Kharza - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yabanja la weasel. Kuphatikiza pa kukula, imawonekera pakati pa ma martens ena okhala ndi utoto wowala. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera amitundu, ali ndi dzina lapakati "chikopa cha chikasu". Kudera la Russia, amapezeka ku Far East. Chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Ussuri marten".
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kharza amatha kuwerengedwa ngati chiwombankhanga wamba. Kapangidwe ka thupi la harza ndikofanana ndi ma martens onse. Kulimbikira ndi kulimbikira zimadziwika mu thupi lamtali, lokhathamira, miyendo yolimba ndi mchira wautali. Kulemera kwamwamuna wokhwima munyengo yodyetsedwa kumatha kufikira 3.8-4 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 64-70. Mchira umatambasulidwa ndi 40-45 cm.
Mutu ndi waung'ono. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndikofanana ndi 10-12% ya kutalika kwa thupi. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndikocheperako kutalika. Mawonekedwe a chigaza, mukawawona kuchokera kumwamba, ndi amakona atatu. Pansi pa kansalu kali ndi mzere pakati pamakutu ang'onoang'ono, ozungulira. Pamwambapa ndi nsonga zakuda za mphuno. Gawo lakumtunda la bulauni ndi lofiirira, pafupifupi lakuda, gawo lakumunsi ndi loyera.
Thupi limakhala pamiyendo yayitali kwambiri. Awiri akumbuyo amakhala owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso otalikirapo kuposa omwe anali kutsogolo. Zonsezi ndizophimbidwa ndi ubweya, zomwe zimathera ndi zala zisanu. Kharza— nyama wobwezera. Chifukwa chake, ma paws a harza amakula bwino, kuyambira zikhadabo mpaka chidendene.
Kharza ndiye marten wamkulu kwambiri komanso wowoneka bwino kwambiri
Thupi lonse la nyamayo, kupatula nsonga ya mphuno ndi ziyangoyango zala, ndizokuta ndi ubweya. Pali ubweya waufupi, wolimba ngakhale pansi. Potengera kutalika kwa ubweya waubweya, kharza imatsalira kumbuyo kwa abale ake. Ngakhale mchira wake ulibe ubweya. Ubweya wachilimwe umakhala wolimba kuposa nthawi yachisanu. Tsitsi ndi lalifupi ndipo silimakula pafupipafupi.
Osati ubweya wapamwamba kwambiri ndi malaya amkati amalipidwa ndi mtundu wapadera. Kharza pachithunzichi zikuwoneka zosangalatsa. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi ya nyama yotentha ndipo imawoneka yachilendo makamaka m'nkhalango ya Far East.
Pamutu pake pamakhala nyama yakuda yakuda. Pamasaya, chivundikirocho chapeza utoto wofiyira, tsitsi la utoto waukulu limasakanikirana ndi ubweya woyera kumapeto. Kumbuyo kwa makutuwo ndi kwakuda, mkatimo ndimtambo wachikaso. Nape ndi bulauni wonyezimira ndi golide wachikaso. The scruff ndi kumbuyo konse ndizopakidwa utoto uwu.
Kumbali ndi kumimba, utoto umakhala wonyezimira. Khosi ndi chifuwa cha nyama ndizowala kwambiri lalanje, golide wonyezimira. Mbali yakumtunda ya miyendo yakutsogolo ndi ya bulauni, mbali yakumunsi ndi mapazi ndi yakuda. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yofanana. Pansi pa mchira ndi bulauni-bulauni. Mchira womwewo ndi wakuda wakuda. Pamapeto pake pali ziwonetsero zofiirira.
Ma weasel onse, kuphatikiza harza, ali ndi zotulutsa zamtsogolo. Ziwalozi zimabisa chinsinsi chomwe chimakhala ndi fungo losalekeza, losasangalatsa. Mu moyo wamtendere, zinsinsi za glands izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa nyama zina za kupezeka kwawo, izi ndizofunikira makamaka munyengo yokhwima. Pochita mantha, fungo lotuluka ndilolimba kotero kuti lingawopseze chilombo chomwe chidagunda kharza.
Mitundu
Marten wachikasu, kharza kum'mawa, Nepalese marten, chon wang ndi dzina la nyama yomweyi, yomwe imaphatikizidwapo m'gulu lachilengedwe pansi pa dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Martes flavigula kapena harza. Iye ndi wa mtundu wa martens. Omwe ali:
- angler marten (kapena ilka),
Pachithunzicho, marten ilka
- American, nkhalango, miyala marten,
Tsitsi loyera pachifuwa, miyala yamwala imatchedwa mzimu woyera
- kharza (Kum'mawa kwakutali, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir kharza,
- Anthu achi Japan komanso wamba (a ku Siberia).
Kufanana kwa utoto ndi kukula kwake kumatha kuwonedwa pakati pa wolanda Ussuri ndi Nilgir harza wosowa yemwe amakhala kumwera kwa India. Kufanana kwakunja kunadzetsa mayina ofanana. Anapanganso epithet ku dzina la wokhala ku India wogwirizana ndi komwe amakhala - Nilgiri Upland
Kharza ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, ndiye kuti, sagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mphamvu zotha kusintha zinthu zimalola kuti zizikhala m'madambo a ku Burma ndi m'mapiri a chipululu ku Pakistan, m'nkhalango zowirira za Siberia. Ndi chikhalidwe cha madera amene chilombo, akhoza kudziwika zotsatirazi mitundu ya harza:
- nkhalango,
- dambo,
- chipululu.
Zigawo zambiri nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndikusintha kwa zakudya, kusaka, ndi zina pamoyo wawo. Zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji ma morphological ndi anatomical sign. Koma harza idakhalabe yowona kwa iyo yokha ndipo imangoperekedwa ngati Martes flavigula.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kharza amakhala mu biospheres zosiyana kwambiri. Mtundu wake umayambira kumpoto kwa India kupita ku Russia Far East. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka ku Indochina, imapulumuka bwino ku Peninsula yaku Korea komanso kuzilumba za Indonesia. Amasinthidwa kuti akhale amoyo komanso kusaka m'malo ambiri azachilengedwe, koma amakula bwino m'nkhalango.
Ma marten amtundu wachikaso amakhala ndikusaka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyama 3 mpaka 7. Nthawi zambiri maziko a gululi ndi azimayi omwe ali ndi ana agalu ochokera ku zinyalala za chaka chatha. Kusaka magulu kumathandiza makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. M'nyengo yachilimwe ikuyandikira, magulu onse a ziwombankhanga amatha kupasuka. Ndiye kuti, moyo pagulu lokhalitsa lokhala ndiulamuliro wosasinthika ndichikhalidwe cha harza.
Kharza amakhala moyo wokangalika kwambiri
Marten wachikasu amatha kuchita nawo chakudya nthawi iliyonse. Samatha kuwona mumdima, chifukwa chake amasaka usiku wopanda mitambo mwezi ukakhala wowala mokwanira. Harza amadalira mphamvu yake ya kununkhiza ndi kumva osachepera momwe amamuonera.
Kuwona bwino, kumva ndi kununkhira kumaphatikizidwa ndi mikhalidwe yothamanga kwambiri, yomwe nyamayo imagwiritsa ntchito makamaka pansi. Chinyama chimasuntha, kutsamira phazi lonse. Malo owonjezera othandizira amakulolani kuti musunthe mwachangu, osati pamtunda wolimba, komanso m'malo am'madzi kapena matalala.
Harza imatha kuthana ndi malo osadutsa polumpha pamtengo ndi mtengo, kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Kukhoza kusuntha msanga pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kusinthana pansi ndikudumphira mumitengo kumapereka mwayi mukamatsata wovulalayo kapena kupewa zomwe mukufuna.
Palibe adani ambiri omwe ma martens omwe ali ndi mawere achikasu amafunika kuopa. Adakali achichepere, nyama za achinyamata zimaukiridwa ndimatumbo omwewo. Pamalo otseguka, kharza wodwala, wofooka amatha kugwidwa ndi gulu la mimbulu. Zowononga zambiri zimadziwa za chida chachinsinsi cha harza - tiziwalo timene timatulutsa madzi ndi fungo losasangalatsa - motero samakonda kuwukira.
Mdani wamkulu wa kharza ndi munthu. Monga gwero la nyama kapena ubweya, marten wamabele achikasu samasangalatsa anthu. Ubweya wotsika kwambiri ndi nyama. Alenje akatswiri amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti kharza imapha ng'ombe zochuluka kwambiri zam'mimba, nswala, ndi mphalapala. Chifukwa chake, ma martens omwe ali ndi mawere achikasu adalembedwa ngati tizirombo ndipo amawomberedwa chimodzimodzi ndi mimbulu kapena agalu a raccoon.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa gulu la ziweto kumachitika osati ndi alenje omwe amayesera kusunga nswala kapena mphamba. Adani akuluakulu a nyama zomwe zili m'nkhalazi ndi odula mitengo. Kuchepetsa mitengo ndikuwononga kwapadera kwa Far East biocenosis, kuwukira kwazamoyo zonse.
Zakudya zabwino
M'madera achi Russia, ku taiga ya Kum'mawa kwa Asia, kharza ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri. Inde, sangayerekezeredwe ndi kambuku wa Amur kapena kambuku. Makulidwe a harza, kukalipa ndi chikhalidwe cha nyamayo amaiyika pamlingo wofanana ndi wa trot. Matenda ang'onoang'ono ndi tizilombo. Osachepera kangapo kafadala ndi ziwala, anapiye ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimalowa mchakudya chake.
Luso lokwera komanso kuchita zinthu mwaluso kwachititsa kuti harzu ikhale chiopsezo ku zisa za mbalame ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala pansi komanso pakati pa nkhalangoyi. Kubisala pansi pa gologolo kapena mileme sikulandila chitetezo. Kharza amalowa m'malo obisika kwambiri munkhokwe zamtengo. Samasunga harza ndi ena, oimira ang'onoang'ono a ma mustelids.
Pofunafuna makoswe, harza imapikisana bwino ndi nyama zolusa zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono. Zachinsinsi komanso zachangu nthawi ndi nthawi zimawapatsa ma marten achikwere achikaso nkhomaliro. Achinyamata osatulutsidwa nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi harza. Ana a nkhumba ndi ana a ng'ombe kuchokera ku nkhumba zakutchire kupita ku nswala zofiira ndi nswala amafika ku marten wachikasu pamasana, ngakhale atetezedwa ku nyama zazikulu.
Kharza ndi m'modzi mwa odyetsa a taiga ochepa omwe adziwa njira zowukira zonse. Njira yoyamba ndiyo kubisalira. Gulu la ma martens okhala ndi mabokosi achikaso angapo amatsogolera wovutitsidwayo kupita komwe abisalako adakonza. Njira ina yosakira ndiyo kuyendetsa nyama yodabwitsayo mu ayezi amtsinje kapena nyanja. Pamalo oterera, mbawala zimasiya kukhazikika, kutha kubisala kwa omwe amazitsata.
Mphalapala zazing'ono, makamaka nyama zam'mimba, ndizomwe amakonda kusaka kharza. Poizoni nyama imodzi imapatsa nyama zolusa zingapo masiku ambiri. Kusaka kwamagulu kumachitika makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Pofika masika, kuwonekera kwa ana pakati pa nzika zambiri za taiga, kufunika kwa zochitika mwadongosolo kumazimiririka.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yophukira, nyama zazaka ziwiri zimayamba kufunafuna awiriawiri. Zotsatira za fungo zimawathandiza pa izi. Zowonongekazi sizimatsatira gawo linalake, amuna amasiya malo awo osakira ndikupita kudera la akazi, okonzeka kupitiliza mtunduwo.
Pakakhala msonkhano ndi mdani, nkhondo zoopsa zimachitika. Nkhaniyo sikubwera kupha kwa wotsutsana naye, wamwamuna wofooka kwambiri yemwe amamuluma amachotsedwa. Pambuyo pa kulumikizana kwazimayi ndi chachimuna, ntchito za makolo zamwamuna zimatha. Mkazi amabereka martens amtsogolo mpaka masika.
Marten wamabele achikaso nthawi zambiri amabala ana agalu awiri kapena asanu. Chiwerengero chawo chimadalira msinkhu ndi kunenepa kwa mayiyo. Anawo ngosaona, opanda ubweya, osowa chochita. Zimatengera nthawi yonse yotentha kuti zikule bwino. Pofika nthawi yophukira, ma kharza achichepere amayamba kutsagana ndi amayi awo kukasaka. Amatha kukhala pafupi ndi kholo ngakhale atakhala odziyimira pawokha.
Kumva kufunitsitsa komanso mwayi wopitiliza kuthamanga, nyama zazing'ono zimachoka pagulu lanyumbazo ndikupita kukasaka anzawo. Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali ma martens okhala mchitsamba sichimadziwika kwenikweni. Mwina zaka 10-12. Kutalika kwa moyo mu ukapolo kumadziwika. Ku zoo kapena kunyumba, harza imatha mpaka zaka 15-17. Poterepa, akazi amakhala pang'ono pang'ono kuposa amuna.
Kusamalira kunyumba ndi kukonza
Kusunga nyama zakutchire kunyumba kwakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino. Palibe amene amadabwa ndi ferret yemwe amakhala mnyumba yamzinda. Kharza sadziwika kwenikweni ngati chiweto. Koma kumusunga kulibe kovuta kuposa mphaka. Pamene anthu ambiri akufuna kukhala ndi harzu mnyumba, mwayi woti mtundu wina watsopano udzawonekere mtsogolo ukuwonjezeka - harza kunyumba.
Kuwongolera kwa Horza kwayesedwa kangapo ndipo kumakhala kopambana nthawi zonse. Mwachilengedwe, ndi wopanda mantha, wolusa wolusa. Kharzu sanachite mantha ndi anthu, ndipo amawona agalu kuti ndi ofanana naye. Kutenga harzu kulowa mnyumbamo, muyenera kukumbukira mbali zingapo za nyama iyi:
- Horza imatha kutulutsa fungo lonunkhiritsa pakagwa ngozi.
- Kharza — chantika... Mwachibadwa chodyera mwa iye sichitha. Koma, monga mphaka, amatha kukhala bwino ngakhale ndi mbalame.
- Nyama imeneyi imayenda kwambiri komanso imasewera. Nyumba kapena nyumba yomwe chilombocho chimakhala chachikulu. Ndi bwino kuchotsa zinthu zosweka m'malo okhala harza.
- Ussuri marten ayenera kuphunzitsidwa thireyi kuyambira milungu yoyamba atabadwa.
- Kharza, wokhala mu aviary, adzakhala pafupi ndi chilombo chamtchire m'zizolowezi zake kuposa zoweta.
Podyetsa nyama, kumbukirani kuti ndi chilombo. Chifukwa chake, gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho ndi nyama, makamaka osati mafuta. Kuphatikiza pa ng'ombe kapena nkhuku yaiwisi, nyama zophika ndizoyenera. Zakudya zabwino zomanga thupi zimatha: chiwindi, mapapo, mtima. Masamba osaphika kapena owotcha ayenera kuwonjezeredwa m'mbale.
Kukula kwake kukuwerengedwa ngati galu wosuntha. Pafupifupi 20 g pa 1 kg ya kulemera kwa nyama. Mutha kudyetsa kharza kamodzi pa tsiku. Ma marten okhala ndi mabokosi achikasu ali ndi chizolowezi chobisa zidutswa zosadyedwa tsiku lamvula. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuwunika momwe chakudyacho chimathera. Chepetsani gawo ngati simunadye zotsalira.
Mtengo
Nyama za banja la weasel zakhala nthawi yayitali ndikukhala bwino m'nyumba za anthu - awa ndi ma ferrets. Anthu aphunzira kuwasunga, nthawi zonse amabweretsa ana. Ana agaluwa atha kugulidwa m'malo ogulitsira ziweto kapena kwa munthu wamba kwa ma ruble 5-10 zikwi. Harza ana kapena wamkulu Ussuri martens ndizovuta kugula.
Muyenera kuyamba ndi kufunafuna woweta, wokonda kusewera yemwe amasunga ma martens okhala ndi ma chikasu kunyumba. Adzathandiza kupeza harzu. Pali njira ina yovuta kwambiri. Ku Vietnam ndi Korea, nyamazi zimagulitsidwa mwaulere. Koma mtengo wa marten woperekedwa mwachinsinsi udzakhala wokwera kwambiri.
Zosangalatsa
Amur Travel ndi malo oyendera mayiko. Kachiwiri kunachitika mu Julayi 2019 mumzinda wa Zeya. Kharza idasankhidwa ngati chizindikiro. Nyama yokongola, yofulumira, ngati kuti idabadwira kuyimira kusonkhana kwa akatswiri azikhalidwe zaku Far East. Kusamvana kunabuka ndi dzinalo. Mpaka mphindi yomaliza, palibe chisankho chomwe chidapangidwa pakati pawo: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Atavota pa intaneti, mascot amsonkhanowo adayamba kutchedwa Taiga.
M'chilimwe cha 2019, zochitika zosowa zinachitika kumalo osungira nyama a Khabarovsk Territory - harza wogwidwawo adabweretsa ana: amuna awiri ndi wamkazi. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, zomwezo zidatha zomvetsa chisoni - mayiyo sanadyetse anawo, adamwalira. Ana amasiku ano ali ndi mwayi - harza wamkazi anawalandira, tsogolo labwino la ana agalu ndilosakayikitsa.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti marten wachikasu samawopsezedwa kuti atha. Amakhala m'dera lalikulu. Chiwerengero cha nyama ndichokhazikika ndipo sichimayambitsa nkhawa. Zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Koma dziko lathu limakhudzidwa ndi malire akumpoto a dera la kharza. Pamphepete mwa malo okhala, ziwerengero zake ndizotsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kharza adalembedwa mu 2007 mu Red Data Book la Far Eastern Federal District ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
