Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za antelopes? Kutanthauzira koyenera: zolengedwa zokongola komanso zokongola zochokera kubanja la ng'ombe. Komabe, izi sizowona. Antelopes ndi fano limodzi la nyama zanyanga.
Mwa iwo pali zitsanzo zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolakwika zina pamiyeso yolandiridwa: onenepa kwambiri, osokonekera (mavuvu kapena antelopes a ng'ombe), ofanana ndi akavalo (nswala zamphongo za saber), komanso kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri (kamtengo).
Ndipo pali oimira omwe asunga mawonekedwe awo, koma adapeza zina zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, Mbawala... Mwa achibale ena, imadziwika ngati yolimba m'mphako, yomwe idalandira dzina lake lachiwiri Gwape wa mbuzi.
Nyama yosowa imeneyi ili pangozi. Chifukwa chake, tsopano zitha kupezeka kokha m'dera laling'ono ku Central Asia steppes. Ndiponso, mwatsoka, amatha kutiuza kuti ndi ndani dzeren, ndi Red Book Russia. Tiyeni timudziwe bwino.
Dzeren ndi amodzi mwamitundu yosawerengeka ya antelope
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Dzeren pachithunzichi kwambiri ngati mbawala kapena mbawala yamphongo, yokhayo yamalamulo owopsa. Chithunzi chomwe chidapezeka ku Transbaikalia ndi a Peter Simon Pallas mu 1777, atakumana kumadera akutali a Mtsinje wa Mangut, akufotokozedwa koyamba. Chifukwa chake ndizabwino kutchula Mbawala ya Transbaikal.
Pofotokozera mwachidule zomwe zatchulidwazi, titha kunena kuti kukula pakufota sikupitilira masentimita 85, kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera kumapeto kwa mphuno mpaka mchira mpaka 150 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake mpaka 35 kg. Izi ndi magawo amphongo wamkulu, pomwe akazi amakhala otsika ndi 10% m'malo onse. Pakugwa, njonda zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, zolemera zake zimafika makilogalamu 47, ndipo azimayiwo ali ndi zizindikilo zawo zamakilogalamu 35 zapitazo.
Amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kudzitama ndi nyanga. Amawonekera ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri atakhala mabampu ang'onoang'ono, kenako amakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Kukula kwakukulu ndi masentimita 30-32. Nyangazi zimawoneka ngati zeze wopindika pang'ono mkati ndi mkati.
Mtundu umasintha kuchokera ku brownish m'munsi kupita kumtundu wachikaso pamwamba. Pamwambapa ndi 1/3 yosalala, pa enawo pali thickenings mu mawonekedwe a zitunda. Chifukwa cha izo, nyanga ziwoneka ngati ndodo zamphongo zamphamvu.
Mbali yapadera ya mbawala ndi kukula pakhosi kofanana ndi chotupa, ndichifukwa chake nyamayo imatchedwanso kuti goiter antelope.
Mtundu wa malayawo umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. M'chilimwe - mtundu wa khofi ndi mkaka, m'nyengo yozizira umakhala wopepuka komanso wokulirapo. Ubweyawo umasandulika malaya odula aubweya. Ngakhale mawonekedwe a nyamayo ndi osiyana, amawoneka kuti ndi okulirapo komanso olimba.
Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi, kuphatikiza pamimba, miyendo ndi khosi, ndi yoyera. Mbali yonse yakumbuyo (galasi) ndiyopepuka komanso yopepuka, malire apamwamba ali pamwamba pa mchira. Tsitsi lomwe limakhalira milomo ndi masaya limapindika pang'ono kutsika, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti mwina ndi masharubu kapena zotupa.
Ndipo, pamapeto pake, khadi yochezera ndikusiyana kwakukulu ndi abale ena. Kawirikawiri ndi zokongoletsa m'zinyama zina, khosi la mbawala imawoneka yamphamvu kwambiri ndipo imatulutsa kukula kwakukulu kutsogolo pakati, ngati chotupa.
M'nyengo yokwatirana kwa amuna, kunenepa kumeneku kumatengera mthunzi wabingu - mdima wakuda ndi buluu. Pali mitundu ina ingapo pamawonedwe amiyala. Mphuno zawo zimayikidwa mu mawonekedwe a S, makutu awo ndi ataliatali osati ozungulira, koma ndi nsonga zakuthwa. Pangopita pang'ono amafanana ndi kalulu.
Mitundu
Mbawala yaku Tibet... Amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China komanso mbali ina kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Malowa ndi ochepa komanso oyandikana kwambiri ndi Himalaya ndi Tibet. Zikuwoneka kuti amakonda mapiri. Chifukwa chake, zimachitika ngakhale pamtunda wa 5.5 km ndi pamwambapa. Makulidwewo amakhala pakati - mpaka 105 cm, mpaka 65 cm kutalika, ndipo amalemera mpaka 16 kg.
Mchira ndi waufupi, pafupifupi masentimita 10. Kumbuyo kwake kuli ubweya wakuda wonyezimira, womwe umakhala wotumbululuka nthawi yotentha. Monga chokongoletsera pachotumphuka chimakhala ndi mawanga owoneka ngati mtima. Ali ndi chidwi kwambiri komanso masomphenya. Nyemba zimasankhidwa ngati chakudya.
Mbawala yaku Tibet pachithunzichi
Dzeren Przewalski... Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wazitsanzo zam'mbuyomu. Wopyapyala, wocheperako, wamaso akulu ndi makutu amfupi, akuthwa. Amakhala ku China kokha, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo. Anthu angapo apulumuka ndipo amapezeka m'magawo asanu ozungulira Nyanja ya Kukunor.
Amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mpaka mitu 10, ndipo amuna amayesa kuyenda okha. Lankhulanani wina ndi mnzake ndi kulira kwachidule, mwakachetechete. Zakudyazi zimakhala ndi sedge ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, komanso zitsamba monga astragalus. Nthawi zambiri amakhala nawo malo okhala ndi mbawala zaku Tibet, koma samapikisana.
Mbawala yaku Mongolia... Mwina mitundu yayikulu kwambiri. Ndipo nyanga zake ndi zazitali komanso zakuthwa kuposa mitundu ina yonse. Kuphatikiza pa Mongolia, imapezeka ku China komanso ku Russia, ngakhale ndizosowa kwambiri mdziko lathu.
Mpaka zaka makumi anayi zoyambirira za zaka zapitazi, anali ambiri ku Tuva, koma pambuyo pake anthu ake adatsika. Nthawi zina ma subspecies osiyana amasiyanitsidwa Mbawala zaku Altai... Womalizirayo ali ndi ubweya wakuda kwambiri, chigaza chachikulu komanso ma molars okulirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyangazi ndizakulirapo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nyama izi zitapezeka m'mapiri a tundra m'makontinenti awiri - North America ndi Eurasia. Osachepera, zomwe zidapezeka zimayankhula za izi. Komabe, nyengo yofunda pang'onopang'ono idawakakamiza kuti asamuke, motero adatsikira ku steppes ku Asia. Malo abwino ndi zigwa zouma zokhala ndi tchire laling'ono komanso sod pang'ono.
M'nyengo yotentha, amayenda momasuka mozungulira malo omwe amawadziwa. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, njala imawakakamiza kuti ayandikire pafupi ndi mitengo. Nyama ya mphoyo olimba mtima komanso opirira. Pofunafuna chakudya ndi chakudya, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.
Monga osamukasamuka enieni, samakhala pamalo amodzi masiku opitilira awiri. Ndipo ndi othamanga kwambiri, amatha kuthamanga mofulumira mpaka 80 km / h. Kusamuka, amasiya makilomita opitilira 200 patsiku. Antelope imagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo. Ndipo kuti azisangalala, amagawa theka lachiwiri la usana ndi usiku.
Amasonkhana m'magulu akulu mpaka zikwi zitatu, ndipo m'magulu otere amakhala miyezi ingapo. Nthawi yakwana kapena isanasamuke, gulu lililonse limakhazikika mpaka 30 mpaka 40,000.
Zimakhala zachilendo kuti mbawala zimasonkhana pagulu lalikulu.
Kuyenda kwa gulu la antelope kudutsa steppe ndikosangalatsa. Monga mchenga wambiri, amasesa mumtsinje wamoyo kudutsa madera aulere. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti chiwonetserochi sichimawoneka kawirikawiri. Mu 2011, dera la mahekitala 214 zikwi zakum'mawa kwa malo a Daursky adasungidwa "Chigwa cha Mbawala».
Ili m'chigwa cha dera la Dauro-Mongolian. Malire akumwera a nkhondoyi agwirizana ndi malire a State of the Russian Federation. Pali nyama ndi zomera zosowa zomwe zimapezeka ku Southeast Transbaikalia, sizili kwina kulikonse ku Russia.
Imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusamalira ndi kuchira anthu ambiri ngati mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, Mbawala mu Russia, amapezeka kokha m'dera la malowa ndi Daursky malo oyandikana nawo. Chifukwa chake, nyama yathu nthawi zambiri imatchedwa daellean mbawala.
Zakudya zabwino
Ma steppes akunyumba samasiyana pakudya kosiyanasiyana. Nyengo yokha ndi yomwe imatha kusintha. M'chilimwe, amadya udzu, udzu wosiyanasiyana, mphukira za shrub ndi mitundu ina yazomera (udzu, chimanga, chomera).
Sakuyenera kukhala opanda tanthauzo, chifukwa chake zitsamba zonse zomwe zimakumana panjira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - nthenga za nthenga, cinquefoil, tansy, hodgepodge komanso chowawa chowawa. Mwa njira, ndi chitsamba chowawa chomwe chimawalitsa miyezi yozizira. Pofika nyengo yozizira, chomeracho chimakhala chopatsa thanzi komanso chimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, nthambi zazing'ono zazitsamba ndi mitengo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kuyenda kosalekeza, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ziweto zambiri sikuwopsa ku mphanda za steppes. Ali ndi nthawi yoti achire asanaitanenso ulendo wina.
Antelopes amamwa pang'ono, amatha kukhala opanda madzi konse kwa milungu iwiri, pokhala okhutira ndi chinyezi chopezeka kuzomera. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amadya chipale chofewa. Pakangotha masika ndi nthawi yophukira, sipadzakhalanso chipale chofewa komanso udzu, amafunikira madzi ambiri.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula msinkhu kumachitika pakatha zaka 2-3. Amuna amapeza chisangalalo chosakwatirana osaposa zaka 3-4, ndipo akazi kupitilira apo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbawala zazimayi zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 10, ndipo amuna amakhala ochepa - pafupifupi 6. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri panthawi yamvula, yomwe imagwera nthawi yozizira kwambiri pachaka - Disembala.
Nthawi zambiri, ambiri samalolera nyengo yozizira, kapena amafera m'matumba a adani. Chifukwa chake titha kuyerekezera kuti mphesa zamphongo ndi nyama zamitala. Amayesetsa kukhala ndi nthawi yochotsa chilichonse m'moyo. Amuna odziwa zambiri komanso olimba amadzizungulira ndi akazi azimayi 20-30.
Kujambula ndi mphalapala ya khanda
Chiwerengero chawo chimatha kusintha, ena amachoka, ena amabwera. Kupitiliza mtunduwo, gulu limayesetsa chaka chilichonse kubwerera kumalo ake akale. Pambuyo pa umuna, mkazi amabereka ana mpaka masiku 190. Kubereka nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena koyambirira kwa Juni. Mwana wamphongo mmodzi kapena awiri amabadwa.
Kwa chipatala cha amayi oyembekezera, malo kwinakwake m'mabango kapena udzu wandiweyani amasamaliridwiratu. Ana amalemera pafupifupi 3.5-4 kg. Amadzuka miyendo yawo ola limodzi, koma sathamangira kuthamanga - kwa masiku angapo oyamba amabisala muudzu wandiweyani. Mayi amadyetsa pang'ono pambali, kuyesera kuti asakope chidwi cha adaniwo kwa anawo.
Kawirikawiri, makanda amaimirira msinkhu akamadyetsa. Ngati ziweto zikuchitika pakadali pano, ana amathamangira amayi awo mpaka atabisala muudzu. Amadyera amayamba kutafuna patatha sabata yoyamba, koma zakudya zamkaka zimatha miyezi isanu. Kuthamanga, sizilombo zonse zomwe zingafanane nazo.
Koma mbawala yofooka kapena mwanawankhosa ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri komanso yosavuta kudya mmbulu, nkhandwe, kapena mbalame yayikulu yodya. Koma cholengedwa choopsa kwambiri pazinthu izi ndi, zachidziwikire, munthu. Chiwerengero cha mbawala inachepa kwambiri pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, pomwe nyama yawo idapatsidwa zosowa zankhondo.
Ndipo zaka makumi awiri zotsatira za njala Mbawala ku Transbaikalia, Altai ndi Tuva anawonongedwa mwankhanza. Kwenikweni, ndi momwe adathera mu Red Book. Mkhalidwe wotere ku Russia umafuna chidwi chosasunthika, chitetezo chowonjezeka ku umbanda ndi mabodza osatopa pakati pa anthu.
