Mphungu ya GriffonPokhala chilombo, imasankha malo ake m'malo omwe simangopeza nyama zakutchire zokha, komanso zomera zakutchire.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame ya griffon imakhala ku Asia, Africa, Arabia Peninsula, pachilumba cha Sardinia ndi Sicily, komanso ku Russian Federation, Belarus komanso m'malo amtchire osakhudzidwa ndi anthu. Malowa akuphatikizapo malo okwera, zigwa, zipululu, zipululu zazing'ono, malo amiyala.
Mbalame yamphongo ya Griffon, yemwe ndi mkangaziwisi wamkulu, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 90 mpaka 115 cm, kulemera kwake kwa mbalame kumafika makilogalamu 6 mpaka 12, wokhala ndi mapiko otalika mamitala 0,24 mpaka 0.28. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna, samasiyana mtundu.
Maonekedwe a mbalameyi amakhala ndi utoto wofiira kumbuyo. Mimba imakhala ndi mdima wakuda, pamodzi ndi chotupa pamakhala malo nthawi zambiri amtundu wakuda. Pakhosi pa mbalameyi, kolayo imakhala ndi madzi oyera oyera. Mlomo ndi wachikasu komanso wamtambo. Nawonso ndi ofiira, amfupi m'litali.
Achinyamata amasiyana ndi achikulire omwe ali mumthunzi. Mbalame yachichepereyo ili ndi msana wokhala ndi mitundu yakuda, pansi pake pobisalira, yomwe imasintha pazaka zambiri ndikupeza mtundu wa mbalameyo pasanathe zaka zisanu.
Mitundu
Popeza chiwombankhanga ndi cha banja la nkhamba, lomwe lili ndi mitundu yotsatirayi yomwe imafanana.
1. Chiwombankhanga;
2. Marsh (bango) chotchinga;
3. Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu;
4. Mwamuna wa ndevu;
5. Tuvik waku Europe;
6. Buluzi lamiyendo yoyipa;
7. Njoka;
8. Khungubwi;
9. Kaiti yofiira;
10. Kurgannik;
11. Meadow Harrier;
12. Mphungu Yocheperapo;
13. Chiwombankhanga;
14. Manda oyimilira chiwombankhanga;
15. Mphungu yoyera;
16. Wodya mavu;
17. Field Harrier;
18. Steppe Harrier;
19. chiwombankhanga;
20. Mphungu;
21. Mbalame yakuda;
22 Kaiti yakuda;
23. Griffon Vulture;
24. Goshawk.
Ma subspecies apadera a griffon vulture ndi awa:
1. Vulture wamba wa griffon;
2. Indian Griffon Vulture;
3. Chipale chofewa kapena kumai.
Banja lonse la mphamba ndizofanana kukula, mtundu, ndi zizolowezi zolusa. Maonekedwe a mulomo amakhala ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino: mulomo umakhala wolumikizika komanso m'mbali mwake. Kutenga nawo gawo kwa mbalame zam'banja lino ndi mapazi okhala ndi mapiko mpaka kumapazi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ngati tilingalira, ndiye kuti titha kuwona izi Mphungu ya griffon pachithunzichi ili ndi mchira wautali, mapiko otambalala, wamwamuna wokhwima ndi wamkazi pakhosi kolala lowonekera ndi lalitali lalitali pansi. Ngakhale kukula kwake, mutu wa mbalameyo ndi wocheperako, nthenga pamutu pake zimakhala ngati kankhuni koyera.
Ikakhala pamapiri akumpoto kwa Caucasus, mbalameyi imadzipatsa chakudya ndipo imatha kuuluka mlengalenga. Mbalameyi imasankha malo okhala kumapiri komanso amiyala chifukwa cha kukula kwake, chifukwa kumakhala kovuta kuti inyamuke pamalo athyathyathya.
Njira yonyamula mapiko imakhala ndi mapiko osowa, koma nthawi yomweyo yakuya, kotero ndikosavuta kuti mbalame igwe pamiyala, m'matanthwe, osakhudza pamwamba ndi mapiko ake, ndipo pamalo athyathyathya, mapiko awa amapangitsa kukhala kovuta kusuntha ndikunyamuka mwachangu. Mbalameyi imamveka mokuwa modzidzimutsa ikamayankhulana ndi abale.
Malo ouma omwe amakhala amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo, popeza mbalameyi ndi ya nyama zodya nyama, imadyetsa ndi kupulumuka chifukwa chakufa. Kutalika kwa moyo wa achikulire mpaka zaka 25, kumalo osungira nyama atha kukhala zaka 40.
Zakudya zabwino
Chikhalidwe chodyera cha mtundu woyera chimadzilankhulira chokha, popeza mbalameyi ndi chilombo, imadyetsa kokha gawo la nyama. Nthawi yomweyo, chiwombankhanga sichidya mafupa kapena khungu la nyama. Kuphatikiza pa zovunda, mbalameyo imadya zinyalala za chakudya zomwe zatsala ndi anthu.
Asananyamuke kukafunafuna, chiwombankhanga cha griffon chimadikirira kuti mpweya utenthe mpaka kutentha komwe kumafunikira, kenako nkuwuluka kukafuna nyama zakufa. Kuyambira mamita 800, mbalameyi imayang'ana malowa ndikupeza chakudya chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino.
Mbalameyi ndi yomwe imaposa mbalame zonse, chifukwa ikamayandikira mtembo, ndiyo yoyamba kudya, ndikung'amba nyama ndi mulomo wake. Atadya zamkati zonse, mbalame imasiya zovundazo, ndipo abale otsalawo mwachangu amatenga chakudya chomwe chatsala.
Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti dziko lapansi la mbalame lili ndi malo ake olamulira. Mbalame ya griffon ili ndi chinthu chodabwitsa, itadya mokwanira, imatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwanthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mbalameyi imakonda kusasunthika, imamanga zisa m'malo okwezeka, pamapiri otsetsereka, pakati paming'alu yamatanthwe. Mbalameyi imakhala m'midzi (mpaka 20 awiriawiri). Kukwatirana kwamwamuna ndi wamkazi kumachitika pakati pa Januware ndi Marichi.
Mkaziyo amaikira dzira limodzi loyera, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo, yaimuna ndi yaikaziyo, yosinthana wina ndi mzake, imakhalira dziralo kwa masiku 50, imadyetsa mwanapiyeyo masiku 130 itadulidwa.
Griffon Vulture anapiye khala ndi nthenga zoyambilira zoyera, zitasungunuka, kusintha kwa nthenga kumakhala kotalikirapo ndipo mwina kumakhala kirimu kapena imvi. Pofika chaka chachinayi cha moyo, anyamata achimuna ndi achikazi amakhala atakhwima pakugonana, koma amayamba kudzaza nthawi ina.
Amuna posaka akazi kuti apange mabanja awo amayamba kukonzekera kuyambira koyambirira kwa Januware. Kukonzekera kwawo kumaphatikizapo kukonza zisa zakale kapena kumanga zatsopano. Komanso, chisa chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi nthambi ndi udzu, timitengo tolimba.
Mbalame zimamanga zisa zawo m'malo omwe anthu ndi nyama zina sangafikeko, mwachitsanzo, paphompho la thanthwe, koma ng'ombe zimayenera kudyetsa pafupi. Zisa zili 200 mpaka 750 mm kutalika ndi 100 mpaka 3000 cm m'mimba mwake.
Nthawi zambiri, griffon vulture amakhala ndi mwana m'modzi yekha.
Nthawi yokwatirana, yamphongo imayamba kukopa chachikazi panthawi yomwe ikuuluka, imachita zachilendo. Pansi, kuti akope chachikazi kuti chikwere, champhongo chimawonetsa mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso nkhope yathunthu, chitambasula mapiko ake ndikuwombera mchira wake, chikuwonetsa kukongola kwa nthenga zake, kwinaku akupanga kuyimba kopindika. Ntchito yonseyi imachitika yamphongo yokhotakhota.
Kukula kwamazira kumatha kukhala kuchokera 8 - 10 cm x 6.5 - 7.8 cm.Mwamuna ndi wamkazi amadzisinthira nthawi yolowera mazira kukafunafuna chakudya. Makolo amadyetsa mwana wawo chakudya, chomwe amachotsa pakamwa pawo. Ndi chakudya chamtundu wanji chokwanira kwa mwana chifukwa chofewa.
Small SIP, imaphunzira kuwuluka kuchokera miyezi 3 kapena 4. Amayamba kukhala ndi luso loyendetsa ndege kuyambira chaka chimodzi, makolo ake amamuteteza. Mwana akayamba kuuluka, banja lonse limatha kuwuluka kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, koma nthawi yakunyamula imatha kubwerera kumalo ake oyamba.
Zosangalatsa
Ngakhale zili choncho griffon vulture m'buku lofiira kapena ayi, liyenera kutetezedwa, popeza latsala pang'ono kutha. Chifukwa chakutha kwawo chinali chifukwa cha anthu. Kuyambira kalekale, pakhala pali zikhulupiriro zoti mbalame imatsogoza zoyipa, imaba ana ang'ono mnyumba ndi zikhadabo zawo, ndipo imanyamula matenda oopsa pamoyo wamunthu.
Chifukwa chosowa zodalirika m'mizinda yaku Europe, zisa za mbalamezi zidawonongedwa, mbalame zomwe, mbalame zimawotchedwa kapena poyizoni, ndipo mbalameyi idasakidwanso ngati achikulire omwe amawombera. Chifukwa chake, mwina, izi zidapangitsa kuti mbalame ziyambe kufunafuna malo opanda malo okhala, komwe phazi la munthu silingathe kukhazikitsidwa.
Tsoka ilo, panthawiyo anthu samadziwa kuti chiwombankhanga cha griffon sichitha kuukira anthu, kudya nyama zodwala, komanso kuti ndi nyama yopanda vuto lililonse. Chakudya chake cholinga chake ndi kupeza nyama zakufa, potero kumatsuka ukhondo. Njira yamoyo wa mbalameyi imathandiza kuti izikhala yokhazikika.
Kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya Egypt wakale amadziwika kuti griffon vulture adaphedwa kokha chifukwa cha kukongola kwa nthenga zake. Nthawi imeneyo, zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino kukhala ndi nthenga za mbalame zodyera m'chipinda chanu.
Pakadali pano, anthu olemera mothandizidwa ndi anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka amatenga ziwombankhanga zampikisano. Nthawi zina amasiyidwa amoyo kuti ayang'anire kumalo osungira nyama kapena kuwanyamula mosaloledwa kupita kumalo ena osungira nyama m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
Collagen wochokera ku Spain ndi France akulimbana ndi mavutowa. Mwa kuphatikiza kuyesayesa konse kwa akatswiri odziwa za mbalame, adatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga cha ma griffon osati m'maiko aku France, Portugal, komanso adathandizira kufalitsa mbalame ku Pyrenees.
Chowonadi china chosangalatsa ndi ubale wa mbalame yakuda ndi griffon vulture, zomwe zimawapangitsa nthawi zina kusokonezeka ndi wina ndi mnzake. Mbalame yakuda imakhala ku Spain, chilumbachi, komanso ku Greece, kuwonjezera apo, idakumana ku Caucasus ndi Altai.
Olonda mbalame adazindikira chochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi yamvula kapena chifumbi, ma griffon mbalame nthawi zonse amakhala zisa zawo, chifukwa sangathe kulimbana ndi nyengo yachilendo yomwe siziwalola kuti aziwona nyama zawo ndikuwona mbalame, ndikupangitsa kuti ulendo wapaulendo ukhale wovuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ma griffon mbalame nthawi zina, akakhala odzaza ndi zovunda, sangathe kunyamuka ndipo amayenera kubwezeretsanso chakudya chomwe adadya kuti achepetse thupi.
Ngakhale anali wochuluka, mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yofooka kwambiri, koma ndi mapiko amphamvu kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ili ndi zikhadabo zomveka, zomwe sangathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito akamadya chakudya kuti athyoke matumbo a nyama.
Griffon Vulture ku Belarus ndipo adatchulidwa mu Red Book m'maiko onse aku Europe, chifukwa chake amayesera kuti aberekane m'malo opangira, kapena kuti asasokoneze kubereka kwawo kwachilengedwe.
Ngati munthu aganiza zoukira mbalame yovulala kapena yamtendere, chiwombankhanga cha griffon chimayamba kudzitchinjiriza pomenyera munthu mothandizidwa ndi milomo ndi zikhadabo zake. Mbalame ya griffon nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi chiwombankhanga chachisanu chifukwa cha nthenga zawo.
