Pa kugombe la Amazon inu aigwire chokoma, koma ndi oopsa kwambiri nsomba, anthu a m'deralo icho "piraia". Ife tikudziwa iye, monga "alireza". Izi ndi mitundu ya zolusa ray-finned nsomba za banja haracin wa piranha subfamily. Ngakhale kusagwirizana sayansi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa banja piranha.
Iye anatchuka kwambiri monga mdani wankhanza owopsa kwa nyama ndi anthu. Iye ali maina ambiri kugwirizana ndi bloodthirstiness ake. Mmodzi mwa anthu khalidwe ndi "mtsinje zodya", Aaborijini ankakhulupirira kuti mosavuta kusaka anthu.
Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "piranha" alinso mitundu angapo. Akukhulupirira kuti anabwera kuchokera Chipwitikizi lingaliro "pirata" - "Wakuba". Ngakhale, kani, panali pophatikizana mawu awiri mu chinenero cha Paraguayan Chiguariani Indians: "pira" - nsomba, "Anka" - zoipa. The Tupi Amwenye a fuko Brazil analankhula pang'ono mosiyana: pira ndi nsomba, sainha ndi dzino.
Mulimonsemo, dzina lililonse lili ndi tanthauzo zolunda ndi khalidwe mbali yaikulu ya nsomba - mano akuthwa ndi mtima wankhanza. Luso piranha kukadya atavutika lalikulu mu nkhani mphindi limene lachititsa ntchito kawirikawiri mu cinematography. Nthawi zina, mafilimu angapo anawomberedwa ntchito chifanizo cha piranha a. Ndipo iwo onse a m'gulu la "mafilimu mantha". Imeneyi ndi yolakwika mbiri mdani uyu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Muyezo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 15 cm, pali anthu mpaka 30 cm. Yaikulu ya zolusa piranhas malire 60 cm. Izi ndi piranha lalikulu. Kulemera pazipita ndi 3,9 kg. thupi mkulu, flattened ku mbali, wandiweyani, kuipanikiza ndi yosamveka. Akazi amakhala akuluakulu, koma amuna kwamphamvu mtundu.
alenje awa ndi pakamwa lalikulu okonzeka ndi mano zisonga. Ali ndi triangular palisade mawonekedwe, konsekonse lakuthwa kwambiri. Anthu m'munsi ndi penapake lalikulu kuposa anthu chapamwamba. Pamene pakamwa chatsekedwa, iwo kugwirizana, nalowa pakati pa mipata ndi kulenga ngati "zipper". Kutalika kwa mano ndi pa 2 ndi 5 mm.
German wasayansi ndi zachilengedwe Alfred Edmund Brehm zimachitika kwa mtundu "sawtooth" ndi zifukwa zomveka. Piranha mano amafanana kwambiri ndi macheka. M'munsi nsagwada fupa akankhidwira patsogolo, mano ndi anawerama mmbuyo.
Iwo likukhalira kuti, titero, kudzala thupi wovulalayo okha, kuteteza izo kuchokera amalowetsa kunja. Nsagwada ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, matupi awo bwino anakamba. Kapangidwe wapadera limakupatsani kulenga kuthamanga pamene kukanikiza ngakhale mmodzi wa m'kamwa mwa.
zipangizozi ntchito ngati limagwirira bwino yolongosoka. Choyamba, iwo pafupi ndi sadula, ngati guillotine, ndi nthuli za nyama, ndiye iwo kusuntha pang'ono ndi Vulani mitsempha kovuta. A okhwima munthu akhoza ngakhale akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi pa fupa. Pa pansi pali mpaka mano 77, pamwamba - mpaka 66. Pali nsomba ndi mzere awiri mano pa nsagwada chapamwamba - pennant kapena mbendera piranhas.
Mchira ndi yochepa koma amphamvu, ndi pafupifupi munthu mphako. zipsepse onse zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, wautali pa nsana ndi pafupi chotulukira, ndi wamfupi pa mimba. Pali adipose chipsyepsye kumbuyo dorsal chipsyepsye. Iwo intricately akuda, kungakhale silvery, ofiira, ndi malire, ndi mikwingwirima buluu, mu anthu achinyamata amachita mandala.
The mitundu cha adani amenewa ndi ambiri osiyanasiyana ndi wokongola. nsomba ndi wakuda, mdima wobiriwira, silvery, wovulidwa, mabanga, ndi mamba chonyezimira ndi kusintha iridescent. Ndi zaka, mtundu angasinthe, mawanga akhoza kutha, ndi zipsepse zikhoza kukhala mumtundu.
Iwo amakhala ndi kuona ndi fungo. maso awo lalikulu, ana ndi malire mdima. Zowononga zimatha kuwona bwino m'madzi. Piranha mu chithunzi ali ndi maonekedwe pang'ono amantha chifukwa cha yaitali nsagwada m'munsi. Iye amaona ngati Galuwamkulu, chifukwa cha ichi iye akutchedwa "mtsinje galu". Iye ali ngakhale amatha kupanga "kukuwa" phokoso ngati kuchotsedwa madzi.
Mitundu
Banja zikuphatikizapo 16 genera ndi mitundu 97 (as a 2018). Nkhosa nsomba, pennant kapena mbendera, colossom (bulauni pacu limabweretsa mitundu), nsomba dollar kapena metinnis, milesins, mileus, miloplus, milossome, piaract, pristobricon, pygopistis, pygocentrus, tometes, serrasalmus ndi zina zotero. Ndipo kwenikweni, ndi piranhas basi.
N'zosadabwitsa oposa theka a iwo herbivores. Nsagwada za anthu awa zili ndi molar-mphako mano akusisita. Mbali ang'onoang'ono ndi adani. Koma zochepa za iwo oyenera kutchulidwa zapadera, zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri.
- The piranha wamba, kwanuko otchedwa saikanga, ndi mdani chilombo. M'litali ilo limakula cm 25-30. Munthuyo wachinyamata zowala ndi, makamaka buluu, mdima pa lokwera, ndi mdima mawanga onse pa thupi. Pabuka zipsepse wakuda mchira ndi kapezi lamizeremizere. Patapita miyezi 8, brightens ndi silvery mbali kutembenukira pinki, mawanga pa mbali kutha, koma tinkangoona kuonekera. Wamba ambiri m'mayiko a ku South America, angapezeke pafupifupi mitsinje.
- Wamkulu Piranha (East Brazil) imapezeka mu chigwa cha mtsinje wina kum'mawa Brazil. Si mu Amazon. Mtundu ndi mawonekedwe, izo zikuwoneka ngati munthu wamba, zokha zazikulu, kutalika 60 cm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 3.
- Diamondi woboola pakati kapena wakuda Brazil piranha, malo okhala Guyana, La Plata, Amazon, zachitsulo siliva ndi enaake kapena utsi kulocha, mchira, ndipo m'mphepete mwa lamizeremizere a.
- Wochepa piranha - silvery ndi mdima kumbuyo, mchira ndi malire mdima, amakhala Orinoco ndi Amazon.
- Kumiza piranha - 15 cm, ndi mdani woopsa kwambiri. mtundu ndi imvi ndi siliva, pali mdima mawanga pa thupi, pali outgrowth mu mawonekedwe a hump kumbuyo kwa mutu, mdima edging pa mchira, ndi mlangali kumatako chipsyepsye.
lalikulu piranha nsomba - bulauni pacu, kutalika 108 cm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 40 (zamiyendo Inayi kapena fructivorous). Zodabwitsa, zithunzi ankalumidwa ndi nsomba ndi mano anthu pa Internet ndi nsagwada za vuto lililonse zamiyendo Inayi bulauni pacu. Imodzi mwa nsomba zing'onozing'ono za banja ndi siliva metinnis (10-14 cm), nthawi zambiri kusungidwa m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera.
Piranhas si zovuta kawetedwe kunyumba, iwo ndi zachilendo. Wotchuka Aquarium kwambiri mitundu ya piranha: Piranha wamba, wochepa piranha, mbendera piranha, nyenyezi yaing'ono piranha, wofiira pacu, metinnis mwezi metinnis wamba, red-finned mtunda.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Awa sukulu nsomba pafupifupi nthawi zonse mode kusaka. Inu mukhoza kuwona izo mu ofunda mitsinje mwatsopano ndi nyanja ya America South. Pafupifupi onse mitundu ya nsomba voracious moyo kumeneko, anakakhala mabeseni a mitsinje yaikulu ndi yaing'ono ku Amazon kuti kwambiri inconspicuous mtsinje, njira kapena m'derali.
Iwo kuphimba pafupifupi maiko onse kontinenti ichi, ozama mu ngodya yakutali. Mu Venezuela, iwo amatchedwa Caribbean nsomba. Piranhas zimapezeka kokha mu madzi mtsinje, koma nthawi zina, chigumula, iwo akutsatiridwa ndi nyanja. Koma kwa nthawi yaitali iwo sangakhoze kukhala kumeneko. Iwo sangakhoze zimaswana mu madzi nyanja kapena. Choncho, iwo anabwereranso.
Ngati pali piranhas mu posungira, ichi ndi chizindikiro momveka bwino kuti pali zambiri nsomba. Iwo kusankha malo amene wochuluka chakudya. A malo yabwino iwo ndi osaya madzi, kapena mosinthanitsa, kuya kwambiri, kapena madzi a matope. nsomba sindimakonda kuyenda mothamanga, ngakhale sasiya iwo.
Kusunga piranhas kunyumba, m'pofunika kudziwa kuti chikhalidwe chawo ndi ochenjera ndi amanyazi. Mu mtsinje, iwo kupeza m'misasa ambiri - chikuni choyandama, udzu wautali, iwo sichingathe mu ukapolo. Iwo anazolowera sukulu, pali ambiri nsomba Aquarium lapansi.
The mdani amakonda zofewa, si acidic madzi ndi kusefera yogwira. Kukhala pH, zilowerere muzu wa mtengo, makamaka mitengo, mu madzi. Koma ngati mwaganiza kuti wekha piranha, musati muiwale, ali zolusa nsomba. N'zokayikitsa kuti nsomba zina azikhala nawo kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale piranhas mu chikhalidwe ndi mu Aquarium ndi kusiyana akuluakulu awiri. Mu ukapolo, iye mwamsanga wotaya zoipa makhalidwe ake.
Popeza 2008, takhala atamva zambiri nsomba izi iyawonekambo mu mitsinje ya Russia. Komabe, si chinthu kukula kwa alenje zolusa; ndi kungoti obereketsa oipa madzi ndi nsomba Aquarium mumtsinje. nsomba ndi thermophilic ndipo sangathe kubereka mu kuzizira matupi madzi.
Zakudya zabwino
piranhas zamiyendo Inayi kudya msipu wauwisi, mizu, zomera, zipatso kuti agwera m'madzi. Pali ngakhale piranha wakudya mamba - mbendera kapena pennant. Ndipo anthu zolusa kudya chirichonse chimene chimachititsa. N'zovuta ati amene angakhale nkuyamba.
Awa ndi nsomba, njoka, achule, mtsinje ndi dziko nyama, mbalame, tizilombo, nyama zokwawa lalikulu ndi ng'ombe. Pamene kusaka, piranhas ntchito mphamvu zawo: liwiro, anadabwa kuukira ndi massiveness. Iwo akhoza penyani kuti wozunzidwa pa malo, kuchokera kumeneko pomenyana pa nthawi yabwino.
Lonse kuukira nkhosa mwakamodzi, pamene, ngakhale ulendo olowa, iwo kuchita paokha. Iwo amakhala osowa kununkhiza kuti amawathandiza kupeza wovulalayo. Ngati pali bala pa thupi, palibe mpata kubisalira iwo.
Other nsomba, kumenya wamphamvu ameneyu, mofulumira pomenyana sukulu, nthawi yomweyo kutaya kuonetsa ndi mantha. Ogwirira kuwatengera iwo mmodzi pa nthawi, anthu ang'onoang'ono yomweyo kuwameza, anthu lalikulu anayamba kudziluma pamodzi. Dongosolo lonse kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri, pankhani ya mphindi. Iwo omnivorous, kotero iwo akhoza kuukira osati nsomba, komanso mbalame m'madzi.
Nyama sadzapulumuka kwa iwo ngati iwo kulowa mu malo awa nsomba kudziunjikira. Panali milandu kudana anthu, makamaka madzi kuopsedwa, kapena ngati iwo anavulala. Ndi zoopsa kwambiri ngakhale kubweretsa dzanja mu magazi madzi, amatha kudumpha kuchokera mmadzi.
bloodthirstiness Nthawi zambiri limaleka wamantha zachilengedwe ndi mosamala. Nthawi zina ngakhale kumenyana ndi ng'ona ngati anavulala. Tinkaonera momwe ng'ona anathawa gulu la piranhas, kutembenuzira mimba kwake. nsana Wake bwino kutetezedwa kuposa mimba zofewa. Ndi nkhosa lonse, amatha kubweretsa ng'ombe lalikulu kutopa pa imfa ya magazi.
Apaulendo mu Amazon zambiri anati matsango a nsomba pafupi ndi mabwato awo, iwo amakana anatsagana nawo kwa nthawi yaitali, poganiza kuti phindu. Nthawi zina kumenyana pakati pawo. Ngakhale ndege tizilombo kapena tsamba akugwa udzu n'kuzitentha mwachiwawa zamitengo pa chinthu chokwawa ndi kupanga zonyasa.
Asodzi anaona nsomba anadya molasidwa awo achibale. The nsomba zokodwa atagona pa gombe, mwanjira kukunkhuniza ku mtsinje, ndi m'kuphethira kwa diso anadyedwa ndi awo atsogoleri anzake.
Kunyumba, piranhas zamiyendo Inayi imayambira ndi zitsamba: letesi, kabichi, lunguzi, sipinachi, masamba grated, nthawizina iwo kudyetsedwa ndi tubifex kapena bloodworm. Ogwirira imayambira nsomba, nsomba, nyama. Mwachitsanzo, iwo kugula yaing'ono guppies mtengo swordtails, nthawi zina capelin.
Nkhanu ndi nyama amagwiritsidwa woyanjidwa ndi piranhas panokha. Ndipo nthawi zonse tating'ono ting'ono nyama zilipo. Nthawi zina nsomba kukhala capricious, kusankha nyama imodzi, kukana wina. Ngati iwo kudya bwino, ndiye kuomba Alamu. Tayang'anani pa kutentha, chiyero madzi, aeration boma.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Akamakula chifukwa kubereka ana pa zaka 1.5. Ndiye jenda zingadziŵike. Spawning zidzachitika ya chilimwe kuchokera March kuti August. Poyamba, iwo unagawika awiriawiri ndi kuyamba mating masewera. Iwo kusambira intensively pafupi wina ndi mnzake, zimatulutsa phokoso guttural, kukopa ndi maluwa. mitundu yawo kukuwalira noticeable kwambiri.
Banjalo amasankha chete malo amene amafuna amateteza kwa adani. A wamkazi payekha malo mazira pa pamalo ndi lathyathyathya: mizu mtengo, zomera akuyandama, nthaka pansi. The ndondomeko spawning chikuchitika m'bandakucha, ndi dzuwa likutuluka. Mazira ang'ono, pa 2 mpaka 4 mm. Iwo Amber chikasu kapena Kamaoneka mtundu.
Zokolola - mazira ambirimbiri ochokera munthu mmodzi. Iwo yomweyo ukala. Amuna kuteteza ana wapatali. Nthawi makulitsidwe ndi masiku 10-15, malingana ndi kutentha kwa chilengedwe m'madzi. Ndiye mphutsi kuoneka pa mazira.
Mu ukapolo, amakhala kwa zaka 7 mpaka 15. Pali anthu kuti moyo mpaka zaka 20. The kutalika kwa moyo motalika chinalembedwa kwa zamiyendo Inayi wofiira pacu - zaka 28 (by njira, za ubwino zamasamba). adani Natural lalikulu zolusa nsomba, caiman, inia dolphin, lalikulu m'madzi kamba ndi anthu.
Piranha kusaka
nsomba zonse za banja ndi edible ndi chokoma. Aaborijini moyo pa magombe a mitsinje komwe amapezeka ndi nsomba lonse zolusa izi. nyama akufanana ndi nsomba; mu Amazon, piranhas amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma. Koma kugwira piranhas Si bwino.
Msodzi chikadzavala nyambo pa mbedza lalikulu, ngowe izo pa waya zitsulo ndi Sachita dongosolo lonse mu mtsinje. Pambuyo miniti, mukhoza tinyamuke sansani nsomba pa doko. Ndiye iwo kuchepetsa izo kachiwiri, ndipo kotero inu mukhoza kukakwera mpaka dzanja watopa. Ziweto za alenje izi kungoti kwambiri.
Inu muyenera kuyang'ana kuti atagundidwa osati kusiya dontho la magazi m'madzi. Kupanda kutero, mukhoza kuyamba kudumpha ndi tagwira dzanja okha. anglers Unlucky anataya zala zawo zimenezo ulendo nsomba. Zingakhale yolondola kwambiri kupereka dzina nsomba izi kufuna piranhas.
Ndikufuna kokha ngati kuchenjeza mafani "kwambiri". Sikutheka kwa munthu wosadziwa kusiyanitsa nsomba zolusa kuchokera herbivore pa mtsinje. Choncho, nsomba mlamba ndi nsomba bwino.
Zosangalatsa
- Piranhas ndi bwino olemera maso. Iwo amatha kuona mthunzi kusuntha padziko kuchokera mu kuya, ngakhale ndi ntchentche kapena njuchi.
- Ngati inu mopepuka kugogoda kapena kugwedeza thanki piranha, nsomba adzagwa mbali yawo, alinkugwa pansi. Kenako kukhadzikika ndi kuwuka. Iwo sangakhoze kuima phokoso, ndi amanyazi kwambiri.
- A wachibale wa piranha, ndi nsomba nyalugwe, amakhala ku Africa. Mkaziyo ali kumuwombera chimodzimodzi.
- Amasankha magazi nthawi yomweyo ndipo kutali. Zatsopano anasonyeza kuti dziwe lalikulu ankaona dontho la magazi masekondi 30.
- Piranhas amaonedwa "phokoso" nsomba. Iwo zimalira munyengo zosiyanasiyana. Pamene nkhondo, iwo akhoza kupanga phokoso ngati drumming. Ngati iwo kusambira pafupi wina ndi mnzake, iwo "croak" ngati akhwangwala. Ndipo ngati iwo kuukira, iwo zimatulutsa ndi mawu croaking, ngati chule.
- Kuyendetsa ng'ombe pamtsinjewo, abusa Amazon nthawi zina amakakamizidwa "nsembe kwa mtsinje chiwanda" piranha munthu kapena nyama ziwiri. Kukhala anapezerapo akuvutika Kalanga mu mtsinje, akuyembekezera nkhosa kukalimbana nawo. Ndiye ena onse a ng'ombe yatsala otchezedwa.
- Ziweto malo amenewo sali alibe nzeru. Tinaona kuti akavalo ndi agalu, kuti amwe madzi koopsa, choyamba anabwera mu malo amodzi ndi kuyamba kupanga phokoso, kukopa chidwi cha gulu zolusa. Pamene kuzemba chinyengo ntchito, mwamsanga anathamanga malo ena ndi analedzera.
- dzina lina zolusa awa ndi mtsinje afisi, iwo akhoza bwino kudya zovunda. Mu masiku akale, Aaborijini anali ndi mwambo chodabwitsa. Anacita mafupa a atsogoleri awo akufa. Ndipo kotero kuti mafupa zinali zoyera bwino kukonzedwa, iwo adatchithisira thupi mu khoka m'madzi. The piranhas kuti Anafika mopanda kuwononga zachilengedwe adatafuna pa iye, monga mafupa anali kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.
- Ndizosatheka kutchula kanema wachipembedzo wa Andrey Kavun kutengera buku la Alexander Bashkov "Piranha Hunt". Munthu wamkulu, wothandizirana ndi asitikali apanyanja, a Kirill Mazura, adatchulidwanso "Piranha" chifukwa chodziwika bwino cha "kuluma" pamlanduwo, "kutafuna" zanzeru zonse ndikusiya "mafupa" okhawo amvuto.
