Kodi mbalame zonse zimagwirizana bwanji? Wodziwika bwino wachilengedwe, wasayansi komanso wazaka zanyama Alfred Brehm nthawi ina adapereka mbalame - ali ndi mapiko ndipo amatha kuuluka. Kodi mungatchule chiyani cholengedwa chokhala ndi mapiko chomwe m'malo mouluka mlengalenga chikulowa m'nyanja?
Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zambiri zimakhala zomasuka ku Antarctica zomwe sizachilendo kuzinthu zina zamoyo, sizisamala chisanu choopsa. Timakumana - ma penguin, mbalame zam'nyanja, osakhoza kuwuluka. Chifukwa chomwe adapatsidwa dzina lachilendo komanso loseketsa pang'ono, pali malingaliro angapo.
Si chinsinsi kuti oyendetsa sitima aku Britain anali ouma khosi, olimbikira komanso ochita bwino. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri ankatha kupeza madera osadziwika komanso nyama zomwe zimakhala. Amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro la "penguin" lidachokera kusinkhasinkha , yomwe mchilankhulo cha anthu okhala ndi fodya Albion amatanthauza "mapiko a mapiko".
Zowonadi, mapiko a cholengedwa chosazolowereka anali ndi mawonekedwe owonekera. Mtundu wachiwiri wa dzinali ulinso ndi mizu yakale yaku Britain, kapena ku Wales. Monga mawu cholembera gwyn (mutu woyera), momwe auk yemwe anali wamoyo wopanda mapiko adatchedwa, adalimbikitsa kupanga dzina la mbalame yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito mapiko ake kuthawa.
Njira yachitatu imawonekanso yomveka: dzinalo lidachokera kwa omwe adatembenuka pinguis, lomwe m'Chilatini limatanthauza "wandiweyani". Ngwazi wathu ali ndi munthu ochepa wonenepa. Ngakhale zitakhala zotani, mbalame zoterezi zimakhala Padziko Lapansi, ndipo tsopano tikupatsani zamakono mitundu ya anyani.
Masiku ano, mitundu 17 ya ma penguin amadziwika m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi, ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa subspecies. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane za otchuka kwambiri a iwo, omwe akusonyeza zizindikiro zenizeni. Kenako tiwonjezera chilichonse mwazinthu zake.
Genus Emperor Penguins
Emperor penguin
Ngakhale dzinalo limadziwitsanso nthawi yomweyo: ichi ndi chiwonetsero chapadera. Inde, kutalika kwake kungakhale mpaka 1.2 m, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa dzina lachiwiri - Big Penguin, ndipo ndiwotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Maonekedwe a anyani Nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa pamaziko a chifanizo cha cholengedwa chachifumu ichi.
Chifukwa chake, tikuwona patsogolo pathu chinyama chokhala ndi thupi lalikulu, choyenera kuyenda m'madzi. Ili ndi kansalu kakang'ono ndi kamutu kakang'ono pakhosi lolimba, lopepuka. Mapiko osongoka, opanikizidwa mbali, amawoneka ngati zipsepse.
Ndipo zidutswa zazifupi zazifupi zili ndi zala zinayi, zomwe zonse zimayang'ana kutsogolo. Atatu mwa iwo amalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Kapangidwe kameneka kama matalala. Pakusambira, amafanana kwambiri ndi dolphin, ndipo amakula bwino - 12-15 km / h.
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuti aziyenda pang'onopang'ono - 5-7 km / h. Kupatula apo, akufunafuna chakudya m'madzi, osakonza mafuko. Amatha kukhala m'madzi oundana pakuya mamita atatu pafupifupi theka la ola limodzi. Emperor penguins ndiomwe amakhala ndi mbiri yotsikira pansi, zotsatira zake zimakhala mpaka 530 m pansi pamadzi.
Kupaderaku sikunaphunzirepobe. Zinapezeka kuti ikamadiba, kuthamanga kwa mbalame kumatsika kasanu poyerekeza ndi bata. Kulumpha kwawo m'madzi kumawoneka kokongola kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamazo zimaponyedwa ndi mphamvu zina, ndipo zimatha kugonjetsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka 2 mita kutalika.
Ndipo pansi, zimawoneka zovuta, zimayendayenda, zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi 3-6 km / h. Zoona, pa ayezi, kuyenda kumathamangitsidwa ndikutsetsereka. Amatha kuwoloka malo ozizira atagona m'mimba mwawo.
Nthenga za penguin zimakhala ngati mamba a nsomba. Nthenga zimadzazidwa zolimba m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, ngati matailosi, pakati pake pali mpweya. Chifukwa chake, makulidwe athunthu a chovala choterocho amapezeka m'magulu atatu.
Mtunduwo umakhala ngati wam'madzi - kumbuyo (ndi m'madzi pamwamba) mbali ya thupi ili ngati mthunzi wamakala, kutsogolo kumakhala koyera. Mtundu uwu ndi kubisa komanso ergonomic - mtundu wakuda umawotha bwino padzuwa. Oimira achifumu, kuwonjezera pa kukula kwawo, amadziwikanso ndi "zokongoletsa m'khosi" za utoto wofiirira.
Amatha kutchedwa mamembala am'banja osagwirizana ndi chisanu, komanso Antarctic, zomwe tidzakambirane pang'ono. Makhalidwe a thermoregulation amathandiza. Choyamba, mafuta osanjikiza (mpaka 3 cm), pansi pa nthenga zitatu.
"Kudzazidwa" kwamkati mwa chovalacho kumateteza bwino kwambiri m'madzi komanso pamtunda. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi kutentha kwapadera kwamagazi. Pansipa, m'matumba mwake, magazi otentha azitsulo zotumphukira amatenthetsa magazi oziziritsa a venous, omwe amapita mmwamba mthupi lonse. Iyi ndi njira "yosinthira".
Amatha kuwona bwino m'madzi, ana awo amatha kutengeka ndikutambasula. Koma pamtunda pamakhala zoopsa. "Munthu wodziwika bwino uyu" ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri amakutu "zipolopolo" pakati pa anzawo.
Zina, zimakhala zosawoneka, ndipo m'madzi zimakutidwa ndi nthenga zazitali. Khutu lake lakunja limakulitsidwa pang'ono, ndipo pakulowerera kwambiri limapindidwa ndipo limatseketsa khutu lamkati ndi lapakati kuchokera kuthamanga kwamadzi.
Chakudya chawo ndi nsomba: nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zooplankton, mitundu yonse ya nkhanu, zazing'ono. Amamira pamadzi kuti azidya nthawi zonse, koma panthawi yopumula amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwanthawi yayitali. Amamwa madzi amchere amchere, omwe amakonzedwa bwino mothandizidwa ndi zopangitsa zapadera zamaso.
Mchere wambiri umachotsedwa pamlomo kapena poyetsemula. Ma penguin onse ndi nyama zokula mazira. Chodziwika bwino cha anthu amtunduwu ndikuti samapanga zisa zilizonse. Dzira lathyoledwa mu khola lapadera pamimba. Anyani onse otsalawo amakhala ndi mazira.
Nthenga za anyani zimakhala zolimba ngati mamba a nsomba
King penguin
Maonekedwe ake akubwereza m'bale wovekedwa korona, wocheperako pang'ono - akhoza kukhala wamtali 1 mita. Chivundikiro cha nthenga chimakhalanso cholimba - chakuda ndi choyera. Mawanga amoto amawonekeranso pamasaya ndi pachifuwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mawanga omwewo amapezeka pansi pamlomo wa mbalame mbali zonse ziwiri.
Mlomo womwewo, wojambulidwa ndi kamvekedwe ka mwaye, umakhala wolumikizika komanso wopindika pang'ono kumapeto, komwe kumathandiza mukamawedza m'madzi. Kukhalapo kwawo konse kumabwereza moyo wamabanja am'mbuyomu, sizachabe kuti ali mgulu lomwelo. Posankha bwenzi, amawonetsa mkazi m'modzi - amapanga gulu limodzi ndikukhala okhulupirika kwa ilo.
Mukakhala pachibwenzi, abambo amtsogolo monyadira amayenda kutsogolo kwa wosankhidwayo, akuwonetsa malo owala. Ndiwo omwe amachitira umboni za kutha msinkhu. Achinyamata ali ndi malaya abuluu kwathunthu ndipo alibe mawonekedwe a lalanje. Dzira loblong, lokhala ndi chipolopolo cha mkaka komanso kumapeto kwake, limayeza masentimita 12x9.
Amapita molunjika kwa zikopa za akazi. Ntchitoyi ikuphatikizidwa ndi chisangalalo chachikulu kuchokera kwa makolo onse. Kwa nthawi yayitali, amayi ake amamugwirira yekha m'mimba. Kenako bambo ake amalowa m'malo mwake, nthawi ndi nthawi amatenga katundu wamtengo wapatali uja. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, anapiye ochokera m'mazira omwe amayikidwa mu Novembala kapena Disembala amapulumuka.
Ngati yaikazi yayamba kufungatira mtsogolo, mwana wankhuku amafa. Chaka chotsatira, amayamba ntchitoyi koyambirira. Ana oleredwa bwino amakhala ndi mpumulo, ndipo pakatha chaka, kuberekera mochedwa kwa dzira kumabwerezedwa.
Chifukwa chake, si ana apachaka omwe amakhala ndi moyo, koma nthawi zambiri nyengo yonseyi. Madera awo, ambiri, amakhala pachisa chokhazikika komanso malo olimba. Malo okhala ndi zisumbu zazing'ono kwambiri ndi Antarctica.
Mbalame zotchedwa penguin
Penguin wolandidwa
Mayina a mitundu ya penguin Nthawi zambiri amalankhula za mawonekedwe kapena malo okhala. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa woimira uyu ndi nsidze zopyapyala ndi maburashi ofiira a dzuwa, ndi nthenga za "tousled" pamutu, zokumbutsa kapu kapena thumba.
Imalemera pafupifupi 3 kg ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 55-60. Mlomo wake ndi wamfupi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anzawo am'mbuyomu, ndipo siwodetsa nkhawa, koma wofiira. Maso ndi ang'onoang'ono, zikhasu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowala. Anthu ake amapezeka makamaka ku Tierra del Fuego, m'mbali mwa Tasmania ndipo mwina ku Cape Horn ku South America.
Mbalame ya Macaroni
Chifukwa chake mwachizolowezi kutchula izi m'mabuku asayansi aku Russia okha. Kumadzulo amamutcha Maccaroni (dandy). Nthawi ina m'zaka za zana la 18, "macaroni" linali dzina lopatsidwa kwa mafashoni achingerezi omwe amavala makongoletsedwe apamutu pamutu pawo. Maso ake agolide ndi zingwe zazitali zomwe zimapanga mtundu wa tsitsili.
Thupi ndilolimba, miyendo ndi yapinki, monganso mulomo wolimba. Pamiyeso, "mod" imakoka makilogalamu 5 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 75. Malo awo okhala ndi zisa amayimilidwa kwambiri m'madzi oyandikira kwambiri kumwera kwa Atlantic ndi Indian Ocean. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizokulirapo - mpaka mitu 600,000. Amakonza zomangamanga mosavuta pansi.
Nthawi zambiri, amayikira mazira awiri, ndipo lotsatira limatuluka patatha masiku anayi kuchokera pa lomwe lidalipo. Dzira loyamba nthawi zonse limakhala locheperako kwachiwiri, ndipo kwa mbalameyo, zili ngati, kafukufuku - siyimaswa mwakhama kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mwana wankhuku amawonekera makamaka dzira lachiwiri. Makulitsidwe amatenga masabata asanu omwewo monga anyani ambiri, komanso kulera komweko kosiyana.
Penguin wakumpoto
Mwinanso, za iye, mungangowonjezera kuti amakonda kukhala pamalo athanthwe. Chifukwa cha izi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Rockhopper - wokwera pathanthwe. Zimaswana kwambiri m'madzi ozizira akumwera a Atlantic, kuzilumba za Gough, Inaccessible, Amsterdam ndi Tristan da Cunha. Maderawa amapezeka pagombe komanso mkatikati mwa zilumbazi. Kwa zaka makumi atatu akhala akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndi kuchepa kwa manambala.
Kuti mupulumuke nyengo yozizira, kulumikizana m'magulu akulu kumathandiza anyani
Victoria penguin kapena wonenepa kwambiri
Dzinalo la Britain ndi "fjord land penguin" (Penguin wa ku Fiordland) Mwina chifukwa cha malo okhala m'mphepete mwa miyala ya New Zealand komanso malo ocheperako a Stewart Isle. Chiwerengero cha anthu tsopano ndi ma 2,500 okha, koma akuwoneka kuti ndi okhazikika. Iyi ndi penguin yaying'ono, mpaka masentimita 55, yokhala ndi timaso ta nsidze zomwe zimafanana ndi anthu amtunduwu, koma mosiyana imakhala ndi mawanga oyera pamasaya mwa mitanda.
Nkhono penguin
Ndiwomwe amapezeka (akuyimira malo okhawo) kuzilumba zazing'ono za Snares, kumwera kwa New Zealand. Komabe, anthu pafupifupi 30,000 awiriawiri. Choopsa kwambiri kwa iwo ndi mkango wa m'nyanja (chisindikizo chachikulu cha m'chigawo cha subantarctic).
Mbalame ya Schlegel
Odwala ku Chilumba cha Macquarie, pafupi ndi Tasmania. Kutalika pafupifupi 70 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 6 kg. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja, kutali ndi kwawo. Amadyetsa nsomba zazing'ono, krill ndi zooplankton. Chimakhalanso ndi nsidze zowala, ngakhale sizitali ngati mitundu ina. Imatayikiranso mazira awiri, pomwe nkhuku imodzi imapulumuka nthawi zambiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, dzina lake Chingerezi ndi Penguin wachifumu - atha kuponyedwa ngati King Penguin, wosokonezeka ndi King Penguin weniweni (King penguin).
Penguin Wamkulu Wopambana
Kwenikweni, amawoneka wapakatikati - pafupifupi masentimita 65. Koma zokongoletsa pamutu pake ndizodziwika bwino pakati pa abale ena ovomerezeka. Choyamba, ziphuphu ziwiri zotuwa zimachoka m'mphuno nthawi imodzi, zimadutsa maso ofiira amdima ndikubwerera kumbuyo kwa korona. Chachiwiri, ndi m'modzi mwa abale ake omwe amadziwa kusuntha mutu wake. Zisa zake pafupi ndi kontinenti ya Australia ndi gombe la New Zealand. Tsopano pali awiriawiri pafupifupi 200,000.
Ma Penguin amayenda pang'onopang'ono kumtunda, koma osambira abwino kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana
Penguin ya Genus Lesser - yokhazikika
Penguin wocheperapo kwambiri masiku ano. Amangokula mpaka 33 cm (pafupifupi), ndi kulemera kwa 1.5 kg. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "penguin wabuluu" chifukwa cha mthunzi wa nthenga zamdima kumbuyo kwake ndi mapiko ake. Chikhalidwe chonse cha "chovala chaubweya" ndicholankhulidwa kwa phula, pamimba - choyera kapena choyera chamkaka. Mlomo uli ndi utoto wofiirira. Zikhadabo zimawoneka zazikulu makamaka pamapazi ang'onoang'ono. Gawo logawana ndi penguin yayikulu.
Ma penguin okongola ama buluu amadziwika kuti ndi ochepa kwambiri
Genus Gorgeous Penguin kapena Yellow Eyed
Zadziwika kuti makolo a zolengedwa zosangalatsa izi adapulumuka pakutha kwa ma dinosaurs. Penguin wamaso achikaso ndi mitundu yotetezedwa yotere. Kupatula iye, izi zidaphatikizapo mitundu yakufa ya New Zealand ya Megaduptes waitaha.
Mutu wake umakutidwa ndi nthawi zina mdima, kenako nthenga zagolide-mandimu, khosi limakhala lofiirira. Kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira wakuda, chifuwa ndi choyera, miyendo ndi milomo ndi zofiira. Lili ndi dzina lake kuchokera pachikaso chachikaso kuzungulira maso. Ndinasankha kukhala pachilumba chakumwera kwa New Zealand yemweyo. Amakhala makamaka awiriawiri, samasonkhana kawirikawiri. Woimira uyu ndiye wamkulu kwambiri Mitundu yosawerengeka ya anyani... Ngakhale ndizosiyanasiyana, pali anthu opitilira 4,000 omwe atsala.
Mbalame zotchedwa penguins
Penguin wa Chinstrap
Ndiye woyamba mwa anthu atatu omwe akuyimira pama penguin ku antarctica... Choyimira chachikulucho chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 70 cm ndi 4.5 kg ya kulemera. Mzere wochepa thupi wakuda umayenda mkhosi, kuyambira khutu mpaka khutu. Zingwezo zimamangidwa molunjika pamiyala, mazira 1-2 amapangidwa, amalumikizana nawonso. Chilichonse chimafanana ndi ma penguin ena onse. Ndiye kuti komwe amakhala ndi kozizira kuposa zonse - gombe la Antarctica. Mbalamezi zimasambira bwino kwambiri. Amatha kusambira mpaka 1000 km kunyanja.
Adelie Penguin
Imodzi mwa mitundu yambiri. Amatchulidwa pambuyo pa mkazi wa wazachilengedwe waku France yemwe adalongosola koyamba pambuyo paulendo wa 1840. Kukula kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 80, nthenga zili ndi mawonekedwe omwewo - kumbuyo kuli mdima wokhala ndi utoto wabuluu, mimba ndiyoyera.
Zimaswana m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica ndi zilumba zapafupi. Ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni. Ndi zizolowezi zake ndi mawonekedwe ake, amafanana ndi munthu. Ndiwansangala kwambiri. Ndi zolengedwa zokongola izi zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi midzi; nthawi zambiri zimakhala zojambula m'mafilimu ojambula.
Nthawi zambiri timakonda chithunzi chawo, kuyang'ana mitundu ya anyani pachithunzichi... Ndipo posachedwa adawoneka pafupi ndi tchalitchi cha Orthodox ku Antarctica. Mabanja angapo adabwera ndikuyimitsa ntchito yonse pafupi ndi nyumbayi. Izi zimatsimikizira chidwi chawo komanso kukhudzika.
Gentoo penguin kapena subantarctic
Wosambira mwachangu kwambiri mwa abale ake. Liwiro mkulu-anayamba ndi kufika 36 km / h. Pambuyo pa achibale "achifumu" - akulu kwambiri. Amakula mpaka 90 cm, kulemera - mpaka 7.5 kg. Mtunduwo ndi wabwinobwino. Derali limangokhala ku Antarctica ndi zilumba zazing'ono kwambiri. Makoloni nthawi zonse amayenda pazifukwa zosadziwika, akuchoka pachisa chakale chamakilomita mazana.
Mbalame zotchedwa Penguins
Penguin wowoneka bwino (kapena waku Africa, wamiyendo yakuda kapena bulu)
Mitundu yake yakuda ndi yoyera ya penguin, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaluwa imawonekera. Mikwingwirima yoyera pamutu imayenda mozungulira maso, ngati magalasi, ndikupita kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ndipo pachifuwa pamakhala mzera wakuda wofiirira womwe umatsikira mpaka pansi pamimba.
Amatchedwa bulu chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kapadera kamene kamapanga mukamadyetsa mwana wankhuku. Ndipo waku Africa - inde, chifukwa cha malo okhala. Amagawidwa pagombe lakumwera kwa Africa pazilumba zapafupi. Mazirawo amaswa masiku 40 ndipo ndiabwino chifukwa sangathe kuwira.
Penguin wa Galapagos
Wa banja lonse, amakonda kutentha kuposa ena. Malo ake ndi apadera - makilomita makumi angapo kuchokera ku Equator kuzilumba za Galapagos. Madzi kumeneko amatentha kuchokera pa 18 mpaka 28 madigiri Celsius. Onse pamodzi, pafupifupi 2000 anawerengedwa. Mosiyana ndi yapita, palibe "nsapato" yakuda pachifuwa. Ndipo uta woyera pafupi ndi maso siwowonekera komanso wowonekera ngati womwewo.
Humboldt Penguin, kapena Peruvia
Zimasilira m'mphepete mwa miyala ku Peru ndi Chile. Chiwerengerocho chikuchepa mosalekeza. Pali zotsala pafupifupi 12,000. Ili ndi zikhumbo zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi ma penguin owoneka bwino - mabwalo oyera ndi nsapato zakuda pachifuwa.Pang'ono pang'ono kuposa mitundu yodziwika.
Penguin wa Magellanic
Sankhani Patagonian Coast, Tierra del Fuego ndi zilumba za Falkland. Chiwerengerocho ndi chodabwitsa - pafupifupi 3.6 miliyoni.Zisamba zimakumbidwa m'nthaka. Kutalika kwa moyo kumatha kufikira zaka 25-30 mu ukapolo.
Subspecies Mbalame yoyera yamapiko oyera
Nthenga zazing'ono, mpaka 40 cm kutalika. M'mbuyomu, anali m'gulu la anyani ang'onoang'ono chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Komabe, ndiye kuti adasankhidwabe ngati subspecies yapadera. Dzinalo linapezedwa pazolemba zoyera kumapeto kwa mapiko. Amabereka kokha ku Banki Peninsula ndi Island ya Motunau (Tasmanian Region).
Chosiyanitsa ndi ma penguin ena ndi moyo wawo wamadzulo. Masana, amagona pogona, kotero kuti ndikubwera kwa usiku amalowa m'madzi am'nyanja. Amachoka patali ndi gombe, mpaka 25 km.
