Malingaliro - nsomba ndizokulirapo, komanso, ndimiyeso yokongola iridescent powala komanso kosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, ndiyotchuka ndi anglers komanso kuswana - nthawi zina anthu amangoyisilira. Amapezeka mumitsinje yambiri ku Europe ndi Siberia, ndiwodzichepetsa ndipo amatha kukhala m'madzi oyipitsidwa kapena m'malo ozizira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ide
Nsomba zakale kwambiri zakale, picaia, zidakhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 530 miliyoni BC. Anali wamfupi - 4-5 cm, ndipo amatha kusambira - a pikaya adachita izi ndikupinda thupi lawo. Malingaliro opangidwa ndi ray, omwe malingaliro ake ndi ake, adawonekera patadutsa zaka zana miliyoni - woyimira wamkulu kwambiri pagululi ndi Andreolepis hedei.
Chifukwa chake, nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray ndi imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zomwe zidasungidwa padziko lapansi. Zachidziwikire, mzaka zonse zapitazi, zasintha kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yamasiku ano idachitika pambuyo pake - mafupa oyamba adawonekera pafupifupi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Maganizo
Poyamba anali ochepa kukula, kusinthika kwawo kudapita pang'onopang'ono mpaka kuzimiririka kwamphamvu mu nthawi ya Cretaceous, pomwe mitundu yambiri yazamoyo yayikulu idasowa pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi. Chifukwa cha izi, ziphuphu zambiri zidachoka, zomwe ma ray-finned omwe adatsala adayamba kugwira: monga nyama zoyambilira zimalamulira pamtunda, momwemonso zili m'madzi. Kutha kumawakhudzanso, gawo lalikulu la mitunduyo linasowa - mwachitsanzo, nsomba zonse zam'madzi osaya zinatha.
Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ichthyolites - tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mano ndi mamba a nsomba, ngati kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous nsombazi zidalamulira nyanja, pambuyo pa tsokalo, munthawiyo, kulamulira pang'onopang'ono kudayamba kukhala mafupa, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi kukula kwa nsombazi kunayamba kuchuluka.
Nthawi yomweyo, ma carps adadzuka ndipo pang'onopang'ono adayamba kufalikira m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, adafika ku Africa zaka pafupifupi 20-23 miliyoni zapitazo. Sizinakhazikitsidwe pomwe malingaliro adawonekera, mwina zidachitika zaka zingapo zapitazo. Malongosoledwe asayansi amtunduwu adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, poyambirira amatchedwa carp ndipo amatchedwa Cyprinus idbarus. Koma kenako zidapezeka kuti malingaliro ndi amtundu wa Dace kapena, m'Chilatini, Leuciscus. Zotsatira zake, dzina lamasayansi lamakono la mitunduyo lidawoneka - Leuciscus idus.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Maganizo a nsomba
Amakula mpaka 40-50 cm ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 2-2.5 kilogalamu. Anthu okulirapo amakumananso - nthawi zina asodzi amakumana ndi ma id a pafupifupi mita imodzi ndikulemera 7-8 kg, komabe izi ndizosowa. Nsomba zokhala ndi moyo wautali zimatha kukula mpaka kukula kwa chakudya - ndipo kwathunthu, ma ids amatha kukhala zaka 20.
Amuna ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa akazi, koma ochulukirapo. Masikelo a ide amawunikira kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa silvery, ndipo ngati dzuwa lowala limagwera pamenepo, limayamba kusewera mumithunzi yosiyanasiyana kuyambira wowala kwambiri mpaka wakuda kwambiri. Zipsepsezo ndizofiira pansi pake, pali ma id, omwe ali ndi utoto wofanana ndi wapamwambawo.
Koma nthawi zambiri amakhala amtundu wabuluu wakuda, komanso kumbuyo kwa nsombayi. Ma id achichepere ndi owala kwambiri, makamaka zipsepse zawo. Mwambiri, ma ides amatha kusiyanasiyana wina ndi mnzake - zimatengera zaka zawo, malo awo komanso nyengo yomwe zikuwonedwazo.
Malingaliro ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi chub, koma pali zizindikilo zingapo zomwe nsombazi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa:
- mawonekedwe a mutu ndi akuthwa, pomwe pamapeto pake amasalala;
- kugwa kale;
- kumbuyo kuli kopepuka;
- mamba ang'onoang'ono;
- thupi lidayala pang'ono pambali.
Chosangalatsa: Ayazis amakhala osamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake, mukamawedza, simuyenera kuwapanga phokoso, osatinso kuwazungulirazungulira: Amamva bwino ndipo, osakayikira kuti china chake chalakwika, amapita mwakuya ndipo samachita nawo nyamboyo.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe nsomba yabwino imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene amakhala.
Kodi malingaliro amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ide in Russia
Ndiwofalikira kwambiri - pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kupatula gawo lakumwera (mayiko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean), komanso ku Siberia mpaka Yakutia. Kuphatikiza apo, idadziwitsidwa ku United States, Connecticut. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku America chikukula mwachangu, ndiye kuti atha kukhalanso m'mitsinje ya kontinentiyo.
Chifukwa chake, malingaliro amakhala m'mitsinje monga:
- Nsipu;
- Loire;
- Rhine;
- Danube;
- Wotsitsa;
- Kuban;
- Volga;
- Ural;
- Ob;
- Yenisei;
- Irtysh;
- Lena.
Alipo makamaka ambiri a Volga ndi mitsinje yake, ndipo mitsinje ina ya Russia ili ndi nsomba zambirizi. Amakhalanso m'mayiwe ndi nyanja zomwe zikuyenda. Iye sakonda mitsinje yozizira, komanso yopupuluma, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka ma id osasunthika, makamaka ngati ali ndi pansi, pang'ono.
Kuphatikiza pa madzi abwino, amathanso kukhala m'madzi amchere, chifukwa chake amapezeka m'malo am'madzi pafupi ndi mitsinje. A Yazis amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi mafunde, pafupi ndi milatho, gombe lomwe lili ndi chitsamba pamadzi ndichizindikiro chotsimikizika kuti ma idi amatha kugwidwa pano. Nsombayi imakonda kusambira pansi pa tchire, chifukwa tizilombo tikhoza kugwa, timene timadyetsa.
Madzi akumbuyo, nyanja zoyenda ndi malo ena okhala ndi madzi amtendere momwe angathere, makamaka akuya - apa ndi pomwe ma ides amapezeka. Amatha kukhala m'malo ozizira kwambiri ndipo amalekerera kusintha kwamphamvu kwa kutentha, osabisala m'nyengo yozizira, ngakhale samakhala otakataka.
Kodi malingaliro amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba zabwino mumtsinje
Zakudya zabwino ndizambiri, zimaphatikizapo:
- nyongolotsi;
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo;
- nkhanu;
- caviar;
- ankhandwe ndi achule;
- nkhono;
- nsomba;
- udzu wanyanja.
Titha kunena kuti malingaliro amadya pafupifupi nyama zonse zazing'ono, kuyambira nyongolotsi mpaka caviar ndi mwachangu za nsomba zina. A Yazis ndi osusuka, makamaka masika atabereka: panthawiyi amakhala nthawi yayitali akusaka chakudya, komwe nthawi zambiri amasambira kupita kumtunda, komwe kumakhala kochuluka.
Ngakhale zamoyo ndizambiri zomwe zimadya, zimadyetseranso ndere zamtundu winawake - nthawi zambiri zimachita izi zikamadzisungira nthawi yachisanu chisanachitike, ndikudya mafuta. M'nyengo yachilimwe, chakudya chimakhala chochuluka; zodutsa pafupi ndi gombe zimadya mphutsi za nyama zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina todetsa nkhawa.
Zovunda zikapezeka, iwonso amadya; nsomba zazing'ono, achule achichepere ndi nsomba zazinkhanira ziyeneranso kusamalidwa mukamapangika molting. Malingaliro amadyedwa mwachangu panthawi yamaluwa a viburnum, ndiye kuti nthawi yayitali yakusodza ikawafikira - amatola mofunitsitsa ndipo, atapeza malo abwino, mutha kupeza ma id.
Chosangalatsa: Ide imatha kudumpha zopinga zochepa, ndipo anthu akulu kwambiri amatha kulumpha kuchokera m'madzi mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Yazi
Ide ndi nsomba yanzeru, amadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nyengo yoipa komanso zochita za anthu: nthawi yamvula ndi mphepo, komanso kuchokera pamabwato odutsa, mafunde amakwera, kutsuka mphutsi ndi zamoyo zina kuchokera pansi pafupi ndi gombe, ndikuzitengera m'madzi nawo. Ndipo yazi ali pomwepo!
Amathamangira kumtunda limodzi ndi funde, ndipo likabwerera mmbuyo, amalanda nyama. Zida zazikulu zimakonda kudyetsa usiku, makamaka pakadutsa madzulo kapena, m'malo mwake, m'bandakucha watsala pang'ono kubwera - iyi ndi wotchi yawo yomwe amakonda. Achichepere amafunafuna chakudya masana ambiri - amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri kuposa achikulire.
A Yazis amakhala osamala ndikuyesera kukhazikika m'malo omwe maukonde sangakumane nawo - mwachitsanzo, m'mabowo omwe ali ndi malo osagwirizana, pakati pazinyalala. Kukula kwake kumakhala kochepa, nthawi zambiri kumasiya dzenje lake - nthawi zambiri mvula ikagwa. Koma nsomba yaying'ono, yaying'ono, imasambira pafupi ndi pomwepo, nthawi zambiri imatha kuwonedwa muudzu limodzi ndi roach, ndipo nyengo imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pa iyo.
Yazis amatha kudumpha m'madzi kuti atenge tizilombo. Koma ikalowa kale m'madzi momwemo, amatenga nyamayo mosamala kwambiri, kotero kuti mabwalowo amasiyanasiyana pang'ono, ngati nsomba yaying'ono kwambiri. Malingalirowo akasaka mwakuya, amaperekedwa chifukwa chokwera thovu.
Samakonda dzuŵa likayamba kutentha, pitani pansi pamadzi, ngakhale nthawi ndi nthawi nsomba zazing'ono zimayamba kuluma, koma ngakhale zimakonda kuchita izi pafupi ndi gombe, mumthunzi wa mitengo kapena tchire - makamaka popeza pali nyama zambiri pansi pawo ...
Ulamuliro wotere wa tsikulo umakhazikitsidwa mwa iwo nyengo yotentha, ndipo amakhala miyezi yozizira m'mayenje pansi pamadzi. Koma ma ides amatha kugwidwa ngakhale mumtsinje muli madzi oundana, kupatula miyezi ingapo - mu Januware ndi February samadya chilichonse, amawononga ndalama, kotero sizigwira ntchito kuti ziwapeze.
M'nyengo yozizira, poyamba, nsomba zimakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira womwe wadzaza mumathambo pansi pamadzi, koma kumapeto kwake imayamba kumva kuti ilibe, chifukwa chake id, monga nsomba zina, zimasambira kupita kumalo otseguka. Chifukwa chake, amayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuphatikizana kwa mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Maganizo ochepa
Kwenikweni, ma id amakhala m'magulu, amakhala m'malo ena osungira - ochepa, ndipo amangoyenda m'malire mwake. Zida zazing'ono sizimangoyenda pagulu lalikulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa okha omwe amakhala pafupi. Nsomba zakale nthawi zambiri zimakonda kukhazikika zokha. Amayamba kubereka kuyambira zaka 3-5 - nsomba zikamadya bwino, zimakula mwachangu. Izi zimadalira komwe amakhala: m'madzi akumwera, kukula kukufulumira.
Kusamba kumachitika m'madzi osaya - timitsinje ting'onoting'ono kapena pamadzi osaya. Pobzala, nsomba zimasonkhana m'masukulu akulu, omwe amakhala ndi angapo, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala angapo. Imayenda kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi, kutengera malo okhala - ndikofunikira kuti ayezi asungunuke ndikutentha kwamadzi kukhale pa madigiri 8 kapena kupitilira apo.
Malingaliro amatumizidwa kumtunda kuti abereke, nthawi zambiri pakati pa nsomba zoyamba. Gulu lawo limatha kusambira mtunda wautali lisanapeze malo abwino oti ziberekere - nthawi zina makumi makilomita. M'gulu loterolo muli olowezana: akulu ndi akulu akulu amatulutsa koyamba, ang'onoang'ono amawatsata, ndipo achichepere kwambiri amakhala otsiriza.
Amasambira pang'onopang'ono, akugonjetsa pafupifupi makilomita 10 patsiku, amaima kuti apumule ndikudya. Amamera pafupi ndi zosalongosoka pansi ndi malo otsetsereka mozama, ndipo m'madzi nthawi zambiri amasambira m'mabango. Ndikofunikira kuti kuya kwa madzi ndikosaya, koma kokwanira - theka la mita kapena kupitirirapo.
M'mikhalidwe yabwino, kubereka kumatha kumalizidwa m'masiku angapo, koma ngati nyengo yoipa isokoneza, imatha kukhala yayitali - mpaka masabata 2-3. Yazi amatulutsa mazira m'mawa ndi madzulo, chifukwa cha izi amasambira mpaka pano, kuti azinyamula. Mkazi wamkulu amayikira mazira pafupifupi 70-120, ndipo gawo lochepa kwambiri la iwo limatha kukhala mwachangu.
Mazira amasiyana pang'ono ndi a nsomba zina za carp, m'mimba mwake ndi 1-1.5 mm. Amamatira pamiyala, misampha ndi zopinga zina, koma nthawi zambiri amakodwa ndimadzi ndikudya nsomba zina. Ngati dzira lili ndi mwayi wosadyedwa, pakatha sabata limodzi ndi theka mwachangu limatulukamo.
Pakubzala, ma id amakhala osasamala komanso osavuta kugwira. Atangomaliza kumene, amasambira kubwerera komwe amakhala kale - samachitiranso gulu limodzi, koma m'modzi m'modzi, kuti chiwerengero chawo chichepe pang'onopang'ono pamalo obalirako. Atabwerera, nthawi yomweyo amapita kukanenepa.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono gulu la nkhosa limasonkhananso pamodzi. Nsomba yachichepere, yomwe siinafike pokhwima, sikuti imangobereka, koma imakhalabe m'malo ake. Gulu likalumikizananso, ngati madzi amtsinjewo amakhala otsika, atha kupita kumalo atsopano, omwe tsopano ndi oyenera, amakhalabe pamlingo woyenera.
Adani achilengedwe a ides
Chithunzi: Mtsinje
Lingaliro silili pazolinga zazikulu za adani amtsinje, ndiye kuti, palibe amene amawusaka mwadala - pambuyo pake, nsomba yayikulu ndiyokulirapo. Koma ngakhale ma id omwe akula mpaka kukula kwake amakhala ndi wina wowopa - choyambirira, ma pike ndi taimen, nsomba izi zimatha kuyesa kuzidya.
Anthu okalamba komanso akulu kwambiri alibe adani achilengedwe konse, ndipo ndi asodzi okha omwe amawaopseza. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zikuluzikulu zowononga ndi asodzi, ma id wamba achikulire amathanso kuwopsezedwa ndi beavers, minks ndi makoswe ena akuluakulu. Ma Yazis nthawi zambiri amasambira kufupi ndi gombe, ndipo kumeneko nyama zojambulazo zimawadikirira, chifukwa nsomba ngati imeneyi ndi imodzi mwazakudya zabwino kwambiri.
Zomwe zili zazing'ono, zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri - achinyamata, omwe akukulabe omwe akulemera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka akuwopsezedwa ndi zonsezi, komanso pambali pawo, nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe sizingathe kuthana ndi ma ID akuluakulu, ndi mbalame zodya nyama monga terns ndi kingfisher - amadya nsomba kondaninso.
Zowopseza zambiri zimakhala zachangu ndi mazira - pafupifupi chilombo chilichonse chomwe chimakhala posaka kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Ma caviar ambiri samasandukanso mwachangu chifukwa pali osaka nyama ambiri oti angadye. Pakati pa mwachangu, kupulumuka kumakhalanso kotsika kwambiri.
Koma ngati chilondacho chidakwanitsa kupulumuka mchaka choyamba, mwayi wake wokhalabe wokalamba ukuwonjezeka kwambiri, ngakhale sangatchulidwe kuti wapamwamba - pali zoopseza zambiri. Ndipo pokhapokha lingaliro likafika polemera makilogalamu 2-3, limatha kudzidalira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Maganizo a nsomba
Ide ndi nsomba yolimba, sasamala kuzizira, imakonda kutentha pang'ono, komanso imapirira, chifukwa chake imakhala m'malo otakata motere ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuipitsa madzi pang'ono sikowopsa - ma id amatha kukhala mwachilengedwe osati malo abwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale atagwira mwachidwi, kuchuluka kwawo mumitsinje ya Europe ndi Siberia ndikokwera, ndipo palibe chomwe chimaopseza mitundu yonseyo. Koma kusodza sikuloledwa kulikonse: mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a Russia malingaliro ndi osowa komanso otetezedwa ndi boma, ndipo pali njira zina zomwe zikutengedwa kuti zisungire ndi kubwezeretsa anthu ake.
Chifukwa chake, mumtsinje wa Moscow, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwatsika kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, njira zodzitetezera zidayamba kutengedwa: m'malo okhala ma ides pali madera otetezera nyanja - njira ndizoletsedwa kwa iwo, kupatula kubwezeretsa chilengedwe; nsomba ndizoletsedwa mwa ena, pomwe mwa ena ndizotheka ndi chiphaso.
Malo abwino kwambiri oberekera anali otsekedwa ndi zotchinga, ndipo kusambira kwamoto kunali koletsedwa. Maenje achisanu ndi kubala ma biotopu amasungidwa bwino moyenera kwa ma id; ngati kuli kotheka, ntchito ikuchitika kuti ibwezeretsedwe. Zomwezi zikuchitikanso m'maiko ena aku Europe. Koma, mitunduyo, ndi ya iwo omwe alibe chiwopsezo chilichonse, chifukwa chake, kusodza kwaulere kumaloledwa m'malo ambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi zambiri ma id amapangidwa m'madziwe, izi zimathandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe awo okongola ndi zochitika zawo - ndizosangalatsa kuwona kusaka kwawo tizilombo, makamaka popeza ndiwodzichepetsa - mumangofunika kukhala ndi zomera zochulukirapo padziwe, ndipo ma ides amakhala bwino. mverani.
Malingaliro - nsomba sizongokhala zokongola zokha, komanso zokoma: zokazinga, zophika kapena zophika, ndizodziwika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amawasodza, ndipo kupeza lingaliro lalikulu ndi mphotho kwa msodzi aliyense. Mwamwayi, amaberekana bwino ndipo samakhala pachiwopsezo, amakhala olimba mtima pochitira kaduka ena ambiri ndikungowonjezera kukula kwawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 18:13
