Banja la odutsa lidasinthika mdera la Afrotropical pakati pa Miocene. Magulu awiri, chisanu ndi mpheta zapansi, mwina adachokera kudera la Palaearctic. Mbalame ku Africa zidagawika m'magulu awiri: mpheta zamiyala ndi mpheta zowona, zomwe pambuyo pake zimapanga Africa ndikubweretsa zigawo zina ku Eurasia.
Asayansi a mbalame amazindikira mpheta zisanu:
- matalala;
- dothi;
- chala chachifupi;
- mwala;
- zenizeni.
Makhalidwe a mitundu ya mpheta
Mpheta zachisanu
Kugawidwa ku Europe ndi Asia, kumawonekera pafupipafupi ku Alaska panthawi yosamukira, kufupikitsa njira, kuwuluka kudutsa Nyanja ya Bering. Mbalame zina zomwe zimasamukira kugwa zimasunthira kumwera kuchokera ku America. Mpheta za chipale chofewa zimawoneka m'malo ambiri kum'mawa kwa gombe la Atlantic komanso kumwera kwa Colorado.
Mpheta zapadziko lapansi
Mbalame zisa zawo zimasankha chipululu, mapiri amiyala ndi mapiri okhala ndi udzu wouma, kunja kwa zipululu; zimapezeka kum'mawa kwa Inner Mongolia komanso kuchokera ku Mongolia kupita ku Siberia Altai.
Mpheta zazifupi
Amakonda madera ouma okhala ndi masamba ochepa, nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala ndi mapiri ochepa ku Turkey, Middle East, kuchokera ku Armenia kupita ku Iran, kumwera kwa Turkmenistan, Afghanistan ndi Baluchistan (Pakistan), omwe nthawi zina amapezeka ku Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates ndi Oman. Amabisala makamaka ku Arabia Peninsula komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Mpheta zamwala
Madera okhala ndi udzu waufupi, malo ouma ndi amiyala, madera amapiri ndi mabwinja akale amasankhidwa kuti azikhalamo. Uku ndi mawonekedwe aku Mediterranean. Mpheta yamwala imapezeka kumwera kwa Europe, kuchokera ku Iberia Peninsula ndi kumadzulo kwa North Africa, kudutsa kumwera kwa Europe mpaka ku Central Asia. Anthu aku Asia amasamukira kumwera pambuyo pa nyengo yoswana komanso nthawi yachisanu.
Mpheta zenizeni
Mitunduyi imagawika m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:
Mpheta za nyumba
Mizinda yosankhidwa, matauni, minda. Palibe malo okhazikika, koma nthawi zonse amapezeka pafupi ndi nyumba zopangira, osati m'malo achilengedwe. Amakhala m'matawuni, madera ozungulira, minda, pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu komanso mabizinesi.
Mpheta zam'munda
Amakhala m'minda komanso m'midzi. Ku North America, amakhala m'malo otseguka ndi tchire ndi mitengo yobalalika, m'matawuni ndi m'matawuni. Ku Europe ndi Asia, imapezeka m'malo ambiri otseguka, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'midzi, m'minda.
Thupi la mpheta
Dongosolo la odutsa lili ndi milomo yayifupi, yolimba, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa mbewu za udzu ndi chimanga. Malilime awo ali ndi mafupa apadera omwe amasenda mankhusu kuchokera ku nthanga. Mbalamezi zimasungunuka molt zikafika msinkhu wachikulire.
Milomo yamphongo imasintha mtundu kuchoka pa imvi kupita pakuda mbalame zikagonana. Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa mpheta imakhala moyo wongokhala. Mpheta zenizeni ndi zamiyala zimakhala ndi mapiko afupiafupi, opanda pake ndipo zimauluka molakwika, zimauluka mwachidule. Mpheta zachipale ndi zadothi zomwe zimakhala m'malo otseguka zili ndi mapiko ataliatali okhala ndi nthenga zoyera mosiyanasiyana m'mapiko awo, omwe amawonekera kwambiri pakuwonetsa ndege zomwe mbalame zam'madera zimatseguka. Kuzimilira kwazithunzi mu mpheta, matanthwe apansi ndi miyala sikupezeka. Mpheta zamphongo zokha ndizomwe zimakhala ndi chikasu pakhosi. Mosiyana ndi izi, mpheta zowona ndizochepa; amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma tiyi akuda ndi mawonekedwe otukuka pamutu.
Momwe mpheta zimakhalira
Mpheta zambiri ndizochezera, zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndikupanga zigawo. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yosakanikirana. Kuwonera kwachikoloni kumawoneka ku Central Asia, komwe mbalame zikwi mazana ambiri zimapezeka nthawi imodzi m'malo ampheta. M'madera oterewa, zisa zimalumikizana, mpaka zisa 200 pamtengo. Mwambiri, zisa sizikhala zochulukirapo, kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kochepa chifukwa chakupezeka kwa malo abwino okhala ndi zomera. Nthawi zambiri mabanja 20-30 amakhala pafupi.
Mpheta zimakhala m'fumbi ndikusamba madzi. Zonsezi ndizochita zosangalatsa. Mbalame zambirimbiri zimasinthanitsa nyemba zopumuliramo pogona pabwino. Pofuna kugaya mbewu zolimba, mpheta zimakhala moyandikana ndipo zimacheza ndi tizilomboti tofewa.
Mpheta zakudya ndi zakudya
Mpheta zimadya:
- mbewu zazomera zazing'ono;
- dzinthu dzinthu;
- kudya ziweto;
- zinyalala m'nyumba;
- zipatso zazing'ono;
- mbewu za mitengo.
Kwa anapiye, makolo "amaba" chakudya chanyama. Nthawi yoswana, mpheta zazikulu zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa, makamaka tizilombo tomwe timayenda pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zina zimagwira nyama yomwe ikuuluka.