Chinook nsomba Ndi nsomba yayikulu yamtundu wa salimoni. Nyama yake ndi caviar zimawerengedwa zamtengo wapatali, chifukwa chake zimafalikira m'maiko ena komwe kuli nyengo yabwino. Koma m'malo, ku Far East, amakhalabe ochepa. Ngakhale mitundu yonseyo siyili pachiwopsezo, popeza anthu aku America amakhalabe okhazikika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chinook
Nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray zidawonekera pafupifupi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo, pambuyo pake zidayamba kufalikira pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi, mitundu yawo ikukula pang'onopang'ono. Koma poyamba izi zidachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kokha m'nthawi ya Triassic panali mawonekedwe a ma telefoni, kuphatikiza ma salmonids.
Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, mitundu yoyamba yofanana ndi hering'i inawonekera - inali ngati mawonekedwe oyambilira a salmonids. Asayansi sagwirizana pa nthawi yomwe akutuluka. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamba, adawonekera munthawi ya Cretaceous, pomwe panali kusinthika kwa nsomba za teleost.
Kanema: Chinook
Komabe, zodalirika zoyambirira za malasha a salmonid zidayamba nthawi ina: kumayambiriro kwa Eocene, nsomba zazing'ono zamadzi pakati pawo zidakhala kale padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, zovuta apa zimangopezeka pakudziwitsa ngati kholo ili la salimoni wamakono lidakhala mawonekedwe oyamba, kapena panali ena asanakhaleko.
Tsoka ilo, palibe zolembedwa zakale zomwe zitha kuwunikira kusintha kwazaka makumi khumi zikwizikwi zikubwerazi. Zikuwoneka kuti, ma salmonid akale sanali kufalikira ndipo amakhala m'malo omwe sanathandize kuti zotsalira zawo zisungidwe.
Ndipo kungoyambira zaka 24 miliyoni BC pali zotsalira zambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya salimoni, kuphatikiza nsomba ya chinook. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, pali zochulukirapo, pamapeto pake, m'magawo azaka 5 miliyoni, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamakono imapezeka kale. Salmon wa Chinook adalandira kufotokoza kwasayansi mu 1792, kopangidwa ndi J. Walbaum. M'Chilatini, dzina lake ndi Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chinook nsomba
Chinook salmon ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nsomba mu Pacific Ocean. Oimira anthu aku America amakula mpaka masentimita 150, ndipo ku Kamchatka pali anthu opitilira masentimita 180, olemera makilogalamu oposa 60. Zoterezi ndizochepa, koma nsomba ya chinook yapakatikati imakula pafupifupi mita.
Ngakhale kukula kwake munyanja, nsomba iyi imatha kukhala yovuta kuiwona: kumbuyo kwake kobiriwirako kumabisa mumadzi. Mimba ndi yopepuka, mpaka yoyera. Thupi liri lokutidwa ndi masikelo ozungulira. Zipsepse pamimba zili kutali kwambiri kuchokera kumutu kuposa nsomba zina zam'madzi. Pakubzala, mitundu ya Chinook saumoni imasintha, monga nsomba zina: imasanduka yofiira, ndipo kumbuyo kumada. Komabe, ndikotsika pakuwala kwa zovala zaukwati kwa nsomba ya pinki kapena nsomba ya chum.
Komanso kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja kwa nsombazi kumatha kusiyanitsidwa:
- thunthu lalitali;
- nsomba imapanikizika kuchokera mbali;
- mawanga ang'onoang'ono akuda kumtunda;
- gawo lamutu ndi lalikulu kwambiri pokhudzana ndi thupi lonse;
- pakamwa lalikulu;
- maso ang'ono;
- Zizindikiro zingapo zodziwika bwino kwa mitundu iyi - zibangili za branchial zomwe zimayimira ndi 15 iliyonse, ndipo nkhama za nsagwada zakuda ndizakuda.
Zosangalatsa: Dzinalo limamveka lachilendo kwambiri chifukwa adapatsidwa ndi a Itelmen. M'chilankhulo chawo, amatchulidwa "chowuicha". Ku America, nsomba iyi imatchedwa chinook, monga fuko lachi India, kapena king salmon, ndiye mfumu salmon.
Kodi nsomba ya chinook imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chinook ku Russia
Amapezeka pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean komanso kugombe lakumadzulo, amakonda madzi ozizira. Ku Asia, amakhala makamaka ku Kamchatka - mumtsinje wa Bolshoi ndi mitsinje yake. Singapezeke kawirikawiri mumitsinje ina ya Far Eastern kumwera mpaka ku Amur, komanso kumpoto ku Anadyr.
Malo achiwiri ofunikira ali ku North America. Nsomba zambiri za chinook zimapezeka kumpoto kwake: mumitsinje yomwe ikuyenda ku Alaska ndi Canada, nsapato zazikulu zimayenda m'mitsinje ya Washington, yomwe ili pafupi ndi malire akumpoto a United States. Koma imafalikiranso kumwera, mpaka ku California.
Kunja kwa mtundu wawo wachilengedwe, nsomba za chinook zimapangidwa mwaluso: mwachitsanzo, zimakhala m'minda yapadera ku Nyanja Yaikulu, yomwe madzi ndi nyengo yake ndiyabwino. Mitsinje ya New Zealand idasandukanso malo ena oswana. Adayambitsidwa bwino munyama zakutchire ku Patagonia zaka 40 zapitazo. Kuyambira pamenepo, anthu akula kwambiri, amaloledwa kuwedza nsomba ku Chile ndi Argentina.
M'mitsinje, amakonda malo akuya okhala ndi malo osagwirizana, amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi zipilala zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ngati pogona. Nthawi zambiri amasambira mumitsinje ya mitsinje, amakonda malo okhala ndi zomera zambiri. Amakonda kusilira pakuyenda mwachangu. Ngakhale nsomba ya chinook ndi nsomba yamadzi amchere, imakhalabe gawo lalikulu la moyo wake munyanja. Ambiri aiwo amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma palibe chitsanzo mwa ichi - anthu ena amasambira mpaka kunyanja. Imakhala pafupi ndi pamwamba - nsomba ya chinook singapezeke kupitirira mamita 30.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala nsomba ya chinook. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi Chinook saumoni amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chinook ku Kamchatka
Zakudyazi zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera nsomba ya chinook yomwe ili mumtsinje kapena munyanja.
Pachiyambi choyamba, zikuphatikizapo:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- tizilombo;
- mphutsi;
- ziphuphu.
Salmon wachinyamata chinook amadyetsa plankton, komanso tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Anthu akuluakulu, osanyoza omwe adatchulidwayo, amasinthana kwambiri ndikudya nsomba zazing'ono. Achinyamata ndi achikulire a salemon amakonda kudya caviar - nthawi zambiri anglers amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mphuno, ndipo nsomba ya chinook imaluma bwino nyama zina zomwe zidatchulidwa koyambirira.
Amadya panyanja:
- nsomba;
- shirimpi;
- kupha;
- sikwidi;
- nthanga.
Kukula kwa nyama ya chinook nsomba kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri: pakati pa achichepere, mndandandawu umaphatikizapo mesoplankton ndi macroplankton, ndiye kuti, nyama ndizochepa kwambiri. Komabe, ma saumoni ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amadyetsa. Ngakhale nsomba yaying'ono ya Chinook imadyetsa kwambiri nsomba kapena nkhanu. Ndipo wamkulu amakhala wolusa, wowopsa ngakhale kwa nsomba zapakatikati monga hering'i kapena sardine, kwinaku akupitilizabe kudya zazing'ono. Amasaka mwachangu ndipo amachulukitsa msanga nthawi yomwe amakhala panyanja.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pakati pa nsomba zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutheratu pali nsomba yodabwitsa kwambiri. Zinali zazikulu kwambiri - mpaka mamita 3 m'litali, ndi kulemera kwake mpaka makilogalamu 220, ndipo zinali ndi mano owopsa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi asayansi, sanakhale ndi moyo wodya nyama, koma amangosefera madzi odyera - mano anali ngati chokongoletsera nthawi yokwanira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chinook saumoni
Moyo wamtundu wa chinook saalmon umadalira kwambiri msinkhu womwe uli - choyambirira, chimadziwika ndi kukula kwake, komanso komwe amakhala, mumtsinje kapena munyanja.
Pali magawo angapo, pomwe iliyonse moyo wa nsombayi uli ndi mawonekedwe ake:
- kubadwa mumtsinje, kukula ndikukula m'miyezi yoyambirira kapena zaka;
- kupita kumadzi amchere ndikukhalamo;
- kubwerera kumtsinje kukaswana.
Ngati gawo lachitatu ndi lalifupi kenako nsomba zikafa, ndiye kuti magawo awiri oyamba ndi kusiyanasiyana kwawo kuyenera kuwunikidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Mwachangu amawoneka mumitsinje yoyenda mwachangu, pomwe pali nyama zolusa zochepa zomwe zimafuna kuzidya, koma kulibe chakudya chochuluka kwa iwo nawonso. M'madzi amkuntho awa mwachangu amasangalala m'masukulu kwa nthawi yoyamba ya moyo, nthawi zambiri miyezi ingapo.
Poyamba, awa ndi malo abwino kwambiri kwa iwo, koma akamakula pang'ono, amasambira kuchoka pamtsinjewo kupita kumtsinje waukulu, kapena kutsika kwenikweni. Amafunikira chakudya chochulukirapo, ndipo m'madzi ozizira amachipeza, koma mulinso zolusa zambiri mmenemo. M'mitsinje ikuluikulu, nsomba ya chinook imatha kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa - miyezi ingapo, kapena zaka zingapo.
Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zimayandikira pang'onopang'ono pakamwa, koma ngakhale anthu omwe adakula kale ndipo ali okonzeka kupita kumadzi amchere amakhalabe ochepa - amapeza gawo lalikulu kwambiri la nyanja, momwe zinthu ziliri zabwino kwa iwo. Amakhala kumeneko kuyambira chaka mpaka zaka 8, ndipo nthawi yonseyi amakula mwachangu mpaka nthawi yobwerera kumtsinje kukaswana. Chifukwa chakusiyana kwakanthawi kodyetsa, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu pakulemera kwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa: pamalo omwewo nthawi zina mumatha kugwira nsomba yaying'ono ya Chinook yolemera kilogalamu, ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imakoka onse 30. Kungoti woyamba adachoka kunyanja kupita chaka choyamba, ndipo chachiwiri adakhala kumeneko zaka 7-9.
M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti zazing'ono kwambiri, zotchedwanso muskers, sizimapita kunyanja konse, koma ofufuza apeza kuti sizili choncho, amangokhalako kwakanthawi kochepa ndipo samachoka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nsomba zazikulu zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kwambiri, kusambira m'malo akumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, zimachoka kunyanja kupita kumtunda wamakilomita 3-4,000.
Chikhalidwe cha nyengo chimakhudza kwambiri nthawi yakudyetsa. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, nsomba ya chinook yakhala ikutentha m'malo awo, chifukwa chake, amasamuka osati nthawi yozizira. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zambiri zimabweranso chaka chilichonse - ndipo kukula kwake kumakhala kocheperako, ngakhale zimapatsidwa chakudya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chinook nsomba
Amakhala munyanja limodzi ndipo amasonkhana pokhapokha nthawi yakwana. Ndi m'mbali mwa mitsinje pomwe amalowa mumitsinje, ndichifukwa chake ndizosavuta kuwatenga ngati zimbalangondo ndi nyama zina zolusa. Kwa anthu aku Asia, nyengo yobereka imabwera m'masabata omaliza a Meyi kapena Juni, ndipo amatha mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Ku America, zimachitika m'miyezi yapitayi mchaka.
Pambuyo polowa mumtsinjewu kuti ubalale, nsombazo sizidyetsanso, koma zimangopita pamwamba. Nthawi zina, sikofunikira kusambira patali kwambiri, ndipo mumangofunika kukwera ma kilomita mazana angapo. Kwa ena, njira ya nsomba ya chinook ndiyotalika kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Amur, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kuthana ndi 4,000 km. Mwa anthu aku Asia, nsomba zambiri zimaswana mumtsinje wa Bolshoi komanso beseni lake ku Kamchatka. Pamenepo nthawi zonse nyama ndi anthu akumuyembekezera. Ndikosavuta kuwona komwe nsomba zimasambira kuti zibereke: zilipo zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti zitha kuwoneka ngati mtsinjewo umapangidwa ndi nsomba, pomwe nsomba ya Chinook nthawi zambiri imadumphira m'madzi kuti igonjetse zopinga.
Pakufika pamalo obalirako, akazi amagwiritsira ntchito mchira wawo kugogoda mabowo, komwe amaberekera. Pambuyo pake, amuna amamupatsa feteleza - amakhala 5-10 pafupi ndi mkazi aliyense, ndipo awa ali ngati akulu, pamakhala ma musher ochepa kwambiri. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti omalizawo amawononga nsombazo - mazira omwewo amachokera m'mazira omwe adakumana nawo. Koma izi ndi zolakwika: asayansi adatha kuzindikira kuti kukula kwa mbeu sikudalira kukula kwa champhongo.
Mazirawo ndi aakulu, okoma. Pafupifupi 10,000 imayikidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi mkazi aliyense: ena mwa iwo amapezeka m'malo ovuta, ena amadyedwa ndi nyama, ndipo mwachangu zimakhala zovuta - chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwakukulu kotero kuli koyenera. Koma makolowo amawononga mphamvu zochulukirapo panthawi yobereka, ndichifukwa chake amafa pasanathe masiku 7-15 pambuyo pake.
Chinook nsomba adani achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Chinook saumoni m'madzi
Mazira ndi mwachangu ndizoopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti nsomba ya chinook ikupita kumalo otetezeka, imatha kukhala nsomba zodya nyama, osati zazikulu zokha, komanso zazing'ono kwambiri. Amasakidwanso ndi mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya nsomba.
Nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana monga otters sizidana nazo. Omaliza amatha kugwira nsomba zomwe zakula kale, bola ngati sizingakhale zazikulu kwambiri. Otter amatha kuthana ndi nsomba ya chinook yomwe yapita, ngati sinakhale m'nyanja nthawi yayitali ndipo imalemera makilogalamu angapo. Nsomba zomwe zili ndi magawo ofanana ndizosangalatsanso kwa mbalame zazikuluzikulu, monga merganser yayikulu - yayikulu kwambiri yoposa mphamvu zawo. Koma zimbalangondo zimatha kusunga aliyense, ngakhale wamkulu kwambiri: nsomba zikamatuluka, opha nyamawa nthawi zambiri amawadikirira m'madzi ndikuzikoka.
Kwa zimbalangondo, ino ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri, makamaka popeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana imaberekana ndipo nthawi yodyetsa nsomba zochuluka imatha miyezi, komanso m'mitsinje ina nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chakuti olusa akungoyembekezera kuti nsomba zisambire kuti zibereke, nthawi ino ndi yowopsa kwambiri kwa nsomba ya chinook - pali chiopsezo chachikulu chosafika konse kumtunda kwa mitsinje.
Nyanja siyowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa nsomba ya Chinook ndi nsomba yayikulu, ndipo ndiyolimba kwambiri kwa adani ambiri am'madzi. Komabe, beluga, orca, komanso pinnipeds ena amatha kuyisaka.
Chosangalatsa: Pobzala, nsomba za Chinook sizimangobwerera m'malo ofanana ndi omwe zidabadwira zokha - zimasambira kupita kumalo omwewo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba Yofiira Chinook
Chiwerengero cha nsomba za chinook ku Russia chinachepa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu cha izi chinali kusodza kwambiri. Kukoma kwake kumayamikiridwa kwambiri, kumaperekedwa mwakhama kunja, ndipo kupha nyama kuli ponseponse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwongolera kuchuluka. Sinoon ya Chinook imavutika ndi opha nyama mozemba kuposa ma salmonid ena, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso chifukwa amakhala oyamba kubala. Zotsatira zake, m'mitsinje ina yaku Far East, nsomba zofiira zasowa kwathunthu, makamaka nsomba ya chinook makamaka.
Chifukwa chake, ku Kamchatka, komwe nsomba zambiri zimatulukira, ndizotheka pantchito kuti azigwire pokhapokha, kenako gombe lakummawa kwa chilumbachi. Nsomba zololedwa za chinook nsomba zaka 40-50 zapitazo zinali pafupifupi matani 5,000, koma pang'onopang'ono zidatsika mpaka matani 200. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa nsomba izi zomwe zimagwidwa ndi osaka nyama - mulimonsemo, kuchuluka kwa kusodza kosaloledwa kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuti nsomba ya chinook yachepa, komanso chifukwa chotetezedwa mwamphamvu. Komabe, kuchepa kwa anthu kukupitilizabe - kunja kwa Kamchatka ku Asia, nsomba ya chinook tsopano ndiyosowa kwambiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zimaswana bwino, ndipo kubwezeretsa kwa anthu ake, ngati vuto la anthu opha nyama mwachangu lathetsedwa, limatha kuchitika mzaka zochepa chabe: chaka chilichonse ma fries 850,000 amatulutsidwa ku malo osungira nsomba a Malkinsky okha, ndipo osapeza nyama zopanda nyama, ambiri mwa iwo amatha kupulumuka. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndi anthu aku America: zili pamlingo wokhazikika, ngakhale kuti nsomba zimaloledwa ku America ndi Canada ndipo nsomba zambiri za chinook zimagwidwa. Kungoti vuto la omwe amapha nyama mozembera nyama siochulukirapo, chifukwa chake nsomba zimaswana bwino.
Kuwonongedwa kwa nsomba ya chinook, monga nsomba zofiira zambiri, kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku Far East, komwe zinthu zachilengedwe zikuchepa mwachangu. Chifukwa cha kuwononga nyama, anthu okhala m'mitundu yambiri anali pafupi kutsala pang'ono kupulumuka, motero kudakhala kofunikira kuti ziberekane mwanjira ina. Chinook nsomba nsomba zodabwitsa, ndikofunikira kuti musazilole kuti zisoweke.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 ku 21:35
