Njovu ndizinyama zolemera kwambiri, zoposa nyama zonse zomwe zilipo kumtunda kukula kwake. Iwo ndi gawo la banja la njovu kapena Elephantidae. Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwawo kwakukulu, ali ndi chiwalo chapadera - thunthu ndi mano apamwamba.
Banja la njovu ndilochuluka. Koma pamitundu khumi, awiri okha alipo m'nthawi yathu ino. Izi ndi njovu zaku Africa komanso ku India. Zina zonse zinatha. Mammoths ndi gawo lofunikira pabanja, chifukwa chake gulu lamabanja nthawi zambiri limatchedwa banja la njovu ndi mammoth. Otsalira mitundu ya njovu zitha kutayika posachedwa ngati njira zowatetezera zicheperachepera.
Mitundu yopanda njovu
Mndandanda wa njovu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutsogozedwa ndi mammoths, dzina ladzikoli ndi Mammuthus. Zaka zikwi 10 zapita kutayika kwa mammoth ndi nyama zathu. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri amapeza zotsalira zawo, motero mammoths aphunziridwa bwino kuposa genera lina la njovu lomwe latha. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:
- Mammoth a Columbus ndi imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri za njovu. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri ofufuza zakale, kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi matani 10. Chimphona chimakhala ku North America. Palibe zaka zopitilira 10 zikwi zapita kuchokera pomwe idasowa.
- Nyama yayikulu yam'madzi - idapeza yaying'ono chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala. Kutalika kwake sikunapitirire mita 1.2. Kukula kwa nyama kunakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kuti insular dwarfism. Zaka zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, mammoth ochepa kwambiri amapezeka ku Pacific Islands of Channel.
- Imperial Mammoth ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake paphewa kunafika mamita 4.5. Idawonekera ku North America zaka 1.8 miliyoni zapitazo. Zaka zikwi 11 zadutsa chimphona ichi chitasowa.
- Southern mammoth - anali ofanana kwambiri ndi njovu pakati pa mammoths, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa njovu yakumwera. Kufalitsa kwake kumayambira ku Africa.
Kenako nyamayi imakhazikika ku Eurasia, kenako imalowa ku North America kudzera pa Bering Strait yomwe kulibe. Mammoth yakumwera inali ndi nthawi yokhazikika: idakhalapo pafupifupi zaka 2 miliyoni ndipo idasowa kumayambiriro kwa Pleistocene.
- Nyama yamphongo yaubweya ndi komwe nyama iyi idabadwira, ku Siberia. Zotsalira zoyambirira zomwe apeza, asayansi amapatsa zaka 250,000. Anasowa pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi mu Stone Age.
Mammoth anali otetezedwa ku chisanu choopsa ndi ubweya wokhala ndi chivundikiro cha 90 cm komanso chovala chamkati chambiri komanso mafuta masentimita 10. Kutengera ndi malowa, kukula kwa nyamayi kunkachokera pa 2 mpaka 4. Anthu ochepa kwambiri (mpaka 2 mita) amakhala pachilumba cha Wrangel.
- The steppe mammoth ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nyama zamtunduwu zomwe sizinakhalepo padziko lapansi. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amaganiza choncho. Malinga ndi mafupa obwezeretsedwanso, kutalika kwa nyama yayikulu pakufota kudafika 4.7 m.Ulusi wamanyazi wamphongo udafika 5 m.
Kuphatikiza pa mammoths, adakhalako ndipo adamwalira nthawi yomweyo nawo:
- Stegodonts ndi nyama zanjovu zazikulu ngati mammoths, okhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo, malinga ndi momwe adatengeredwa kumtundu wosiyana. Ku Asia (kuchokera ku Japan kupita ku Pakistan), zotsalira za ma stegodonts zidapezeka, zomwe zidatchulidwa ndi mitundu 11 yosiyanasiyana.
- Primelefas - zakale zomwe zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanganso nyamazi zidapezeka ku Central Africa. Adasankhidwa kukhala mtundu wina. Asayansi atsimikiza kuti mammoth ndi njovu zaku India zimachokera ku primaelephases, zaka 6 miliyoni zapita kuchokera pamenepo.
- Njovu yamphongo - mtunduwo umadziwika ndi mtundu wa njovu zaku Africa. Njovu iyi inali yodziwika kuzilumba za Mediterranean: Sicily, Kupro, Malta ndi ena. Imeneyi, monga nyama yaying'ono, idakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika pachilumbachi: kuchepa kwa malo, kusowa kwa chakudya kumachepetsa kukula kwa nyama. Njovu yaying'onoyo inamwalira nthawi yomweyo ndi mammoth.
Tsoka ilo, mndandanda wa mitundu ya njovu zotayika sikuthera pamenepo. Funso "njovu ndi zamoyo ziti"Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi yankho lomvetsa chisoni -" kutha. " Zifukwa zakusowa kwa mammoth ndi zina zotero, zomwe zidawakakamiza kusiya nyama zathu pafupifupi nthawi imodzi sizikudziwika.
Pali mitundu ingapo: nyengo, masoka achilengedwe, chikoka cha anthu akale, epizootic. Koma zopeka zonse zilibe maziko, palibe zowona zogwirizana ndi malingaliro asayansi. Vutoli likuyembekezerabe yankho lake.
Njovu za Bush
Ndi mitundu ingati njovu kumanzere pa pulaneti lathu? Yankho lalifupi ndi 3. Oyamba pamndandandawo ndi njovu za savannah. Mitundu ina yamtundu wa njovu zaku Africa. Kugawidwa pang'ono pagawo lotentha la Africa. Mitundu yayikuluyi imasinthidwa kukhala madera omwe njovu zimatetezedwa. Malo osungirako zachilengedwe akhala opulumutsa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya njovu zomwe zilipo.
Nyengo yamvula ikatha, amuna akulu amalemera pafupifupi matani 7, akazi amakhala opepuka - matani 5. Kutalika m'mapewa kumafika 3.8 m mwa amuna, njovu yaikazi ndiyotsika pang'ono - 3.3 m. Mutu wake ndi waukulu kwambiri ngakhale ndi miyezo ya njovu.
Kumverera kwa mphamvu, kulemera kumalimbikitsidwa ndi makutu akulu ndi thunthu lalitali, lopangidwa bwino. Chiwalo ichi munjovu yayikulu chimatha kutalika mpaka 1.5 m ndikulemera makilogalamu 130. Thunthu limakhala lolimba mwamphamvu, pogwiritsa ntchito njovu yake imatha kukweza katundu wa kotala la tani.
Poyesa kuziziritsa pang'ono, njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito makutu awo ngati chida chothandizira kutentha. Pamaso pa ndege zamakutu zimadzaza ndi mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha. Kuphatikiza apo, makutu a njovu amakhala ngati fani. Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito ma venous pattern, mawonekedwe, ndi cutoffs kuzungulira m'mbali mwa khutu kuzindikira anthu.
Thupi la njovu limakutidwa ndi khungu, lomwe makulidwe ake amakhala pafupifupi 2 cm, m'malo ena amafikira masentimita 4. Khungu la njovu silida, koma chiwalo chovuta kwambiri. Kuti zikhale zotetezeka, kuti muchepetse mtengo wogwirizana ndi kulumidwa ndi tizilombo ndi zina zowononga, njovu nthawi zonse zimapukuta fumbi, kuponya matope, kusambira m'madzi onse omwe alipo. Chifukwa chake ndi waku Africa mitundu ya njovu pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amakhala otanganidwa kusamba.
Mchira wa njovu yamtchire ndiwonso yosangalatsa. Ndiwotalika kupitirira mita 1.2 ndipo ili ndi mafupa amtambo 26. Ndi thupi lalikulu chonchi, ngakhale mchira wautali wamamita samachita chilichonse kuti athetse ntchentche, ntchentche ndi nkhupakupa, koma imatha kugwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro, chizindikiritso, beacon.
Miyendo ya njovu imayenda bwino kwambiri. Zala zakumaso zakumbuyo kwa njovu zimathera ndi ziboda. Njovu ili ndi zinayi, nthawi zina ziboda 5 pamtunda uliwonse. Mwendo uliwonse wakumbuyo uli ndi ziboda zisanu. Mawonedwe, zala zakuphazi, ziboda ndi mwendo wakumunsi zimawoneka ngati chinthu chimodzi.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa phazi la ziboda ndi phazi la njovu. Ndi thumba lachikopa lodzaza ndi zotanuka, mafuta osalala. Kapangidwe kameneka kali ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Mukamatumiza kulemera mwendo, phazi limasunthika ndikupereka gawo lalikulu lothandizira.
Zakudya za njovu ndizakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu. Mumafunikira zambiri. Njovu zazikulu zamatchire tsiku lililonse zimagona m'mimba mwake mpaka 300 kg yaudzu wopanda masamba ndi masamba. Mimba ndi yosavuta, yofanana. Silipitilira mita imodzi m'litali, ndipo voliyumu yake ndi pafupifupi malita 17.
Pofuna kugaya masamba obiriwira komanso kusunga madzi, thupi la njovu limafuna madzi okwana malita 200 tsiku lililonse. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya ndi madzi, chakudya cha njovu chimaphatikizaponso mchere womwe njovu zimapeza mumbulu wa mchere.
Njovu zakutchire zaku Africa ndizinyama zosamukasamuka. Amapewa zipululu komanso nkhalango zazitali. Dziko lamakono lachepetsa magawo awo osasunthika kupita kumadera amalo osungirako zachilengedwe.
Njovu zazikulu zamphongo zimakhala ndi moyo wosakwatira, zimayenda zokha. Zazimuna, njovu ndi njovu zachinyamata zimalumikizana pagulu la banja, lotsogozedwa ndi matriarch - njovu yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yodziwa zambiri.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njovu, kuphatikiza aku Africa, sikukula msanga. Ana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa m'mawere kwa zaka zisanu. Pafupifupi theka la achinyamata amwalira asanakwanitse zaka 15. Amakula kukhala okhoza kuswana ali ndi zaka 12. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a njovu za savannah zimafikira zaka: 70 zaka.
Njovu zam'chipululu
Udindo wa nyama izi m'gulu lachilengedwe sunatsimikizidwe. Asayansi ena amaganiza kuti anthu okhala m'chipululu ndi gawo lodziyimira palokha, pomwe ena amati iyi ndi njovu chabe.
Pali malo a Skeleton Coast m'chipululu cha Namibia. Dzinali limafotokoza za gawo lachigawocho. M'derali lopanda kanthu, lopanda madzi, lalikulu, njovu zimapezeka. Kwa nthawi yayitali, akatswiri azamoyo sanakhulupirire kuti nyama zazikulu kwambiri zotere zitha kupezeka mu biotope yocheperako.
Maonekedwe a njovu, Kuyenda m'chipululu, mosiyana pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe a anzawo omwe amakhala ku savana. Ngakhale kuti ndi opepuka pang'ono, amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi mosamala. Chachikulu ndichakuti amadziwa momwe angazipezere mwa kudya chomera chobiriwira ndikukumba maenje m'mabedi amitsinje. Pali njovu zochepa kwambiri za m'chipululu zomwe zatsala. Pafupifupi anthu 600 amakhala m'derali dzina losalimbikitsa - Skeleton Coast.
Njovu zakutchire
Asayansi amawona nzika zaku Africa izi ngati mtundu wa njovu za savannah. Chibadwa chinapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro lomveka bwino: Njovu zam'nkhalango zimakhala ndi zina zomwe zimawapatsa ufulu woti aziwoneka ngati taxon yodziyimira pawokha. Mitundu ya njovu zaku Africa odzazidwa ndi njovu m'nkhalango.
Njovu zamtchire zimagwirizana ndi malire a nkhalango yamvula yaku Africa. Koma dziko lamakono lakhazikitsa zoletsa zokhalamo njovu m'nkhalango. Monga achibale a savannah, zimphona za m'nkhalango zimapezeka makamaka m'malo osungira nyama, m'malo otetezedwa.
Potengera mawonekedwe ndi ma morphological, njovu yam'nkhalango siyosiyana kwambiri ndi savannah. Kupatula kukula kwake. Moyo m'nkhalango unachititsa njovu kukhala yaifupi. Wamphongo wamwamuna samapitilira mita 2.5 paphewa. Miyeso yonseyo yasinthanso pansi.
Gulu lolinganirana la nyama zonyamula nkhalango limasiyana pang'ono ndi ma savannah. Matriarchy amalamulanso m'magulu. Amayi odziwa zambiri amatsogolera mabanja omwe amapanga njira zatsopano zamtchire. Ntchito zowonda nkhalango mwamphamvu, kufalitsa mbewu mwadongosolo m'nkhalango zimapindulitsa nkhalango zam'madera otentha aku Africa.
Masiku ano njovu za m'nkhalango pafupifupi 25,000 zimakhala m'nkhalango za ku Africa. Njovu zimaswana kwambiri. Njovu imabala mwana mmodzi pa zaka 5 kapena 6. Izi sizingathe kubwezera zomwe zawonongeka ngakhale chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosavomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa njovu kumapanikizika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa chakukula kwa mafakitale ndi ulimi.
Njovu zakutchire zimakhala kutalika ngati savannah: zaka 60 kapena kupitilira apo. Komanso, monga savannah, sikuti aliyense amakhala wamkulu. Hafu ya njovu imamwalira isanakwanitse zaka 15. Kufa kwambiri akadali achichepere kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi matenda.
Njovu zaku Asia
Nyama izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa njovu zaku India. Zakhala zofala nthawi zonse kudera la Indo-Malay. Kwazaka mazana awiri zapitazi, mtundu wa njovu wacheperako, unayamba kuwonekera pang'ono. India amatchedwa njovu yayikulu njovu yaku Asia. Kuphatikiza apo, amapezeka ku Nepal, Myanmar ndi mayiko ena oyandikana nawo.
Mitundu ya njovu zaku India akuyimira mndandanda wachisoni - iyi ndi 1 yomwe ilipo ndipo 9 yatha. Njovu yaku Asia imakhala m'dera lomwelo la zoogeographic, koma m'malo osiyanasiyana, yasintha kukhala mitundu ingapo.
- Njovu zaku India. Ambiri. Amakhala m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya, kumwera kwa India, China pachilumba cha Indochina. Koma madera onse ogawa sagwirizana, samaimira dera limodzi.
- Njovu ya Ceylon. Nyama ya proboscis imalumikizidwa mwapadera ndi Sri Lanka. Sakhala kumalo ena. Ali mbali ziwiri. Mwa njovu, iye ali ndi mutu waukulu kwambiri wolingana ndi thupi. Amuna, makamaka akazi, alibe mazira.
- Njovu za Bornean. Amakhala pachilumba cha Malay cha Kalimantan (Borneo). Odwala. Tinthu tating'ono kwambiri ku Asia.
- Njovu ya Sumatran. Amapezeka ku Sumatra kokha. Chifukwa chakukula kwake, idalandira dzina loti "njovu yamthumba".
Kuphatikiza pa ma subspecies awa, njovu zomwe zimakhala ku Vietnam ndi Laos nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ma taxa osiyana. Gulu la anthu pafupifupi 100 lakhazikika ku Northern Nepal. Njovu izi zimasiyanitsidwanso ngati subspecies yapadera. Ndi wamtali kuposa njovu zonse zaku Asia, pachifukwa ichi amatchedwa "chimphona".
Njovu zakutchire zaku Asia zimakhala m'nkhalango. Makamaka amakonda ngati ziyangoyango za nsungwi. Zigawo za steppe zatha kufikako kwa njovu chifukwa chachuma cha anthu. Nyama zimamva kukhala omasuka m'mapiri. Sachita mantha ndi madera ozizira komanso kuzizira komwe kumayendera nyengo yamapiri.
Monga njovu zaku Africa, nyama zaku India zimapanga magulu omwe amalamulira ma matriarchy. Amuna omwe akula msinkhu amatsogolera nyama zokhazokha. Amalowa nawo pagulu la akazi pamene m'modzi wa akazi ali wokonzeka kupitiliza mtunduwo. Njovu zimakhala ndi bere lalitali kwambiri, lopitirira miyezi 18 mpaka miyezi 21.5. Njovu imabereka njovu imodzi, kawirikawiri, njovu ziwiri. Mwana wakhanda nthawi zambiri amalemera pafupifupi 100 kg.
Chodziwika kwambiri njovu zaku Asia ndizomwe zimatha kuweta. Njovu ya ku India ndi yophunzitsidwa bwino. Anthu akomweko agwiritsa ntchito malowa kwazaka zambiri. Ndikukula kwa ukadaulo, kufunikira kwa ntchito njovu kwatha, makamaka popeza sikofunikira ngati nyama zankhondo.
Masiku ano, njovu zophunzitsidwa zimakhala ndi ntchito yosavuta. Amatumikira kukopa alendo. Ndiwo chokongoletsera cha miyambo ndi tchuthi. Nthawi zina amangogwira ntchito zenizeni zonyamula anthu ndi katundu m'malo ovuta kudutsa.
