Mbalame yambewu kuchokera kubanja la mphamba, mtundu wa nkhandwe, dongosolo la odyetsa masana. Mlenje wothamanga kwambiri, wamphamvu kwambiri, wanzeru kwambiri komanso wochenjera kwambiri pakati pa mbalame. Liwiro la kuyenda ndi 100 km / h, kulowa pachimake panthawi yosaka kumakhala liwiro la womenya, pafupifupi 300 km / h. Chida chabwino chakupha chopangidwa mwachilengedwe.
Falcon ndimitundu yonse, imapulumuka bwino kulikonse kupatula Antarctica. Mitundu yomwe imakhala kumadera ozizira ndikusamukira, enawo amakhala m'malo amodzi nthawi zonse.
Peregrine Falcons ndi anzeru kwambiri komanso osavuta kuphunzitsa, kuyambira nthawi zakale akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama posangalatsa akalonga (falconry). Mbalame yophunzitsidwa bwino ndiyosowa ndipo si aliyense amene angakwanitse.
Kusunga mlenje mu ukapolo ndikovuta ngakhale munthawi yathu ino, mukufunikira mlengalenga waukulu wokhala ndi mitengo, ndi malo ochezera. Chakudya chachilengedwe, chopanda mafupa ndi nthenga, matumbo adzavutika.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Peregrine Falcon ndi nyama yolusa yayikulu kwambiri kuchokera kubanja lawo. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pakati pa 34 mpaka 50 sentimita, ndipo mapiko ake ndi ochokera masentimita 80 mpaka 120. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa magalamu 900-1500. Amuna amalemera magalamu 440-750. Kusiyana kwakunja pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunatchulidwe.
Thupi lake lili ngati lanyama zolusa: chifuwa chimakhala champhamvu ndikutuluka komanso minofu yolimba; miyendo ndi yaifupi, yakuda, yamphamvu, milomo ndi chikwakwa chopindika; mlomo umatha ndi mano akuthwa omwe amatha kuluma ma vertebrae a khomo lachiberekero. Maso ndi akulu, ngati mbalame, yotupa, yakuda, khungu loyang'ana m'maso ndilotumbululuka, palibe nthenga.
Mtundu wa nthenga. Muzitsanzo zokhwima, kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira wakumtunda ndizoterera; sizikhala zowoneka bwino kwambiri zakuda. Nsonga za mapiko ndi zakuda. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira mumitundu yoyera kapena ocher, zimatengera dera lokhalamo. Chifuwa ndi mbali zake ndizokongoletsedwa ndi mizere yosaoneka ngati blob.
Mchira, wokutidwa pansi, uli ndi utoto wakuda ndi kansalu kakang'ono kakuda kumapeto. Mutu wakuda pamwamba, kuwala pansipa. Miyendo yam'munsi yamphamvu ndi milomo yooneka ngati chikwakwa ndi yakuda, pansi pake pali chikaso.
Mbalame za chaka choyamba cha moyo zimadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pamtundu: kumbuyo kuli kofiirira, ocher; chotupacho ndi chopepuka kwambiri, chamizere yolumikizana; miyendo ndi yachikasu; Pansi pamlomo pake pamakhala imvi. Mtundu wa nthenga za peregrine falcon zimadalira mtundu wake, komanso dera lomwe amakhala.
Mitundu
Asayansi ofufuza za mbalame aphunzira ndikufotokozera zazing'ono 19 za peregrine falcon, iliyonse ili ndi malo ake okhala:
- Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall, ma subspecies osankhidwa. Chikhalidwe Eurasia. Kumangirizidwa kumalo okhazikika.
- Falco peregrinus calidus Latham, tundra kapena nkhokwe. Amakhala pazilumba za Arctic Ocean, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic. M'nyengo yozizira, amasintha malo ake okhala kukhala madera ofunda a Nyanja ya Mediterranean, Black ndi Caspian.
- Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin (kuphatikizapo kleinschmidti, pleskei ndi harterti). Amakhala madera akumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, Kamchatka, ndi zilumba zaku Japan.
- Falcon yaku Malta, Falco peregrinus brookeiSharpe. Malo okhalamo: Mediterranean, Peninsula ya Iberia, Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, Caucasus ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Crimea.
- Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temminck ndi nkhono yochokera kuzilumba za Canary, North Africa ndi Middle East.
- Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall, kabawe kakang'ono kwambiri, amakhala m'malo okhazikika ku South Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa China.
- Falco peregrinus madens Ripley & Watson ndi mitundu yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha kuzilumba za Cape Verde, pomwe owonera mbalame amangopeza mapawuni 6-8 okha. Kugonana kwamitundu yakuda kulipo, zomwe sizodziwika ndi ma subspecies ena.
- Falco peregrinus wamng'ono Bonaparte, subspecies wokhala pansi waku South Africa.
- Falco peregrinus radama Hartlaub -African subspecies, amakonda Madagascar ndi Comoros.
- Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, mbalame yosowa kwambiri yomwe imakhala malo amodzi. Amapezeka m'mapiri a Rocky kumadzulo kwa America.
- Falco peregrinus macropus Swainson 1837 ndi Falco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews 1912, amangokhala kumtunda kwa Australia.
- Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (wakuda falcon), wamkulu kwambiri wa subspecies. Habitat: magombe a North America, British Columbia, Queen Charlotte Islands, Gombe la Bering Sea, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands.
- Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, nyengo yozizira imapita kumadera otentha apakatikati ndi kumwera kwa America.
- Kukonda kutentha Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe. Wokhazikika ku Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Peregrine Falcon ndi nyama yolusa komanso yopanda ulemu yomwe imazika mizu padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica ndi New Zealand. Sachita mantha ndi chisanu chapamwamba komanso kutentha kwakukulu kwamalo otentha aku Africa.
Amapewa madera ozizira kwambiri ozizira, mapiri okwera kuposa 4 zikwi mita, zipululu, malo otentha okhala ndi chinyezi chowonjezera ndi madera akulu. Ku Russia, malo okhala ndi zisa palibe ku Volga steppes ndi Western Siberia.
Amakonda magombe amiyala yamadamu osiyanasiyana. Amasankha malo okhala ndi zisa zomwe ndizovuta kuzifikira kwa adani achilengedwe (kuphatikiza anthu), nthawi zonse amawoneka bwino komanso malo oti athe kulumikizana nawo kwaulere.
Malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi chisa amapezeka m'zigwa zamapiri zam'mapiri, m'mphepete mwa miyala komanso kukhalapo kwa dziwe kumapereka kuchuluka kwambiri kwa anthu. M'mapiri mumakhala pamiyala yamiyala, m'nkhalango mumasankha mitengo yayitali kwambiri, m'mbali mwa mitsinje, m'matumba a moss, mosangalala imakhala zisa za mbalame zina.
Nthawi zina peregrine falcon chisa Tingaone m'mizinda ikuluikulu, padenga la nyumba zazitali zazitali zamiyala. Komanso, mapaipi amafakitole osiyanasiyana, milatho, nsanja zazitali kwambiri, zipilala zazinyumba zazitali, makamaka, chilichonse chomwe chimafanana mwala wamiyala, chimakhala malo abwino okhala.
Mbalame zambiri zimakhala moyo wokhazikika, kupatula okhawo ndi anthu okhala m'malo ovuta a Far North, zimawulukira kumadera otentha nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zina, nthawi zambiri kukuzizira, amatha kuyenda makilomita angapo, kufunafuna chakudya chabwino.
Kutalika kwa gawo la chisa chimodzi ndi kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 6 kilomita. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mupereke chakudya chofunikira, chomwe chikufunika mwachangu chomwe chimakulira kwambiri pakukweza. Gulu lililonse lili ndi malo 6-7 oyenera kuikira mazira, amagwiritsidwa ntchito koposa nyengo imodzi.
Mbalame zimayang'anira malo omwe amasakira, zikaukira katundu wawo, zimaukira anthu okulirapo (ziwombankhanga, akhwangwala). Kuyandikira kwa munthu kumadziwika kuchokera patali mita 200-300 ndipo alamu amaperekedwa.
Wobisalayo akapitiliza kupita ku chisa, champhongo chimayamba kupindika mokweza pamutu pake, nthawi zambiri atakhala pamitengo yomwe ikukula pafupi, wamkazi amalowa nawo. Phiri la peregrine loteteza chisa ndi anapiye limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, limatha kutulutsa nyama zazikulu m'malo mwake: agalu, nkhandwe, nkhandwe za polar.
Falcon amadya makamaka mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri: mpheta, mbalame zakuda, nyenyezi, abakha, nkhunda. Nthawi zina omwe amawazunza ndi awa: mileme, agologolo, hares, mbalame zam'madzi. Monga wolusa weniweni, amachita nawo zisa za ena.
Zakudya zosiyanasiyana zimadalira malo okhalamo, mwachitsanzo, nkhono zosaka nkhokwe zimasaka makamaka ma gopher, lemmings ndi voles zomwe ndizofala mdera lawo. Amakhala ndi 30% yazopanga zonse.
Kusaka kumachitika m'mawa kapena madzulo. Nkhono yotulutsa peregine nthawi zambiri chimakhala chobisalira pamwamba penipeni podikirira kuti nyama iwonekere. Itha kuwuluka pafupi ndi nthaka kuyesa kuopseza ndikuchotsa nyama yobisala pogona.
Powona nyamayo, mbalameyo imakwera kumwamba, ndikupinda mapiko ake, imatsikira pansi, pafupifupi mbali yakumanja, imachoka pansi pamadzi, kuyesera kugunda wovulalayo mwamphamvu. Nthawi zina makoko a peregrine amasaka awiriawiri. Kuyesa kugwira nyama mlengalenga kapena poyandikira, mosinthana ndi wovulalayo.
Zikazungulira m'minda, kufunafuna nyama, mbalame zimauluka motsika kwambiri, ngakhale msanga amatha kupha msaki wotchuka. Koma diso lokongoka lokha ndi lomwe lidagwira mayendedwe a wovutitsidwayo, machitidwe ake amasintha modabwitsa, kuthamangira mwachangu, koopsa, lipenga lalikulu la mlenje wopanda mantha.
Mukamayenda pansi pamadzi liwiro la falcon ya peregrine nthawi zina imakwera mpaka 322 km / h, ndiye mbalame yofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuphulika kwa zikhomo zake kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti wovulalayo nthawi zambiri amataya mutu. Nyama yomwe imapulumuka mwangozi pambuyo poti yaukira mwamphamvu idzathetsedwa ndi mulomo wamphamvu wokhala ndi mbedza. Amadyera m'malo okwera ndi chiwonetsero chabwino.
Amadya nyama zawo mosasiyapo kanthu, kusiya atakonzeka: mutu, mapiko, miyendo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osiyana ndi nyama zina zolusa zamphongo. Pafupi ndi malo obisalirako mungapeze zinyalala za chakudya, zomwe asayansi odziwa za mbalame amadziwa momwe mbalame zimadyera. Komanso, pakupezeka zotsalira, ndizotheka kudziwa ngati chisa ndi cha peregrine falcon kapena chilombo china.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Amatha kubereka ali ndi chaka chimodzi, koma masewera olimbirana komanso kuikira mazira nthawi zambiri amayamba azaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Falcon ya peregrine imawonetsa kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi, kamodzi komwe adapanga chisa chawiri m'miyoyo yawo yonse.
Mwamuna akufika pamalo obisalira amayamba kunyengerera mkazi, akuwonetsa kuwuluka kothamanga: amatembenuka ndikuwombana, akuchita ma pirouette ovuta, amalowa m'madzi otsetsereka, ndikutuluka mwamphamvu. Mayi yemwe adayankhanso amakhala pansi chapafupi.
Amuna awiriwo apanga, mbalame zimayang'ana munthu wotsutsana, kuyeretsa nthenga ndi milomo yawo, kutafuna zikhadabo. Mwamuna wokonzekeretsayo amapatsa mayiyo mphatso, zopatsa zomwe wapatsidwa, mnzake amalandira pa ntchentche, chifukwa amayenera kutembenukira pansi pa ntchentche.
Kabawi wamkazi wamkazi peregrine amayamba kuikira mazira kumapeto kwa Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira atatu pachisa, nthawi zina kuchuluka kwawo kumawonjezeka mpaka zidutswa zisanu. Clutch yayikulu kwambiri idapezeka ndi asayansi odziwa zamankhwala ku Europe, inali ndi mazira 6. Mkazi amaikira dzira limodzi kuposa maora 48 aliwonse.
Mazira amayeza 51-52 ndi 41-42 millimeters. Chipolopolocho ndi choyera chikasu kapena choterera, nthawi zina amakhala ofiira komanso ofiira ofiira, matte okhala ndi ma tubercles a calcareous. Pamwamba pali chidutswa chofiira kwambiri kapena chofiirira.
Nthawi yoswedwa kwa mwanayo ndi masiku 33-35. Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali pamakulitsidwe, koma mkazi amakhala nthawi yochulukirapo pochita izi. Chowotchera choyamba chikadzawonongedwa, chachikazi chimayikira mazira pachisa china. Awiriwa amabereka ana amodzi pachaka.
Anapiye a mbalame zankhandwe amabadwa ataphimbidwa ndimdima woyera ndipo alibe chochita, ali ndi miyendo yayikulu kwambiri mokhudzana ndi thupi. Mkazi amakhala nthawi zonse pachisa, kudyetsa ndi kuwotha ana ake. Ntchito yamphongo ndikutenga ndikubweretsa chakudya cha banja.
Anapiye amathawira koyamba paokha akafika zaka 35-45. Koma pomwe amakhalabe odalira makolo awo, zimatenga milungu ingapo kufikira ataphunzira kusaka popanda thandizo. Kudera laling'ono la dziko lathu, kuwonekera kwa anapiye kumagwera mzaka khumi zapitazi za June.
Peregrine Falcon ndi mbalame yosawerengeka - anthu ake adatsika kwambiri nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Akatswiri omwe adachita kafukufukuyu akuphatikiza kufa kwa mitunduyo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine polima nthaka. Pambuyo poletsa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wowopsa, anthu akula kwambiri m'maiko onse.
Peregrine Falcons adasowa kwathunthu kumapeto kwa zaka za sikisite m'madera: kum'mawa kwa United States ndikubala Canada. Maboma a mayikowa achitapo kanthu pobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuletsedwa kogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kunayambitsidwa. Mapulogalamu obereketsa ndi kubwezeretsanso akhazikitsidwa mmaiko.
Chifukwa cha zaka makumi atatu za ntchito adavekedwa ndi kutulutsa mbalame 6,000 kumalo achilengedwe. Kuyambira 1999, anthu aku America adachira kwathunthu ndipo saopsezedwanso kuti atha.
Ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa mphamba wa peregrine sikuchuluka kwambiri, pafupifupi awiriawiri 2-3. M'madera onse, kupezeka kwa chilombocho kumalo ake akale okhala ndi zisa kunadziwika. Akatswiri apeza zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi:
- Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi zinyama zolusa ndi mbalame zina.
- Kuwononga mwadala munthu, mwachitsanzo, obereketsa nkhunda.
- Poizoni wa mankhwala ochokera ku makoswe omwe amadyetsa tirigu wochokera kuminda yapoizoni.
- Kuwonongeka kwa zisa ndi anthu, ophunzitsidwa bwino posaka nkhono, ndizosowa ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa nkhono zapa peregrine m'malo ake achilengedwe ndi zaka 15-17. Peregrine Falcon ndi wachilengedwe chonse, amakhala bwino ndikukhala m'maiko onse, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yosowa kwenikweni. Funso limadzuka mwangozi peregrine falcon mu Red Book kapena osati?
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa anthu komanso kuwopseza kutha kwa mitundu ina, mbalameyi imalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, ndipo imatetezedwa ngati nyama zosowa komanso zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, malinga ndi gulu lachiwiri.
Zosangalatsa
Ku USA, pali makamera awebusayiti pakhonde la skyscraper, mothandizidwa ndi iwo omwe angafune kuwona moyo wa nkhono za peregrine zisa pamwamba pa 50th floor. Moscow amakhalanso ndi moyo, ngakhale pakadali pano ma falconi awiri okha, adakhazikika pa nyumba yayikulu ya Moscow State University.
Peregrine Falcon - yakhala chizindikiro cha dziko la America la Idaho, ndipo chithunzi chake chimagwidwa pamtengo wokumbukira wa 25-cent, wosindikizidwa ndi Mint mu 2007. Pa mbendera ndi malaya aku Russia pali chithunzi cha nkhono wa peregrine: Suzdal, Sokol, Kumertau, anali chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha akalonga akale aku Russia.
Zimazungulira minda, kufunafuna nyama, mbalame zimauluka motsika kwambiri, ngakhale wotchera mwamphamvu amatha msaki wotchuka. Koma diso lokhala ndi chidwi limangogwira kuyenda kwa nyamayo, machitidwe ake amasintha modabwitsa, kuthamangira mwachangu, koopsa, khadi yayikulu ya mlenje wopanda mantha.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti, ikukula pamwamba pa liwiro la mawu, mbalameyo siyimva kusowa kwa mpweya, izi zimathandizidwa ndimapangidwe apadera am'mphuno. Kuyenda kwa mpweya kumachedwetsa ndipo mbalame ikupitilira kupuma monga mwachizolowezi.
Mu 1530 chilumba cha Malta chinaperekedwa kwa 5 Knightly Order ndi Emperor Charles. Zofunikira za mfumu: peregrine falcon imodzi, chaka chilichonse ngati mphatso. Pambuyo pa nkhaniyi, ma subspecies atsopano adawonekera - aku Malta.
