Dzina la galu limalumikizidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zaku Italy: Maremma ndi Abruzzo, pambuyo pake adadzitcha - maremma abruzza mbusa. M'madera amenewa, adakhala ngati ziweto zolimba. Ku Apennines ndi m'mphepete mwa Adriatic, kuswana kwa nkhosa kumachepa, koma agalu abusa apulumuka, mtunduwo ukukula.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Muyeso woyamba wofotokozera molondola mtundu wa mtunduwo udapangidwa mu 1924. Mu 1958, muyezo unavomerezedwa ndikusindikizidwa, kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya galu: Marem ndi Abruz. Kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwa muyezo kunaperekedwa ndi FCI mu 2015. Ikulongosola mwatsatanetsatane zomwe, M'busa waku Italiya ayenera kukhala.
- Kufotokozera kwathunthu. Ng'ombe, m'busa ndi galu wokulirapo wokulirapo. Nyamayo ndi yolimba. Zimagwira bwino ntchito kumapiri ndi zigwa.
- Miyeso yoyambira. Thupi limakhala lalitali. Thupi limakhala lalitali 20% kuposa kutalika komwe kumafota. Mutu ndi wocheperapo nthawi 2.5 kuposa kutalika komwe kumafota. Kukula kopingasa kwa thupi kuli theka la kutalika kwake kufota.
- Mutu. Lalikulu, lathyathyathya, limafanana ndi mutu wa chimbalangondo.
- Chibade. Chotupa chosaoneka bwino cha sagittal kumbuyo kwa mutu.
- Imani. Wosalala, mphumi ndiwotsika, mphumi imadutsa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kumlomo.
- Lobe mphuno. Zowoneka, zakuda, zazikulu, koma sizimaphwanya mawonekedwe onse. Nthawi zonse kunyowa. Mphuno ndi zotseguka kwathunthu.
- Chojambula. Chonse chakumunsi, chocheperachepera kumapeto kwa mphuno. Zimatengera pafupifupi 1/2 kukula kwa mutu wonse m'litali. Mbali yopingasa ya mkamwa, yomwe imayesedwa pamakona a milomo, ndi theka la kutalika kwa mphuno.
- Milomo. Zouma, zazing'ono, zokuta mano akum'munsi ndi kutsika ndi nkhama. Mtundu wa milomo ndi wakuda.
- Maso. Mgoza kapena hazel.
- Mano. Zokonzera zatha. Kuluma ndikolondola, kuluma lumo.
- Khosi. Minyewa. 20% yochepera kutalika kwa mutu. Ubweya wonenepa wokula pakhosi umapanga kolala.
- Chifuwa. Maremma — galu ndi thupi lokulirapo pang'ono. Kukula kwake kwa torso kumatanthauza kutalika kuchokera pansi mpaka kufota, monga 5 mpaka 4.
- Zowopsa. Yolunjika, yowongoka mukayang'ana kuchokera mbali ndi kutsogolo.
- Mapazi amathandizidwa ndi zala 4, zomwe zimakanikizidwa palimodzi. Zingwe zazala ndizosiyana. Pamwamba pa mapazi ake, kupatula ziyangoyangozo, ili ndi ubweya waufupi, wakuda. Mtundu wa zikhadazo ndi wakuda, wakuda bulauni ndizotheka.
- Mchira. Malo osindikizira bwino. Mu galu wodekha, amatsitsidwa mpaka hock ndi pansipa. Galu wokwiya akukweza mchira wake kumbuyo chakumbuyo.
- Magalimoto. Galu amayenda m'njira ziwiri: kuyenda kapena kuthamanga mwamphamvu.
- Chivundikiro cha ubweya. Tsitsi loyang'anira limakhala lowongoka, chovala chamkati chimakhala cholimba, makamaka nthawi yozizira. Zingwe zolimba ndizotheka. Pamutu, makutu, mbali yamkati, ubweya ndi wamfupi kuposa thupi lonse. Molt osatambasulidwa, imachitika kamodzi pachaka.
- Mtundu. Oyera wolimba. Malangizo owala achikaso, kirimu ndi minyanga ndiwotheka.
- Makulidwe. Kukula kwa amuna kuyambira 65 mpaka 76 cm, akazi amakhala ophatikizika: kuyambira 60 mpaka 67 cm (ikamafota). Unyinji wamwamuna umachokera ku makilogalamu 36 mpaka 45, ma tinyolo ndi 5 kg opepuka.
Katswiri waluso wa Agalu Akubusa aku Italiya adalimbitsa minofu yawo ndikulimbitsa mafupa awo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chithunzi cha abruzzo maremma... Mwachidziwikire, abusawa sathamanga kwambiri - sadzapeza mphalapala kapena kalulu. Koma amatha kukakamiza wosavomerezeka, kaya ndi nkhandwe kapena munthu, kuti asiye zolinga zawo.
Akatswiri ofufuza matendawa amafotokoza utoto woyera wa ubweya wa galu ndi ntchito yaubusa. M'busa amawona agalu oyera kuchokera patali, mu nkhungu ndi madzulo. Amatha kuwasiyanitsa ndi kuwukira nyama zoyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, ubweya woyera umachepetsa kukhudzana ndi dzuwa lowala kwambiri.
Agalu nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito pagulu. Ntchito yawo sikuphatikiza kulimbana mwachindunji ndi mimbulu. Mwa kubowola ndi kuchitapo kanthu, akuyenera kuthamangitsa owukirawo, angakhale mimbulu, agalu olusa kapena zimbalangondo. M'masiku akale, zida za agalu zimaphatikizapo kolala yokhala ndi ma spikes - roccalo. Makutu a nyama adadulidwa ndikudulidwa mpaka pano m'maiko momwe ntchitoyi imaloledwa.
Mitundu
Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, mtunduwo udagawika m'magulu awiri. Mtundu wosiyana udalingaliridwa mbusa maremma. Mtundu wodziyimira pawokha unali galu woweta wochokera ku Abruzzo. Izi zidalungamitsidwa kamodzi. Agalu ochokera ku Maremmo ankadyetsa nkhosa mchigwa ndi madambo. Mtundu wina (wochokera ku Abruzzo) amakhala nthawi yonse kumapiri. Nyama zosaoneka bwino zinali zosiyanako ndi za kumapiri.
Mu 1860, Italy idalumikizana. Malirewo asowa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa agalu kunayamba kuchepetsedwa. Mu 1958, mgwirizano wamtunduwu udasinthidwa, agalu abusa adayamba kufotokozedwa ndi muyeso umodzi. M'nthawi yathu ino, zosiyana zakale zimakumbukiridwa mwadzidzidzi ku Abruzzo. Olima agalu ochokera mdera lino akufuna kupatulira agalu awo kukhala osiyana - Abruzzo Mastiff.
Ogwira agalu ochokera kumadera ena amakhala limodzi ndi anthu a Abruzzo. Pali malingaliro ogawa mtunduwo kukhala magawo ang'onoang'ono kutengera kusiyana kwakung'ono ndi komwe adachokera. Pambuyo pakukhazikitsa malingaliro amenewa, agalu abusa ochokera ku Apullio, Pescocostanzo, Mayello ndi zina zotero amatha kuwoneka.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Mu zidutswa za chikalata "De Agri Cultura", chazaka za m'ma 2000 BC, wogwirizira wachiroma Marcus Porcius Cato akufotokoza mitundu itatu ya agalu:
- agalu abusa (canis pastoralis) - zoyera, shaggy, nyama zazikulu;
- Molossus (canis epiroticus) - tsitsi losalala, mdima, agalu akulu;
- Agalu a Spartan (canis laconicus) ndi othamanga, ofiira, atsitsi losalala, agalu osaka.
Malongosoledwe a Mark Cato a canis pastoralis mwina ndiye kutchulidwa koyamba kwa agalu agalu amakono aku Italy. Zakale zakubadwa kwamtunduwu zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito ya wolemba mbiri wachiroma Junius Moderat Columella "De Re Rustica", kuyambira mchaka cha 1 BC.
Mu opus yake, amangokhalira kufunikira kovala koyera kokhala agalu oweta. Mtundu uwu ndi womwe umapangitsa kuti m'busayo azitha kusiyanitsa galu ndi nkhandwe nthawi yamadzulo komanso kuwongolera chida motsutsana ndi chilombocho popanda kuvulaza galu.
Maleremma aku Italy amafotokozedwa pafupipafupi, kupaka utoto, osasunthika m'miyala, yoyikidwa ndi magalasi amitundu yojambula. Muzojambula, kuchepa, bata, kudzipereka kwa moyo wakumudzi zimawonetsedwa ndi nkhosa zodzichepetsa. Iwo anali kutetezedwa ndi maremmas amphamvu. Kuti akope, agalu anali ndi ma kolala oterera.
Mu 1731, mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a maremma amapezeka. Linasindikizidwa buku la "Pastoral Law", pomwe loya Stefano Di Stefano adatchula za kuweta agalu. Kuphatikiza pofotokozera magawo akuthupi, idanenanso za chiyani chikhalidwe cha maremma... Kudziyimira pawokha kunatsindika, kuphatikiza kudzipereka.
Wolemba adatsimikizira kuti galu sali wokhetsa mwazi, koma amatha kupasula aliyense malinga ndi mwini wake. Maremma amagwira ntchito yaubusa wolimba komanso wowopsa ndi zakudya zochepa. Munali buledi kapena ufa wa barele wothira ma Whey amkaka omwe amachokera pakupanga tchizi.
Pakapangidwe ka mtunduwo, njira yodyetsera nkhosa idachita gawo lofunikira. M'nyengo yotentha, gulu lankhosa lidadyetsa kumapiri a Abruzzo. Pofika nthawi yophukira kunayamba kuzizira, ziwetozo zimayendetsedwa kudera lam'madzi la Maremma. Agalu anayenda limodzi ndi ziwetozo. Ankasakanikirana ndi nyama zakomweko. Kusiyana pakati pa agalu athyathyathya ndi mapiri kwatha.
Ku Genoa, mu 1922, kalabu yoyamba yaku Italy yoweta agalu idapangidwa. Zinatenga zaka ziwiri kuti apange ndikusintha mtundu wa mtundu, momwe umatchedwa Maremma Sheepdog ndipo akuti ungathenso kutchedwa Abruz. Akatswiri azachipatala kwa nthawi yayitali pambuyo pake sanathe kusankha dzina la mtunduwo.
Khalidwe
Muyezo umalongosola mtundu wa maremma monga chonchi. Maremma mtundu adapangira ntchito mbusa. Amatenga nawo mbali poyendetsa, kudyetsa ndi kuteteza gulu la nkhosa. Amachitira nyama ndi abusa monga banja lake. Pogwira ntchito ndi nyama, iyemwini amasankha zochita. Mwachangu amakwaniritsa malamulo a eni ake.
Poukira nkhosa yomwe amawalamulira, samafuna kuwononga chilombocho. Amaona kuti ntchito yake yatha pomwe chilombocho chimathamangitsidwa patali. Njira yogwirirayi imathandizira kugwira bwino ntchito kwa m'busayo: maremma samachoka m'gululi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Maremma amachitira alendo osawachitira nkhanza, koma mosamala, abale am'banjali amalandiridwa ndi chisangalalo. Amasamalira ana, modekha amatenga ufulu wawo. Khalidwe la galu limalola, kuwonjezera pa ntchito wamba ndi nyama, kuti akhale mnzake, wopulumutsa komanso wowongolera.
Zakudya zabwino
Kwa mbiri yawo yambiri, agalu amakhala limodzi ndi abusa ndi nkhosa. Chakudya chawo chinali choperewera. Ndiye kuti, modzichepetsa osati osiyanasiyana, koma mwachilengedwe. Zolemba zolembedwa zimatsimikizira kuti agalu adadyetsedwa buledi, ufa wothira mkaka whey. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudyacho chimaphatikizaponso chilichonse chomwe abusa amadya, kapena m'malo mwake, zotsalira za alimi.
M'nthawi yathu ino, kudzimana mopambanitsa pazakudya kwatha m'mbuyo. Agalu amalandira chakudya chokonzedwa mwapadera. Kudziwika kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kapangidwe kake kumadalira msinkhu wa nyama, ntchito, malo okhala, ndi zina zambiri. Zakudya zonse zili pakati pa 2-7% ya kulemera kwa nyama.
Zosankhazo ziyenera kukhala ndi mapuloteni azinyama, masamba ndi magawo amkaka. Pafupifupi 35% amawerengedwa ndi zopangidwa ndi nyama ndi zinyama. Wina 25% ndi ndiwo zamasamba kapena ndiwo zamasamba zosaphika. 40% yotsala ndi tirigu wophika kuphatikiza ndi mkaka.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Abusa a Maremma masiku ano amakhala m'magulu awiri. Woyamba, monga woyenera galu woweta, amakhala moyo wake wonse pakati pa nkhosa. Zimayambitsa kukhalapo kwaulere. Popeza nkhosa siziyang'aniridwa ndi galu m'modzi, koma ndi gulu lonse, agalu agalu a maremma amabadwa osalowererapo pang'ono ndi anthu.
Mukakhala pansi pa chisamaliro chanthawi zonse cha munthu, mwini wake ayenera kuthana ndi mavuto obereketsa. Choyambirira, mwana wagalu akawoneka mnyumba, muyenera kusankha: kupatsa nyamayo ndi mwini wake moyo wamtendere kapena kuti azigwirabe ntchito yobereka. Kutumiza kapena kutseketsa nthawi zambiri ndiyo yankho lolondola, kuchotsa mavuto ambiri.
Galu wogwira ntchito mokwanira amakhala wokonzeka kubereka azaka pafupifupi 1 chaka. Koma ndikofunikira kudikirira kwakanthawi: zoluka, kuyambira kutentha kwachiwiri. Ndiye kuti, atakwanitsa zaka 1.5. Kwa amuna, zaka 1.5 ndi nthawi yabwino yoyambira abambo.
Omwe amaweta bwino amadziwa kukonzekera ndi kuyendetsa misonkhano ya agalu pazovuta zakubereka. Zokwatirana za nyama zoperewera zimakonzedweratu nthawi yayitali. Eni agalu osadziwa zambiri ayenera kupeza upangiri wokwanira kuchokera ku kalabu. Mavuto atasinthidwa moyenera amasunga galu zaka 11 zilizonse, omwe amakhala pa maremma.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza
Kumayambiriro kwachinyamata, ndi zilolezo zalamulo, kudula khutu kumachitika maremmas. Kupanda kutero, chisamaliro cha Abusa aku Italiya sichovuta. Makamaka ngati agalu sakhala m'nyumba yanyumba, koma m'nyumba yanyumba yayikulu yolumikizana. Kuyenda kwakukulu ndicho chinthu chachikulu chomwe mwiniwake ayenera kupereka kwa galu wake.
Chovuta kwambiri ndikukonza malaya. Monga agalu onse apakatikati ndi atsitsi lalitali, maremma amafunika kutsukidwa pafupipafupi. Zomwe zimapangitsa ubweya kukhala wabwinoko komanso kudalira kwambiri ubale wapakati pa munthu ndi nyama.
Kwa agalu amtundu wapamwamba, omwe moyo wawo umagwira nawo mpikisano, mphete zampikisano, kudzikongoletsa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Sikuti amagwiritsira ntchito maburashi ndi zisa zokha; masiku angapo mphete isanafike, galu amatsukidwa ndi ma shampoo apadera, zikhadabo zimadulidwa.
Mtengo
Maremma posachedwapa wakhala mtundu wosowa mdziko lathu. Tsopano, chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake, zakhala zachilendo. Mitengo ya ana agalu amtunduwu imakhalabe yokwera. Obereketsa ana ndi ana amafunsira pafupifupi ma ruble 50,000 pa nyama iliyonse. Izi ndizapakati mtengo wa maremma.
Zosangalatsa
Pali zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi galu wa Maremma-Abruzzi. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi wachisoni.
- Atadutsa mzere wazaka pafupifupi 11, poganizira kuti malire amoyo afika, agalu amasiya kudya, kenako amasiya kumwa. Pamapeto pake amwalira. Zikakhala zathanzi, nyama zimafa. Eni ake komanso azachipatala amalephera kubweretsa Maremma Shepherd kutha mwadzidzidzi.
- Chithunzi choyambirira chodziwika cha galu wachizungu wachizungu chimayambira ku Middle Ages. Mu mzinda wa Amatrice, mu Tchalitchi cha St. Francis, chojambula cha m'zaka za zana la 14 chikuwonetsa galu woyera mu kolala yokhala ndi zisonga zolondera nkhosa. Galu mu fresco amawoneka ngati wamakono maremma pachithunzipa.
- M'zaka za m'ma 1930, a British adachotsa agalu angapo ku Italy. Pakadali pano, panali mikangano pakati pa okonda nyama kuti ndi zigawo ziti zomwe zidapereka gawo lofunikira pakupanga mtunduwo. Anthu aku Britain sanatengeke ndi nkhawa zakomweko kwa omwe anali ndi agalu aku Italiya ndipo amatcha galu maremma. Pambuyo pake, mtunduwo udalandira dzina lalitali komanso lolondola: Maremmo-Abruzzo Sheepdog.
- M'zaka zapitazi, m'ma 70s, oweta nkhosa ku United States anali ndi vuto: nkhandwe (nkhandwe) zinayamba kuwononga gulu la nkhosa. Malamulo osamalira zachilengedwe amachepetsa momwe adani angachitire. Njira zokwanira zotsutsana zimafunikira. Amapezeka ngati agalu oweta ziweto.
- Mitundu 5 idabweretsedwa ku States. Pogwira ntchito yampikisano, a Maremmas adziwonetsa okha kuti ndi abusa abwino kwambiri. M'magulu ankhosa oyang'aniridwa ndi Agalu a Abusa aku Italiya, zotayika zinali zochepa kapena kunalibe.
- Mu 2006, ntchito yosangalatsa idayamba ku Australia. Anthu amtundu umodzi wamtundu wa anyani achilengedwe adayandikira malire, kupyola pomwe njira zosasinthika zakutha.
- Boma la dzikolo lakopa a Maremma oweta agalu kuti ateteze mbalame ku ankhandwe ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Iwo amawerengedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mbalame. Kuyesera kunachita bwino. Tsopano maremmas samangoyang'anira nkhosa zokha, komanso ma penguin.
