximus borneensis)
Njovu ya Bornea - Elephas maximus borneensis
Akatswiri ena a zinyama amaona kuti njovu za pachilumbachi ndi mtundu wachinayi wosiyana, womwe ndi wocheperapo kuposa njovu zina za ku Asia. Njovu za Borneo zimakhala ndi mchira wautali womwe umafikira pansi mpaka pansi ndi minyanga yowongoka. Mitu yawo ya "makanda" ndi mawonekedwe athupi lokwanira bwino zimakopa chidwi.
Amuna amakula mpaka 2.5 mita kutalika. Khungu lawo limachokera kumdima wakuda mpaka bulauni.
Kufotokozera kwa njovu (mawonekedwe)
Nyamazi zimakhala ndi chipumi chokhala ndi lobed, embossed, domed, korona wapawiri.
Ubongo
Njovu zili ndi ubongo wotukuka kwambiri, zazikulu kuposa nyama zonse zapadziko lapansi, zazikulu katatu kapena kanayi kuposa anthu, ngakhale zili zochepa ngati titatenga gawo lathupi lathunthu.
Ziwalo za masomphenya
Maso ndi ochepa. Chifukwa cha malo awo, kukula kwa mutu ndi khosi, ali ndi masomphenya ochepa okha omwe ali ndi 8 mita yokha.
Makutu
Makutu okhala ndi mitsempha yayikulu pansi pa khungu lochepa khungu amaziziritsa magazi ndikuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi (njovu sizimatuluka thukuta). Kuyambira zaka 10, kumtunda kwa khutu kumawerama pang'onopang'ono, kukulira pafupifupi 3 cm pazaka 20 zilizonse za moyo wa njovu, zomwe zimapereka lingaliro la msinkhu wa nyama. Njovu zimamva bwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kutulutsa mawu pamtunda wa makilomita 15!
Mano
Njovu zapatsidwa mphatso mwachilengedwe ndi mano asanu ndi limodzi amoyo wonse, ndi mano akale ndikusinthidwa ndi ena atsopano akamatha. Mano akamaliza mano onse, njovu siyitha kudzidyetsa yokha ndikufa.
Lilime ndi kulawa
Njovu zili ndi malilime akulu ndipo zimakonda kusisita! Nyama zimakonda kukoma ndipo zimakonda kudya.
Thunthu
Thunthu la njovu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri. Amakhala ndimagulu akulu akulu asanu ndi limodzi komanso 100,000 yaminyewa. Pamunsi pake pa njovu ya njovu yaku Asia, pali chinthu chimodzi chofanana ndi chala, pomwe njovu zaku Africa zili ndi ziwiri. Thunthu limakhala lopanda kanthu, lolimba komanso lamphamvu.
Njovu imagwiritsa ntchito thunthu lake pazinthu zambiri:
- amanyamula maluwa;
- amanyamula ndalama, zipika zazikulu kapena mwana wanjovu;
- amafikira nthambi zazitali;
- akuyang'ana gawo la nkhalango;
- amapereka chakudya ndi madzi pakamwa;
- amatulutsa madzi ambiri mwamphamvu;
- imapanga kulira kwa lipenga.
Chida chodzitetezera, thunthu lake ndi chida chowopsa chomwe chimatha kupha. Thunthu limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fungo, lomwe limapangidwa kwambiri ndi njovu kuposa nyama zina zapamtunda. Thunthu lowonongeka ndilo chilango cha njovu. Njovu zimagwira mosamala thunthu lake, zimateteza, kugona, kubisala pansi pa chibwano, ndipo zikaopsezedwa, zimabisa pamenepo.
Zolemba
The mano ndi opangidwa incisors chapamwamba. Amakonda kuzolowera:
- kukumba malo posaka madzi;
- kulinganiza zinthu zazikulu;
- chitetezo ku adani.
Si amuna onse omwe amapatsidwa mphongo mwachilengedwe. Amuna samataya popanda iwo. Mphamvu zomwe sagwiritsa ntchito polima mano zimawonjezera kulemera kwa thupi ndipo amakhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yolimba komanso yotukuka.
Chikopa
Njovu zimatchedwa zakuda kwambiri, koma sizikhala zamwano, koma zolengedwa zotchera. Khungu lokhala ndi mapiko olimba, mapiko olowera, okutidwa ndi ziputu zokhwimitsa, zomwe zimakwiya ndikuluma kwa nyamakazi ndi nkhupakupa zomwe zakhazikika m'makolawo. Kusamba pafupipafupi ndikofunikira pathanzi la nyama. Njovu zimadziphimba ndi matumba awo ndi matope, zimateteza thupi ku nyama zoluma.
Mchira
Mchira wa njovu umakhala wamtali mamita 1.3 ndipo uli ndi ubweya wolimba, wofanana ndi waya kumapeto kwake, ndipo nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito chiwalo ichi polimbana ndi tizilombo.
Miyendo
Njovu zopusa ndizodabwitsa. Nyama zolemera zimatha kugonjetsa malo onyowa komanso madambo. Phazi likukula, kuthamanga kumachepa. Phazi limapanikizika, kuthamanga pamwamba kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njovu zazikuluzikulu zigawidwe mofanana.
Kodi njovu zimadya chiyani
Nyama zonenepa kwambiri zimang'amba makungwa ndi zingwe. Roughage imakhala ndi calcium yothandizira chimbudzi.
Njovu zimadyanso:
- maluwa;
- masamba;
- zipatso;
- nthambi;
- nsungwi.
Mwambiri, chakudya chachikulu m'chilengedwe ndi udzu.
Njovu zimadyanso madzi okwanira malita 80 mpaka 120 tsiku lililonse. Kutentha, amamwa malita 180, ndipo wamwamuna wamkulu amayamwa mu malita 250 ndi thunthu lake pasanathe mphindi 5!
Njovu zimadya nthaka
Kuti zithandizire kudya, njovu zimakumba nthaka kuti ipeze mchere komanso mchere. Dothi limatuluka ndi mano, chifukwa mcherewo umakhala pansi kwambiri.
Kodi njovu zimadya chiyani?
Njovu zimadya malo ambiri m'chilengedwe, zimadya zomera zamitundu yonse, kuyambira udzu mpaka mitengo. Ali m'ndende, njovu zimaperekedwa:
- nzimbe;
- letisi;
- nthochi;
- zipatso zina ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
Udzu ndi umene umadya kwambiri njovu kumalo osungira nyama, kumaseĊµera, kapena kumalo osungilako nyama.
Kodi njovu zimadya chiyani nthawi yotentha?
M'chilimwe, chilichonse chikauma ndi kufa, njovu zimadya udzu uliwonse womwe zingapezeke, ngakhale makungwa olimba kwambiri ndi ziweto zake! Njovu zimakumbanso mizu, ndipo chakudya chokhwima chimachotsedwa m'mimba mwa njovu popanda kutafuna kapena kupukusa kwathunthu.
Kodi njovu zikuzolowera zakudya zatsopano?
Chifukwa cha luntha lawo, njovu zimasintha kadyedwe malinga ndi komwe zimakhala. Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimathandiza kuti njovu zikhale ndi moyo m'nkhalango, m'chipululu, m'zigwa zaudzu, m'madambo ndi m'zipululu.
Momwe njovu zimasalira ndikuchulukana
Mimba imatenga miyezi 18 mpaka 22. Pamapeto pa teremu, mayi amasankha wamkazi kuchokera m'gulu ngati "azakhali" omwe amathandizira kubereka ndikulera ana. Mapasa samabadwa kawirikawiri.
Njovu zazing'ono
Achinyamata amayamwitsidwa mpaka atakwanitsa zaka zinayi, ngakhale ali ndi chidwi ndi zakudya zolimba kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Gulu lonse labanja limateteza ndikulera mwanayo. Kumayambiriro kwaunyamata, njovu zimakhwima, ndipo kuyambira zaka 16, mkazi amabereka. Njovu sakonda kubweretsa njovu zoposa 4 m'moyo wawo wonse. Pakati pa zaka 25 ndi 40, njovu zimatha msinkhu wawo ndipo zimafika pachimake pokhala ndi mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi. Ukalamba umayamba pafupifupi 55, ndipo mwamwayi adzakhala ndi moyo mpaka 70 ndipo mwina kupitilira apo.
Gon
Uwu ndi mkhalidwe wapadera wa njovu zomwe sizinafotokozeredwebe mwasayansi. Zimakhudza amuna okhwima ogonana azaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 50, amapezeka pachaka, ndipo amatenga milungu iwiri kapena itatu, nthawi zambiri nthawi yotentha. Njovu imayamba kusokonezeka, yaukali komanso yoopsa. Ngakhale nyama zosakhazikika zimadziwika kuti zimapha anthu ndi njovu zina zikamazizira.
Zifukwa zake sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Nyamayo imasokonezeka, koma izi sizomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugonana. Njovu zimakwatirana kunja kwa phompho, ndipo izi sizofanana ndi nyengo yokhwimira yomwe imapezeka munyama zina.
Chotupacho chimayamba ndi chimbudzi champhamvu, chamafuta chomwe chimayenda kuchokera kumtundu pamwamba pa diso. Chinsinsi chimenechi chimachoka pamutu pa njovu mpaka pakamwa. Kukoma kwachinsinsi kumayendetsa nyama. Njovu zoweta zomwe zimakumana ndi zovuta zimamangidwa ndikumangirizidwa ndikudyetsedwa patali mpaka mkhalidwewo utazira ndipo nyamayo ibwerera mwakale. Pazaka za 45-50, nthamboyi imatsika pang'onopang'ono, kenako imazimiririka. Nthawi zina, akazi amawonetsa izi.
Khalidwe la njovu
Njovu ndi nyama zothandizana zomwe zimakhala m'magulu am'banja. Gulu la ziweto limapangidwa ndi akazi ndi ana awo, otsogozedwa ndi wamkazi yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wosatsutsika; kulikonse kumene akupita, ng'ombe zimamutsatira nthawi zonse.
Kumayambiriro kwa kukhwima, ana aamuna amathamangitsidwa m'gulu la ziweto, ndipo amapanga timagulu tating'onoting'ono ta nyama 10 zomwe zimayenda patali kuseri kwa gulu lalikulu la akazi. Amuna akafika zaka 25, amakhala awiriawiri kapena atatu.
Mwa amuna achikulire, pali maulamuliro ena pomwe njovu yayikulu imakhala ndi ufulu wokwatirana. Mwai umenewu timapambana pomenya nkhondo ndi njovu zina. Ziweto, kuphatikiza amuna, zimasonkhana pafupi ndi matupi amadzi kapena malo odyetserako ziweto. Palibe kusamvana pakati pamagulu, ndipo njovu zikuwoneka kuti ndizosangalala kukumana.
Adani a njovu m'chilengedwe
Njovu zimakhulupirira kuti zilibe adani achilengedwe. Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti ali otetezeka m'chilengedwe. Njovu ndi nyama za mikango ndi akambuku. Monga lamulo, njovu zofooka kapena zazing'ono zimazunzidwa. Popeza njovu zimapanga gulu labwino, nyama zosaka zimayenera kudikirira mpaka wina atatsalira pambuyo pa zinazo. Nthawi zambiri, njovu zimakhala zathanzi, motero sizimakhala chakudya.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, nyama zodya nyama, pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya, zimalimbikitsidwa ndikusaka njovu zazing'ono. Popeza kuti gulu la njovu sizibisala kwa omwe amadya nyama, izi zimawapangitsa kukhala osangalatsa. Olusa amvetsetsa kuti njovu zazikulu zitha kuzipha ngati sizisamala, koma ngati zili ndi njala yokwanira, zitha kutenga ngozi.
Popeza njovu zimathera nthawi yochuluka m'madzi, njovu zimakhala nyama ya ng'ona. Nthawi zambiri lamulo lachilengedwe lomwe silinatchulidwepo - losasokoneza njovu - limaphwanyidwa. Njovu yayikulu ikuyang'anitsitsa kamwana kaja, ndipo zazikazi zina m'gulu lawo zikuwonanso anawo. Zotsatira za nyama zolusa ziweto zikaukira nyama zazing'ono sizikubwera.
Fisi amazungulira njovu akazindikira zikwangwani zosonyeza kuti winawake akudwala kapena kuti ndi wokalamba kuti apirire. Amadyetsa njovu atamwalira zimphona.
Chiwerengero cha njovu
Chiwerengero cha njovu mwachilengedwe ndi:
- 25,600 mpaka 32,700 aku Asia;
- 250,000 mpaka 350,000 savanna;
- Nkhalango 50,000 mpaka 140,000.
Chiwerengero cha maphunziro chimasiyana, koma zotsatira zake ndizofanana, njovu zimasowa mwachilengedwe.
Njovu ndi anthu
Munthu amasaka njovu, amachepetsa malo okhala nyama zazikulu. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero komanso chakudya cha njovu.
