Njoka yamphongo yamphongo ndi am'banja la nkhamba. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, imadya njoka, koma si chakudya chonse cha mbalame zodya nyama. M'nthano zakale, wodya njoka nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wopondereza wamiyendo yabuluu kapena amangomunyoza.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Anthu ena amasokoneza chiwombankhanga ndi chiombankhanga, koma chidwi chachikulu chimawona kufanana pang'ono pakati pa ziwirizi. Ngati atamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzina loti krachun limatanthauza "nkhope yozungulira". Mutu wa akudya njoka ndi wokulirapo, wozungulira, ngati wa kadzidzi. Anthu a ku Britain anamutcha "mphungu ndi zala zazifupi."
Zala zazing'onozo ndizofupikitsa kuposa za nkhwangwa, zikhadabo zakuda ndizopindika. Maso ndi akulu, achikaso, owongoleredwa kutsogolo. Amayang'anitsitsa mwachidwi. Mlomo ndi wawukulu, wolimba, wotuwa-wotsogola, mbali zake zofananira ndizofewa, zimawerama.
The thupi ndi wandiweyani. Mtundu wakumbuyo wa mbalameyi ndi wamtundu waimvi, khosi lake ndi lofiirira, nthenga pamimba ndizowoneka bwino. Pali mikwingwirima yakuda pamapiko ndi mchira. Mapazi ndi zala zakuda ndi imvi. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amapentedwa ndi mawu owala komanso amdima. Nthawi zina mumatha kupeza njoka yamdima.
Monga adanenera, chiwombankhanga chachikulu chimakhala chachikulu, chofanana ndi tsekwe kukula kwake. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame wamkulu kumafika masentimita 75, mapiko ake ndiwopatsa chidwi (kuyambira 160 mpaka 190 cm). Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 2 kg. Akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana ndi amuna, koma okulirapo pang'ono kuposa iwo (uku ndiko kufotokozera kwachiwerewere).
Mitundu
Njoka Ndi a gulu la mbalame, dongosolo la ma falconiform, banja la nkhamba. Mwachilengedwe, ma subspecies ambiri amtundu wa njoka amasiyana. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa.
- Chiwombankhanga chofala kwambiri chimakhala chaching'ono (mpaka 72 cm kutalika). Kumbuyo kuli mdima, khosi ndi mimba ndizopepuka. Maso ndi achikaso chowala. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi akuluakulu.
- Mdima wakuda umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 68, mapiko a 178 cm, mpaka 2.3 kg. Mutu ndi chifuwa ndi zofiirira kapena zakuda (chifukwa chake dzinalo). Mimba ndi mkati mwa mapiko ndizopepuka.
- Wodya njoka za Baudouin ndiye nyama zazikulu kwambiri. Mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 170. Kumbuyo, kumutu ndi pachifuwa nthenga zimakhala zotuwa. Mimba ndi yotumbululuka ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono yakuda. Miyendo ndiyotalika imvi.
- Brown ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Avereji ya kutalika kwa masentimita 75, mapiko a 164 cm, thupi lolemera mpaka 2.5 kg. Kunja kwamapiko ndi thupi kuli kofiirira, mkatimo ndi kotuwa. Mchira wofiirira uli ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka.
- Chosema mizere chakumwera ndichapakatikati kukula (osapitilira 60 cm kutalika). Kumbuyo ndi pachifuwa ndi bulauni yakuda, mutu wake ndi wopepuka. Pamimba pamakhala mikwingwirima yoyera yaying'ono. Mchira umakutidwa ndi mizere yoyera yoyera.
- Chinsinsi Wodya njoka ndi mbalame yolimba yomwe ili ndi mapiko ozungulira ndi mchira wawung'ono. Mphuno kuyambira imvi mpaka yakuda. Pamutu pake pali chakuda ndi choyera (motero dzinalo), mokondwera, chimadzitukumula.
Kuphatikiza pa ma subspecies awa, pali Madagascar komanso odyera njoka zamizeremizere. Anthu odyera njoka ku Europe ndi ku Turkestan amapezeka ku Russia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Moyo ndi zizolowezi zake zili ngati khungubwe kuposa chiwombankhanga. Izi ndizoyenera, koma nthawi yomweyo zopanda pake mbalame. Amayang'ana kwambiri nyama zodyera komanso ochita bwino pakudya. Amasamala pafupi ndi chisa, amayesetsa kuti asafuule. Masana, amapita pang'onopang'ono kumwamba, akusaka. Chiwombankhanga chokhala pamtengocho chimawoneka madzulo ndi m'mawa okha.
Kudya njoka yamphongo - mbalame yobisika, yochenjera komanso yodekha. Amakhala kumadera opanda anthu okhala ndi mitengo yosungulumwa, yomwe ndi yofunikira pomanga zisa. Makonda amaperekedwa kumapiri ouma okhala ndi udzu wochepa ndi zitsamba zazing'ono. Amakonda kwambiri masamba obiriwira nthawi zonse ndi mitengo italiitali komanso mitengo yazipatso. Kutentha kwambiri, mbalame zimakonda kukhala pamtengo, kutambasula osayenda.
Mitundu ya omwe amadya njoka imaphimba Africa kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Eurasia, Mongolia ndi India, Russia (ngakhale Siberia). Ku Asia, amakonda kukhala m'malo azitchire ndi mitengo yosawerengeka ya kukaikira mazira, kumpoto njoka yamphongo imakhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi nkhalango zowirira, madambo ndi mitsinje, komwe kumakhala chakudya chanu (zokwawa).
Munthu wamkulu mmodzi amasaka mtunda wa 35 sq. Km. Monga lamulo, pali gawo lamakilomita awiri osalowerera pakati pa madera omwe ali m'malire (mtunda womwewo umawoneka pomanga zisa). Pakusaka, nthawi zambiri zimauluka pafupi ndi midzi.
Mbalame zakumpoto ndi zakumwera zimasiyana pamitundu yawo: mbalame zakumpoto zimasamukira kwina, mbalame zakumwera zimangokhala. Odya njoka amasamuka mtunda wautali (mpaka 4700 km). Oimira aku Europe nthawi yozizira kokha ku Africa komanso kumpoto kwa equator. Madera okhala ndi nyengo youma pang'ono komanso nyengo yamvula yambiri amasankhidwa.
Odya njoka amayamba kusamuka kumapeto kwa chirimwe; pakati pa Seputembala, mbalame zimafika ku Bosphorus, Gibraltar kapena Israel. Zonsezi, kuthawa kumatha milungu yoposa 4. Njira yakubwerera nyengo yozizira ya mbalame imadutsa njira yomweyo.
Ngakhale kufalikira kwakukulu, mawonekedwe amomwe amachitira ndi mbalamezi sanaphunzire mokwanira. M'mayiko ena (kuphatikiza dziko lathu) njoka yamphongo yalembedwa m'buku lofiira.
Njoka yamphongo ndi mbalame yamanyazi. Kuwona mdani (ngakhale munthu), nthawi yomweyo amathawa. Anapiye okulira sangadzipweteke okha, amatha kudziteteza ndi milomo ndi zikhadabo zawo, ndipo anawo amabisala, amaundana. Mbalame zimalankhulana nthawi zonse, zimakonda kusewera limodzi. Amuna achichepere ndi akazi, akumuthamangitsa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu a anthu 6-12.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya kudyetsa njoka yopapatiza, menyu ndi ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimadya njoka, njoka, mitu yamkuwa ndi njoka, nthawi zina abuluzi. M'nyengo yozizira, njoka zambiri zimagwera m'malo oimitsidwa, pomwe zochita m'thupi zimachedwetsa kapena kuimiratu, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala pamalo okhazikika.
Alenje okhala ndi nthenga amasaka nyama yawo osati kale masana, pakakhala pachimake pantchito ya zokwawa. Mbalame zimachita liwiro la mphezi, chifukwa chomwe wovulalayo alibe nthawi yokana. Kuphatikiza apo, zishango zotsekemera zili pamapazi a mbalame, zomwe zimakhala zotetezera zina.
Kuphatikiza pa zokwawa, chakudya cha mbalame chimakhala ndi akamba, mbewa, achule, mahedgehogs, akalulu, ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Mbalame imodzi ikuluikulu imadya njoka ziwiri zapakatikati patsiku.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Odya njoka amapanga mabanja atsopano nyengo iliyonse. Okwatirana ena amakhala okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zingapo. Magule ovina ndiosavuta. Amuna amathamangitsa akazi, kenako wamkazi amakhala pamtengo.
Kenako yamphongo imadziponya mwala mita ingapo, kenako imadzukanso kumwamba. Pali nthawi zina amagwira nyama yakufa m'kamwa mwake, yomwe imagwa pansi, ndikulira nthawi imodzi.
Atangobwera kuchokera kumadera ofunda (kumayambiriro kwa masika), mbalame zimayamba kumanga zisa. Amumanga pamwamba kumtunda kwa mtengo kuti adani omwe angakhale nawo asafikire mbewuyo. Ndi yamphamvu kwambiri, banja lakhala likuigwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo, koma yosasangalatsa komanso yaying'ono.
Mzimayi samakhala kwathunthu pachisa: mutu wake ndi mchira zimawonekera kunja. Onse awiri akuchita zomangamanga, koma amuna amapereka nthawi yochuluka, khama ndi chidwi pa izi. Zisa za mbalame zili pamiyala, mitengo, tchire lalitali.
Zipangizo zazikulu zomangira ndi nthambi ndi nthambi. Pafupifupi, chisa chimakhala chachikulu masentimita 60 komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 25. Mkati mwake mumakhala ndi udzu, nthambi zobiriwira, nthenga ndi zidutswa za zikopa za njoka. Amadyera monga kubisa ndi kuteteza dzuwa.
Kuyika kumachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi ku Europe, mu Disembala ku Hindustan. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala dzira limodzi. Ngati mazira awiri atuluka, kamwana kamodzi kankamwalira, popeza makolo amasiya kuwasamalira mwana woyamba akangotuluka. Chifukwa cha ichi, wodya njoka amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yaulesi.
Mazira ndi oyera, owumbika bwino. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha masiku 45. Amuna amakhala ndiudindo wathunthu kwa amayi ndi makanda obadwa kumene. Mkazi wamkazi amathauluka koyamba patatha mwezi umodzi ataswa. Makanda nthawi zambiri amakhala okutidwa ndi zoyera zoyera. Pakakhala zoopsa, mayiyo amatenga mwana wankhukuyo kupita naye ku chisa china.
Poyamba, ana amadyetsedwa ndi nyama yodulidwa, anapiye ali ndi milungu iwiri, amapatsidwa njoka zazing'ono. Ngati mwana wankhuku ayamba kudya njokayo kumchira, makolo amatenga nyamayo ndikuyikakamiza kuti idye kuchokera kumutu. Kuphatikiza apo, amayesa kubweretsa njoka yamoyo kwa mwanayo kuti pang'onopang'ono aphunzire kulimbana ndi nyamayo.
Ali ndi zaka masabata atatu, anapiyewo amatha kuthana ndi zokwawa zazitali masentimita 80 ndi cm 40 cm. Mbalame zazing'ono zimayenera kukoka chakudya kuchokera kukhosi kwa makolo awo: akulu amabweretsa njoka zamoyo, zomwe anapiye amakoka kummero ndi kumchira.
M'miyezi 2-3 mbalame zimadzuka pamapiko, koma kwa miyezi iwiri amakhala "mopweteketsa makolo awo." Pa nthawi yonse yakudyetsa, makolo amapereka njoka pafupifupi 260 kwa mwana wankhuku. Utali wamoyo wa njoka yamphongo ndi zaka 15.
Zosangalatsa
Chodziwika ndichakuti ma coral ali ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri, okumbutsa kulira kwa chitoliro kapena ma oriole. Amayimba nyimbo yosangalatsa kubwerera ku chisa chake. Liwu lachikazi silimveka kwambiri. Mutha kusangalala ndikuwona kusaka kwa ziwombankhanga. Mbalameyi ndi yowona bwino, choncho imasaka m'mwamba.
Imatha kuuluka mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali kufunafuna nyama. Pozindikira wovulalayo, amadziponya pansi ndi mwala, ndikukula msanga mpaka 100 km / h, amatambasula zala zake ndikukumba zikhadabo zake mthupi la njokayo. Ndi mkono umodzi, chiwombankhanga chimagwira njokayo pamutu, inayo - ndi thupi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mulomo wake kuluma tendon pakhosi.
Pamene njokayo ikadali ndi moyo, wowombayo nthawi zonse amaidya kuchokera kumutu. Samang'amba zidutswazidutswa, kuzimeza zonse. Ndikumamwa kulikonse, wodya njokayo amathyola msana wa wovulalayo. Njoka yamphongo pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi njoka mkamwa mwake.
Pamene tikusaka njoka wodya njoka wamba Amadziika pachiwopsezo nthawi zonse, koma samwalira nthawi zonse chifukwa choluma. Odya njoka omwe alumidwa ali mumkhalidwe wowawa, opunduka. Ngakhale kuchedwa pang'ono kungamutayitse moyo wake.
Njokayi imatha kuphatikizira mbalameyo kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi, ndikusandutsa nyama. Chitetezo chachikulu cha chiwombankhanga ndi nthenga zowirira komanso mphamvu. Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame akhala akuchitira umboni mobwerezabwereza momwe wodabwitsayo, adafinya "mwamphamvu" mwamphamvu, adagwira mutuwo mpaka udafa.
Mutha kuwona momwe mbalame zimayendera pansi kuti zikapeze chakudya kuchokera pansi. Komanso, pakusaka, chiwombankhanga chimayenda m'madzi osaya, chimagwira nyama yake ndi mawoko ake. Okwawa achikulire amatha kupulumuka pakalibe chakudya chomwe amakonda, koma anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi njoka zokha.
Kwa moyo wake wonse, wakudya njokayo amadya njoka pafupifupi 1000. Chiwerengero cha mphungu ya njoka chikuchepa. Izi ndichifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kupha nyama moperewera, komanso kuchepa kwa zokwawa. Chifukwa chake, mtundu uwu udalembedwa mu Red Book.
