Pali madzi ochuluka padziko lapansi, zithunzi zochokera mumlengalenga zimatsimikizira izi. Ndipo tsopano pali nkhawa za kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kwamadzi awa. Zomwe zimayipitsa ndi kutulutsa kwa madzi akunyumba ndi mafakitale mu Nyanja Yapadziko Lonse, zida zamagetsi.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi
Anthu nthawi zonse amalakalaka kuthirira madzi, anali madera awa omwe anthu adayesetsa kuwadziwa koyamba. Pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mwa magawo 60% a mizinda ikuluikulu ili m'mbali mwa nyanja. Chifukwa chake pagombe la Mediterranean pali zigawo zokhala ndi anthu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu miliyoni. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, malo akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale amataya m'nyanja pafupifupi matani zikwi zingapo amitundu yonse ya zinyalala, kuphatikiza mizinda ikuluikulu ndi zimbudzi. Chifukwa chake, sitiyenera kudabwitsidwa kuti madzi akatengedwa ngati nyemba, pamapezeka tizilombo tambiri tambiri tomwe timavulaza pamenepo.
Ndi kukula kwa mizinda komanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimatsanuliridwa m'nyanja. Ngakhale chilengedwe chachikulu chotere sichingayambitsenso zinyalala zochuluka motero. Pali poizoni wa zinyama ndi zomera, zam'mbali ndi nyanja, kutsika kwa nsomba.
Amalimbana ndi kuipitsa mzindawu motere - zinyalala zimaponyedwa kutali kuchokera kunyanja ndikuzama kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi ambiri. Koma izi sizithetsa chilichonse, koma zimangochedwetsa nthawi yowononga zomera ndi nyama zonse zam'nyanja.
Mitundu ya kuipitsa kwa nyanja
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'madzi am'nyanja ndi mafuta. Imafika pamenepo munjira iliyonse momwe ingathere: panthawi yakugwa kwa onyamula mafuta; ngozi paminda yamafuta yakunyanja, mafuta akatengedwa m'nyanja. Chifukwa cha mafuta, nsomba zimafa, ndipo zomwe zimatsala zimakhala ndi kulawa komanso kununkhira kosasangalatsa. Mbalame zam'nyanja zikumwalira, chaka chatha chokha, abakha zikwi makumi atatu adamwalira - abakha amiyala yayitali pafupi ndi Sweden chifukwa cha makanema amafuta pamtunda. Mafuta, oyandama m'mbali mwa nyanja, ndipo, poyenda pagombe, zidapangitsa kuti malo ambiri opumirako asakhale oyenera kusangalala komanso kusambira.
Chifukwa chake Intergovernmental Maritime Society idapanga mgwirizano malinga ndi mafuta omwe sangaponyedwe m'madzi makilomita makumi asanu kuchokera pagombe, ambiri mwamphamvu zanyanja adasaina.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuipitsidwa kwapanyanja ndi nyukiliya kumachitika nthawi zonse. Izi zimachitika ndikutuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya kapena sitima zapamadzi zanyukiliya, zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwa zinyama ndi zinyama, adathandizidwa pakadali pano komanso mothandizidwa ndi unyolo wazakudya kuchokera ku plankton kupita ku nsomba zazikulu. Pakadali pano, maulamuliro ambiri anyukiliya amagwiritsa ntchito Nyanja Yadziko lonse kuti apange zida zankhondo zanyukiliya, ndikuchotsa zinyalala zomwe zawonongedwa.
Ngozi ina yanyanja ndi kuphulika kwamadzi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwa ndere. Izi zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa nsomba. Kuchulukitsa kwakanthawi kwa ndere kumachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo tambiri tomwe timapezeka chifukwa chotaya zinyalala zamafakitale. Ndipo potsiriza, tiyeni tiwone momwe madzi amadziyeretsera okha. Agawidwa m'magulu atatu.
- Madzi amchere - amchere amakhala ndi mitundu ingapo yamankhwala, momwe njira zowonjezeramo zimachitika mpweya ukalowa, kuphatikiza kuwala ndi kuwala, ndipo chifukwa chake, poizoni wa anthropogenic amakonzedwa bwino. Mchere womwe umabwera chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika umangokhala pansi.
- Tizilombo - unyinji wonse wa nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala pansi, zimadutsa madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja kudzera m'mitsempha yawo ndipo potero zimagwira ntchito ngati zosefera, ngakhale zimafera masauzande.
- Mawotchi - pamene kutsika kumachepetsa, kuyimitsidwa kwake kumakhazikika. Zotsatira zake ndikutaya komaliza kwa zinthu za anthropogenic.
Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala m'nyanja
Chaka chilichonse, madzi a m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi akuwonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, chizolowezi chowonjezeka cha arsenic m'madzi am'nyanja chidadziwika. Kusintha kwachilengedwe kumawonongedwa ndi zitsulo zolemera monga lead ndi zinc, nickel ndi cadmium, chromium ndi mkuwa. Mankhwala amtundu uliwonse, monga endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, nawonso amawononga. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala a tributyltin chloride, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenta zombo, amawononga anthu okhala m'madzi. Imateteza pamwamba kuti isadzaze ndi ndere ndi zipolopolo. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zonsezi ziyenera kusinthidwa ndikuchotsa mopanda poizoni kuti zisawononge zomera ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi a m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi kumalumikizidwa osati ndi mafakitale okha, komanso ndi madera ena azomwe anthu akuchita, makamaka mphamvu, magalimoto, zitsulo ndi chakudya, makampani owala. Zothandiza, ulimi, komanso mayendedwe ndizowonongekanso chimodzimodzi. Magwero ofala kwambiri a kuipitsa madzi ndi zinyalala za m'mafakitale ndi zimbudzi, komanso feteleza ndi mankhwala a zitsamba.
Zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magulu ogulitsa ndi asodzi komanso akasinja amafuta zimathandizira pakuwononga madzi. Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, zinthu monga mercury, zinthu za dioxin gulu ndi ma PCB amalowa m'madzi. Kudzikundikira m'thupi, mankhwala owopsa amayambitsa matenda oopsa: kagayidwe kake kamasokonezeka, chitetezo chazache chimachepa, ziwalo zoberekera zikulephera kugwira bwino ntchito, ndipo pamakhala mavuto akulu pachiwindi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zamankhwala zimatha kusintha komanso kusintha majini.
Kuwononga kwa nyanja ndi mapulasitiki
Zinyalala zapulasitiki zimapanga masango ndi zipsera zonse m'madzi a Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian Ocean. Zinyalala zambiri zimapangidwa chifukwa chotaya zinyalala kuchokera pagombe lodzaza ndi anthu. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zam'nyanja zimameza phukusi ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, tomwe timasokoneza chakudya, chomwe chimabweretsa imfa yawo.
Mapulasitiki afalikira mpaka pano kuti atha kupezeka m'madzi a subpolar. Zatsimikizika kuti m'madzi okha a Pacific Ocean kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki kwawonjezeka ndi nthawi 100 (kafukufuku wachitika pazaka makumi anayi zapitazi). Ngakhale tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kusintha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja. Powerengera, pafupifupi 90% ya nyama zomwe zimafera m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimaphedwa ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki, zomwe zimawonedwa ngati chakudya.
Kuphatikiza apo, slurry womwe umakhalapo chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa zida za pulasitiki ndiwowopsa. Pomeza zinthu zamankhwala, okhala m'nyanja amadzizunza kuzunza kwambiri ngakhale kufa. Kumbukirani kuti anthu amathanso kudya nsomba zomwe zawonongeka ndi zinyalala. Nyama yake imakhala ndi mtovu wambiri komanso mercury.
Zotsatira zakuwonongeka kwa nyanja
Madzi owonongeka amachititsa matenda ambiri mwa anthu ndi nyama. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa zinyama ndi zinyama zikuchepa, ndipo ena akumwaliratu. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi m'zinthu zam'madzi. Nyanja zonse zawonongeka mokwanira. Imodzi mwa nyanja zoipitsidwa kwambiri ndi Mediterranean. Madzi otaya ochokera m'mizinda 20 amayenda mmenemo. Kuphatikiza apo, alendo ochokera kumahotelo odziwika ku Mediterranean amapereka ndalama zoyipa. Mitsinje yoyera kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Tsitarum ku Indonesia, Ganges ku India, Yangzi ku China komanso King River ku Tasmania. Mwa nyanja zoipitsidwa, akatswiri amatchula Nyanja Yaikulu ku North America, Onondaga ku United States ndi Tai ku China.
Zotsatira zake, pali kusintha kwakukulu m'madzi a m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyengo zam'mlengalenga zizimiririka, zilumba zamatope zimapangidwa, maluwa amasamba chifukwa chobereka ndere, kutentha kumakwera, kumapangitsa kutentha kwanyengo. Zotsatira za njirazi ndizowopsa kwambiri ndipo chiwopsezo chachikulu ndikuchepa pang'ono kwa mpweya wa oxygen, komanso kuchepa kwa gwero la nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, zochitika zosasangalatsa zitha kuwonedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana: kukulitsa chilala m'malo ena, kusefukira kwamadzi, tsunami. Kuteteza nyanja kuyenera kukhala cholinga choyambirira kwa anthu onse.
