Oyendetsa sitima achi Portuguese ndi aku Spain osatopa anapeza malo atsopano kwa ife, anthu okhala m'mbali mwa nyanja, zomera zomwe sizinkadziwika ku Europe iwo asanakhalepo, ndi nyama zomwe sizinkawonekapo kale.
Ku Ceylon, adawona njoka yodabwitsa, yomwe adaitcha "cobra de cappello" - "chipewa cha njoka" - chifukwa idakulitsa khosi lake, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwoneke ngati chipewa cha brimm. Panalibe zotchinga pamenepo, koma zipewa ngati izi zinali zitavala. Inali njoka yowoneka bwino yomwe timatcha tsopano mamba wowoneka bwino.
Woimira woyamba wa mamba yemwe azungu adakumana nawo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ku India ndi kumene njoka izi zimalemekezedwa ngati nyama zaumulungu. Amati Buddha nthawi ina adatopa ndikugona pansi. Dzuwa lotentha masana, lomwe limawala pamaso pake, lidamulepheretsa kusinkhasinkha.
Kenako mamba idamutsegulira, ngati ambulera, ndikumuteteza ku cheza chotentha. Buddha adamulonjeza kuti apereka magalasi, omwe amawopa mbalame zodya nyama, adani akulu a njoka. Ndipo zidachitika kuti m'malingaliro athu njoka yamphongo ndi njoka yokhala ndi chovala pakhosi komanso mawanga ngati magalasi. Komabe, izi sizowona.
Cobras ndi dzina lofala la njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimatha kukankha nthiti zinayi zakumbuyo pakagwa ngozi, ndikupanga mtundu wa hood. Pakadali pano, amayimirira ndi gawo lakutsogolo kwa thupi kutalika kwa mita, akugwedeza ndikuwopseza mdani. Amakhala makamaka a banja la asp. Komabe, sangatchulidwe ndi gulu lomweli la taxonomic.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mtendere Njoka ya mamba sizodabwitsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira, makamaka yachikaso bulauni, imvi komanso yakuda. Komabe, pali zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, cobra yofiira yomwe imalavulira ndi mtundu wa njerwa zopsereza, carapace yaku South Africa ili ngati yofiira.
Thupi la njokazi ndi laminyewa, koma osati lakulimba, mutu ndi wocheperako. Mano akutsogolo ndi owopsa, ngalande ya poyizoni imadutsa mwa iwo, ndi dzenje kumapeto kwa mayini. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli mano opanda poizoni.
Thupi lonse, kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira, kuli mikwingwirima yopingasa, ngati mphete za lamba. Cobra wowoneka bwino waku India, mwa njira, nthawi zina amakhala ndi malo amodzi panyumba. Kenako amatchedwa monocle (monocle ndi chinthu chimodzi-galasi lokonzekera masomphenya).
Mitundu ina ya mamba ndi osambira komanso okwera kwambiri.
Podziteteza kwa adani, mamba ali ndi zizindikiro zochenjeza. Uwu ndiye mkhalidwe wotchuka, kutsutsana ndi mapapu abodza. Sakufulumira kuti amenyane ndi munthu ngati izi sizofunikira. Mwa kukweza nyumbayo ndikusunthira, chokwawa sichikonzekera kuukira, koma chimayesa kuchenjeza. Ngati chiwopsezocho chipitilira, amaluma.
Cobra pachithunzipa pa intaneti, imakonda kujambulidwa panthawi yakuchenjezedwa koteroko. Izi zikusonyeza kuti amalola kuti ajambulidwe. Koma musatengeke kwambiri! Musaiwale kuti Njoka ya mphiri ya mamba, wina akhoza kunena - chakupha chakupha.
Nthawi zambiri, mikangano imachitika chifukwa chakuti munthu, kukulitsa malo okhala, amalowa m'dera la njoka. Alibe kobisala kwa ife. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kugundana. Chaka chilichonse ku India anthu pafupifupi chikwi amafa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi zokwawa izi. Ku Africa, pang'ono pang'ono.
Cobra imatha kuukira patali mita
Mitundu
Lingaliro lovomerezeka kwambiri la zokwawa izi ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi kudziwana ndi ziwombankhanga zowoneka bwino. Zonsezi, mitundu 16 ya njoka izi zimadziwika, ndizogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zofanana - zoopsa zazikulu komanso kuthekera kokulitsa "hood".
Achibale a iwo ndi zokwawa zina zapoizoni - asps, adders, mambas, kraits (zokwawa zapoizoni zochokera kubanja la asp) taipans (zokwawa zochokera ku aspids, poyizoni wawo ndi wowopsa pafupifupi kawiri 180 kuposa poizoni wa mphiri) ndi ena. Mitundu yonse ya mphiri si yaying'ono kukula kwake. Imodzi mwazing'ono kwambiri ndi mphiri ya ku Angola, mpaka 1.5 mita kutalika.
Yaikulu kwambiri imadziwika kuti king cobra kapena hamadryad. Kukula kwake ndi kodabwitsa - 4.8-5.5 m. Koma mosiyana ndi njoka zazikulu zopanda poizoni - ma boas ndi nsato, sizimawoneka zazikulu. M'malo mwake ndizochepa komanso zopepuka. Kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 16. Cobras imatha kugawidwa mosagwirizana ndi malo okhala, koma ndi mawonekedwe awo.
1. Mamba achinsinshi, monga onse omwe atchulidwa pansipa, amadziwika kuti aspids. Alibe nyumba yayikulu kwambiri, koma nsagwada zimakulitsidwa, chifukwa chake amadziwa kukumba pansi posaka nyama.
2. Mamba am'madzi amatchulidwa chifukwa cha moyo wawo wam'madzi. Mwina ndi okhawo omwe amadya nsomba. Amakhala ku Africa.
3. Cobras ya kolala, mtundu wa thupi ndi imvi, pafupi ndi mutu wake ndi wakuda, ngati kolala. Kusiyanitsa kwawo kwakukulu ndikuti kulibe mano ena nsagwada yakumtunda kuseri kwa yoyizoni. Komanso chitsanzo cha ku Africa.
4. Mfumu Cobra njoka zazikulu kwambiri. Amakhala ku India, Indonesia, Philippines ndi Pakistan. Pakati pa mamba, amadziwika kuti ndi chiwindi chachitali; amatha kukhala zaka 30. Amakula nthawi yonse ya moyo wake.
5. Mamba a nkhalango, kapena tchire, monga dzina limanenera, amakhala pamitengo m'nkhalango za ku Equatorial Africa. Amawonekera ndi maso awo akulu kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi mamba ena, koma ali ndi mayini ang'ono ndi mano.
6. Cobra wam'chipululu ndi njoka yomwe ili ndi nkhani. Amatchedwa "njoka ya Cleopatra." Mfumukaziyi idagwiritsa ntchito imfa yake, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ululu wa njoka iyi. Ndi yakuda, yowala, yokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono, amakhala ku Egypt ndi Middle East. Wachiigupto cobra wakuda - njoka chakupha kwambiri. Poizoni wake umagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri kuposa poizoni wa mphiri ya mamba. Imfa imachitika mkati mwa mphindi 15 chifukwa cha kupuma kwamatenda.
7. Kulavulira mamba amagwiritsira ntchito njira yachilendo kupha wovulalayo. Samaluma, koma amalavulira, akuwombera poizoni. Indian cobra kulavulira amawerengedwa kuti ndi "chizindikiro" chachikulu kwambiri mwa iwo. Khola la mamba la ku Africa lilinso ndi luso limeneli. Mtsinje wa poizoni mwa zokwawa izi umakhala ndi kotulukira kutsogolo kwa dzino.
Amawumitsa zilonda zawo za poizoni ndipo madzi amadzimadzi amaponyedwa kunja ngati pampu. Njokayo imawomberedwa kangapo ngati mfuti yamakina. Itha kuwombera ka 28 kamodzi! Amatha kufika pamtunda wa 2 m, ndipo imagunda chandamale kukula kwa ndalama zachikumbutso. Izi sizinachitike mwangozi. Sikokwanira kulavulira thupi la wovutikayo. Chokwawa chimadziwitsa diso. Wovutikayo amalephera kuyendetsa bwino, awonongedwa kale.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Magawo awiri okha padziko lapansi amatha kudziwona ngati gawo la mamba - Asia ndi Africa. Nyama zokonda kutentha zimakhala kulikonse komwe kuli dzuwa komanso kulibe chipale chofewa. Mmodzi yekhayo amene amakhala kumpoto chakutali, ku Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan, ndi mamba wa ku Central Asia.
Amatha kukhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Koma malo ouma amakhala bwino kwa iwo. Malo okondedwa - zitsamba, mchenga, malo owuma. Muthanso kupunthwa pa iwo m'nkhalango, pafupi ndi mitsinje. Komabe, sakonda malo achinyezi kwambiri. Mutha kugunda mwangozi ndi cholengedwa choopsa m'mapiri, kumtunda kwa 2.4 km.
Makamaka amakonda kukhala okha. Ndi mamba achi India ndi achifumu okha omwe amapanga awiriawiri omwe sangatalikirane kwanthawi yayitali. Mukukumbukira, R.Kipling anali ndi Nag ndi Nagini? Wolemba wotchuka amadziwa kuti amapatsa njoka izi chikondi chaumunthu kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Ambiri ogwira ntchito masana, amalekerera kutentha kwambiri padzuwa. Amachita masewera othamanga - amayenda, amathamanga mofulumira, amakwera mitengo bwino, ndipo amatha kusambira. Lingaliro loti kukwiya kwawo ndi kumenya kwawo sizolondola, amakhala odekha, osayanjananso.
Mwachilengedwe, ngati sanakwiyitsidwe dala kapena mwadala. Malingaliro amachitidwe awo osadalirika amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma spellcasters aku India, kuwonetsa kufanana kwa maphunziro awo. Ngakhale ali ndi mbiri yoopsa, alinso ndi adani. Izi ndi njoka zazikuluzikulu, kuyang'anira abuluzi, ndipo, mongooses, komanso ndi meerkats.
Nyama zodabwitsazi sizikhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira kuchokera kwa iwo, koma zimayenda mwachangu kwambiri ndipo zimasokoneza chidwi kuti pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimapambana pankhondoyi. Amaluma pang'ono kumbuyo kwa mutu wa chokwawa.
Zakudya zabwino
Amadyetsa chilichonse chomwe chimayenda komanso chomwe amatha kudziwa. Izi ndi makoswe, mbalame, achule, abuluzi, zisoti, ndi njoka zina zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kudya mazira a njoka ndi mbalame. King cobra yokha ndi yomwe imapanga zokhazokha. Ngakhale achibale amamuopa. Amadya anthu, amadya njoka zokha, komanso amakonda zoyipa.
Mtundu wosaka kukana, ndi zoopsa zonse zomwe zingapezeke. Buluzi amakonda iye pokhapokha kulibe chakudya choyenera. Powukira, amalumpha gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a matupi awo. Ngati njokayo imatha kutalika 4.5 m, kuponya mamba chimakwirira 1.5 m.
Cobra ili ndi mwayi wosaka, koma chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi njoka zina.
Nyama ya mlenje amaphedwa yomweyo, jakisoni mpaka 5 mg wa neurotoxin wamphamvu kwambiri. Njira yomwe amakonda kwambiri ndikusaka khosilo. Poizoniyo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo amayamba kugwira ntchito, kufooketsa wovulalayo. Komabe, chilombocho sichimamasula msangamsanga nyama, koma kwa kanthawi imayifinya ndi mano ake, ikukonza mphamvu yayikulu ya poizoni.
Amachita zinthu bwino kwambiri, amaliza zonse mpaka kumapeto komanso m'njira yabwino kwa iwo eni. Cobra ndi msaki wabwino nthawi iliyonse patsiku. Amamva kununkhira bwino ndipo amatha kuzindikira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Izi zimamuthandiza kupeza nyama usiku.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Cobras zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Zima kumayiko otentha ndi nthawi yabwino nyengo yokhwima ya mphiri yaku India. Koma mitundu ina imakhala ndi nthawi yakeyake. Mwachitsanzo, mphiri waku Central Asia amakonda masika kwambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mphiri ndi oviparous. Khola la mamba limasiyanitsa, ndilopanda tanthauzo, ana ake ndi njoka pafupifupi 60.
Pafupifupi miyezi itatu atakwatirana, mayi woyembekezera amaikira mazira. Chiwerengero chawo chimasiyanasiyana kutengera mitundu, kuyambira zidutswa 8 mpaka 70. Mazira amaikidwa m'malo obisika, m'ming'alu yamiyala, m'ming'alu, m'masango a masamba. Amayi amalondera zomangamanga.
Munthawi imeneyi, makolo omwe ali ndiudindo kwambiri ndi amphamba achi India komanso achifumu, omwe amamanga mosamala chisa cha ana amtsogolo. Tangoganizirani momwe ziriri zovuta kuti achite izi popanda miyendo.
Njoka zimatulutsa masamba mumulu umodzi ndi matupi awo, monga mtolo, amagona mozungulira ndikutchingira ndalamazo. Ndipo abambo a banjali ali pafupi panthawiyi komanso amayang'anira chisa. Makolo ndi okonda nkhondo nthawi ino, amatha kumenya cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe chili pafupi popanda chifukwa.
Pomaliza, kuchokera m'mazira atayikidwa ndikusungidwa mwanjira yopanda dyera, ana "achifumu" amawonekera. Njoka zazing'ono zili kale ndi poizoni, ngakhale zikugwiritsabe ntchito mwamanyazi. Nthawi yomweyo amatha kusaka nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili pafupi. Nyongolotsi kapena kachilomboka kamawakwanira bwino. Mitundu yawo ndi yamizere kuyambira kubadwa.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuti zolengedwa izi zitha kukhala zaka zingati m'chilengedwe. Ndipo ali mu ukapolo akhoza kukhala zaka 29. Kuti apeze poizoni, njoka zimagwidwa ndipo "zimayamwa", woimira m'modzi amatha kupereka magawo angapo a poyizoni.
Momwemo, ndikofunikira kuwasiya apite. Koma nthawi zambiri amapita m'njira yosavuta ndikuwayika m'malo opangira njoka kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yayitali. M'mikhalidwe yotere, njokayo siyikhala nthawi yayitali. Pali munthu wina yemwe adatchulidwa mu Red Book - Central Asia cobra.
Momwe mungakhalire mukakumana ndi mphiri
Anthu am'madera omwe mamba amakhala amakhala kale akuzolowerana ndi oyandikana nawowa, adaphunzira kudekha kwawo, mawonekedwe awo pang'ono, ndikugawa nawo gawo mopanda mantha. Ndikufuna kulakalaka alendo: ngati adawona njoka - osapanga phokoso, osagwedeza manja anu, osathamanga chamutu, osafuula poyesera kuwopseza.
Samakumvabe ndipo sangayamikire luso lako lolemba. Njokayo iyokha siyidzathamangira kwa inu monga choncho. Poizoni wake ndi wovuta kudziunjikira. Atakuwonongerani ndalama, mwina sangakhale wofunitsitsa, chifukwa chake adzapewa kuwononga zosafunikira. Cobra ndi njoka yopulumutsa kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Amasonkhanitsa poyizoni kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, kuti athe kuyigwiritsa ntchito mochuluka. Chokwawa chimayesayesa kupewa kuwukira kwachokha chokha, chikuyamba kugwedezeka, ndikupanga zigawenga 10 zabodza, ngati kuti zikunena kuti kuwukira komweku kudzakhala koopsa. Yesetsani kuchoka m'derali modekha komanso pang'onopang'ono. Khalani osamala komanso osamala, ndipo mudzapewa zotsatirapo zoyipa.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati walumidwa ndi mamba
Ngati mumatha kukhumudwitsa kapena kukwiyitsa njokayo, imatha kuukira. Chonde dziwani kuti malo oluma zokwawa nthawi zambiri amakhala dzanja ndi mwendo, zomwe zikuwonetsa chidwi chomvetsa chisoni cha munthuyo. Kuluma kwa mphiri iliyonse kumatha kupha ngati sikusamaliridwa. Kusiyana kokha ndi nthawi yowonekera.
Mwachitsanzo, poyizoni wa mphiri wa ku Central Asia amachita pang'onopang'ono pamunthu, imfa siyimachitika nthawi yomweyo, koma patadutsa maola ochepa, kapena masiku angapo. Ndipo mamba ya mfumuyi ikutsogolanso apa. Poizoni wake amagwira ntchito theka la ola, ndipo munthuyo akhoza kufa. Zoyankhula ngati zikadakhala kuti nthawi zina njovu idafa ndi kuluma kwake!
Njoka ya mamba Ndi neurotoxin yamphamvu. Minofu yanu imachita ziwalo, mtima wanu umayamba kulephera, ndipo mumakomoka. Palibe zopweteka kwambiri, koma nseru, kutsamwa, chizungulire, kusanza, kugwedezeka, kukomoka ndi kukomoka ndizotheka.
Thandizo loyamba ndi ili:
- Ikani munthuyo kuti mutu wake ukhale pansi pamthupi.
- Onetsetsani zovala zonse mosamala kuti muwone ngati zilibe m'malovu okhala ndi poizoni.
- Ngati muli ndi sirinji m'kabati ya mankhwala kapena babu ya raba, yangirani poizoniyo pachilondacho. Ndibwino ngati mupeza magolovesi azachipatala ku pharmacy, valani. Simusowa kuyamwa ndi pakamwa panu, sizikudziwika kuti zikukhudzani bwanji. Pakhoza kukhala okhudzidwa awiri.
- Tsukani chilondacho ndi madzi oyera, thilizani chovala choyera, chowuma, chosawilitsa, ndikuchiyika mwamphamvu.
- Chifuwa cha Cobra sichimayambitsa matenda a necrosis, chifukwa chake titha kuyikamo theka la ola pamwambapa, ndiye kuti iyenera kusunthidwa. Chenjezo: kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yapaulendo sikotheka nthawi zonse, ndikuluma kwa njoka zina ndizotsutsana kotheratu!
- Ikani ayezi pamalo oluma ngati zingatheke. Kuzizira kumachedwetsa zotsatira za poyizoni.
- Ndibwino kuti muchepetse gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa, ndikuyesetsa kuti wovulalayo asamadzichepetse yekha. Poizoni amafalikira msanga poyenda, pamene magazi amathamanga kwambiri kudzera mthupi.
- Ndikofunika kumwa madzi ambiri kuti poizoni atulutsidwe ndi impso.
Cobra akakulavulira, pukutani maso momwe mungathere. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwakumana ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo. Kupanda kutero, simudzatha kuwona. Kwa njoka izi pali mankhwala ochokera kuululu wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka ya njoka ya cobra imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zopangira zopangira mankhwala ambiri ofunikira.
Chifukwa chiyani mamba ikulota
Njoka m'maloto ndizochitika kawirikawiri. Tili mu mkangano wosawoneka ndi iwo pamtundu wamtundu, ndipo mosazindikira kuwopsa kulikonse komwe tili nako kumawonetsedwa ngati njoka. Mabuku ambiri amaloto, pogwiritsa ntchito izi, amayesa kuchenjeza za mavuto omwe akubwera.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumalota mamba wakuda - konzekerani zovuta, njoka zambiri - dikirani miseche, mamba amasambira - amakusilira, amapotoza mphete - zosayembekezereka, kulira - fufuzani mdani. Akadya wovulalayo, munganyengedwe, kapena kuopa kuba.
Ngati avina chitoliro, ndiye kuti simukufuna. Njoka imasambira kutali ndi iwe kapena ikukwawa - mavuto ako amatha posachedwa. Mulimonsemo, yesetsani kukumbukira zomwe zimakuchitikirani ndi zokwawa m'maloto. Nchifukwa chiyani njoka ya mamba imalota ndizotheka kumvetsetsa ndikusintha zenizeni.
Ngati amadzionetsa wofooka kukuposani, mudzagonjetsa zonse, ndipo ngati mumugonjera mumaloto, yesetsani kuti musataye mtima kwanu ndikuthana ndi mavuto anu. Nzosadabwitsa kuti anapatsidwa chenjezo.Gwiritsani ntchito lingaliro.
Zosangalatsa
- Khola la mamba limatchedwa wosewera wabwino kwambiri pakati pa njoka. Ngati samathandizidwa ndi njira zowopsa - kuyimirira, hood, kutsokomola ndi kugwedezeka, amagwa pansi mozondoka, akutulutsa mano ndikudziyesa kuti wamwalira. "Osandigwira, ndafa kale!"
- Amakhulupirira kuti wosoka njoka, akuimba chitoliro, amatsitsa chidwi cha njokayo, ngati kuti akuipusitsa. Imayenda limodzi ndi mwamunayo akuyenda, ngati kuvina nyimbo. M'malo mwake, njoka izi ndizosamva. Amatsatira mosamala kayendedwe kakang'ono kwambiri ka woyimbayo, kumayenda nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikumangokhala kwawo komwe kumatsitsimutsa njokayo mwakuti ena olosera amatha kumpsompsona "wojambulayo" kumapeto.
- Kuchotsa mano mu njoka zam'mimbazi zomwe zimachita ndi spellcasters sizachilendo. Zachidziwikire, kugwira ntchito ndi njokayi ndikotetezeka, koma sikukhalitsa. Amwalira ndi njala, ndipo woperekayo akuyenera kupeza waluso watsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, owonera amatha kuwona kuwopsa kwa chipinda, ndikufunsani kuti awonetse mano owopsa. Ndiye wachinyengo adzalephera.
- M'makachisi ena aku India, mamba, omwe amakhala kumeneko, mosadziwa amateteza ngati usiku. Achifwamba, osadziwa kupezeka kwa njoka zaululu, akhoza kuwasokoneza mwadzidzidzi ndi kulumidwa mumdima.
- Cobra nthawi zambiri samachezera m'masamba ndi malo osungira nyama. Sakonda oyandikana nawo, ali mu ukapolo ali wankhanza.
- Chokwawa ichi chimatha kuyenda pansi mothamanga mpaka 6 km / h, chimatha kugwira munthu, koma sichichita izi.
