Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Cranes ndi banja lonse, lomwe ndi gawo la dongosolo la ma cranes. Otsatirawa akuphatikizira ambiri oimira nyama zamitundumitundu, zosiyana, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe, okhala ndi chiyambi chakale kwambiri, zina zomwe zatha lero.
Crane – mbalame yayitalindi khosi lalitali ndi miyendo. Kunja, nyama zotere zimafanana ndi adokowe ndi mabungu mu ubale wawo, ngakhale zili kutali kwambiri. Koma mosiyana ndi akale, ma cranes samakonda kukhala m'mitengo, ndipo kupatula apo, ndi achisomo kwambiri.
Ndipo kuchokera ku mtundu wachiwiri wa mbalame, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi momwe amauluka. Kupatula apo, akusunthira mlengalenga, ali ndi chizolowezi chotseka khosi ndi miyendo yawo, yomwe, motalikirapo, imakhala yayitali kwambiri kuposa ya anyani. Mutu wa mbalamezi ndi wochepa kwambiri, mlomowo ndi wowongoka komanso wakuthwa, koma ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi wa dokowe.
Akakhala pansi ndi mapiko opindidwa, mchira wawo umapereka chithunzi cha kukhala wobiriwira komanso wautali chifukwa cha nthenga zazitali zouluka. Mtundu wa zamoyo zamapikozi nthawi zambiri umakhala woyera kapena wotuwa.
Mitundu yambiri ya crane ili ndi gawo losangalatsa. Ali ndi khungu loyera losakhala ndi nthenga pamitu yawo. Zina zonse zakunja zimawoneka mu chithunzi cha crane.
Amakhulupirira kuti nyumba yamtundu wa mbalame zamtunduwu ndi America, kuchokera kumeneko adasamukira ku Asia nthawi zam'mbuyomu, ndipo pambuyo pake zinafalikira kumadera ena adziko lapansi. Ngakhale masiku ano mbalamezi sizikupezeka kum'mwera kwa kontinenti yaku America, monga ku Antarctica. Koma adakhazikika pamayiko ena onse padziko lapansi.
Kulira kwa Crane m'nyengo yamasika nthawi zambiri imamveka kutali, kulira mokweza kupyola malo ozungulira. Pa nthawi ino ya chaka, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimaimba lipenga. Amabereka zinthu monga zingapo: "Skoko-o-rum". Nthawi zina, mawu a crane amamveka mosiyana kwambiri.
Ndi chizolowezi kuyimba kuitana koteroko kukufuula. Nthawi zambiri mawu awiri nawonso amatenga nawo mbali poyimba mayina.
Chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo ndi chisomo, zimphepo zikhalidwe za anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zasiya chizindikiro ndipo zimatchulidwa m'nthano ndi nthano. Adakhala ngwazi zanthano ndi zamatsenga amwenye aku North America.
Nthano za iwo zimapezeka m'ntchito yapakamwa ya anthu akumwamba, Saudi Arabia ndi gombe la Aegean.
Chowonadi chakuti makolo athu achilengedwe anali kuwadziwabe bwino chikuwonetsedwa ndi zojambula zamiyala ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa kwambiri za akatswiri ofukula zakale. Koma tsopano kuchuluka kwa cranes kuvutika kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera. Ndipo izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa mitundu yomwe idzatchulidwe ndikudziwika kuti ndiyosowa pansipa.
Mitundu yama cranes
Monga gawo la mabanja a cranes, omwe adawonekera Padziko Lapansi panthawi yomwe ma dinosaurs anali akuyendabe (malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, pafupifupi zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo), pali magulu anayi, omwe agawika mitundu 15.
Asanu ndi awiri mwa iwo amapezeka mdera la Russia. Mamembala amtundu uliwonse ali ndi mawonekedwe awo ndipo ndiosangalatsa mwa iwo eni. Tiyeni tione zina mwa izo.
1. Crane waku India... Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika kuti ndi atali kwambiri pakati pa anzawo. Kutalika kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 176. Mapiko a zamoyozi amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 240. Mbalame zotere zimakhala ndi nthenga zamtambo wabuluu, miyendo yofiira; milomo yawo ndi yobiriwirako, yayitali. Amakhala ku India, ndipo amapezekanso kumadera ena oyandikira ku Asia. Pang'ono pang'ono, mbalame zoterezi zimawoneka ku Australia.
2. Kireni waku Australia... Kunja, ndi chimodzimodzi ndi kireni yemwe anafotokozedwapo kale, kotero kuti nthawi ina akatswiri odziwa zamatsenga ankati oimira awiriwa a nyama zamapiko ndi mtundu womwewo. Komabe, nthenga za mbalame zotere zidakali zakuda pang'ono.
Kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaku Australia ndikotsika pang'ono pang'ono poyerekeza ndi anzawo aku India. Kukula kwa mitundu ya mitundu iyi ndi pafupifupi 161 cm.
3. Crane waku Japan mwa achibale amawerengedwa kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri. Kulemera kwa anthu ena kumafika makilogalamu 11. Oimira mtundu uwu samakhala ku Japan kokha, komanso amapezeka ku Far East. Mbali yaikulu ya nthenga zawo ndi yoyera.
Khosi ndi kumbuyo kwamapiko kusiyanitsa nazo (zakuda), komanso imvi yakuda, ndi miyendo ya mbalame zotere. Mitundu yamtundu woyimiridwa ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu yopitilira zikwi ziwiri za cranes zotere, chifukwa chake mitunduyo ikuwopsezedwa kuti ithe.
4. Crane ya Demoiselle... Mtundu uwu ndiwodziwika chifukwa chakuti oimirawo ndi ocheperako m'banja la cranes. Amakhala ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu awiri kapena kupitirirapo, ndipo kutalika kwawo nthawi zambiri sikumapitilira masentimita 89. Dzinalo la mbalameyo silikusocheretsa, ndilokongola kwambiri.
Chiyambi chachikulu cha nthenga za zolengedwa izi ndi imvi yabuluu. Mbali ina ya nthenga zamapiko ndi imvi-phulusa. Miyendo ndi yakuda, yomwe imayenda bwino ndi nthenga zam'mutu, zomwe, monga khosi, zimakhala ndi khungu lakuda. Monga mikanda yofiira lalanje pamutu pawo, maso awo ndi mlomo wachikaso, wamfupi amaonekera.
Nthenga zazitali zoyera za nthenga zopachikidwa pamutu pake mpaka m'khosi ngati mawonekedwe a kachigawo kamodzi zimapatsa mbalame izi mawonekedwe owoneka okondeka. Oimira amtunduwu afalikira ndipo amapezeka m'malo ambiri ku Eurasia, komanso mdera la Africa.
Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi zolengedwa zokongolazi ndi kulira kwaphokoso, kosangalatsa kwambiri.
5. Crane Woyera (Siberia Crane) - makamaka kudera lakumpoto kwa dziko lathu. Koma ngakhale ku Russia, mitunduyo imadziwika kuti ndiyocheperako. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, imakhala ndi mapiko a mita ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo mitundu ina yamitunduyo imatha kufika kupitirira 8 kg.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mlomo wautali wofiira komanso pafupifupi mthunzi wofanana wamiyendo. Mbali yaikulu ya nthenga, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, ndi yoyera, kupatula nthenga zina zamapiko.
6. Crane waku America - kutali ndi nthumwi yaying'ono yabanja. Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka ku Canada kokha, komanso m'dera lochepa kwambiri, chifukwa, mwatsoka, mitunduyo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Mbali yaikulu ya nthenga za mbalame zotere ndi zoyera matalala, kupatula zina zowonjezera zakuda.
7. Crane wakuda... Komanso mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe imadziwika mu Red Book. Crane wotere amakhala ku Eastern Russia ndi China. Mpaka posachedwa, mitunduyo sinaphunzirepo pang'ono. Oimira ake ndi ochepa kukula kwake ndipo amalemera pang'ono kuposa 3 kg pafupifupi. Nthenga za zamoyozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda, kupatula khosi komanso gawo lina lamutu, lomwe ndi loyera.
8. African belladonna - wokhala ku South Africa. Mbalameyi ndi yaing'ono ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Mtundu wakuda buluu ndiye maziko akulu a zolembera za zolengedwa zoterezi. Nthenga zokhazokha kumapeto kwa mapiko ndizotuwa kapena zakuda. Komanso, mbalamezi zimatchedwa cranes za paradiso.
9. Crane wachisoti - komanso wokhala mu Africa, koma amagawidwa kumadera akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa kontrakitala. Cholengedwa ichi, poyerekeza ndi abale ake, chimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu, ndipo chimakhala chowoneka bwino kwambiri. Nthenga zake zimakhala zakuda kwambiri zowonjezerapo komanso zofiira. Crane amatchedwa korona chifukwa chamtundu waukulu wagolide womwe umakongoletsa mutu wake.
10. Grane Kireni... Nthumwi yayikulu yamabanjayi imakhala m'dera lalikulu la Eurasia. Mbali yaikulu ya nthenga zake ili ndi utoto wabuluu. Mchira wakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiyirako, ndipo malekezero akuda a mapiko ake amaonekera. Mitunduyi ili m'malo achiwiri potengera kuchuluka ndi kufalitsa pambuyo pa Crane yaku Canada.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yambiri yama crane imayendetsa mbalame kapena kumakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi aliwonse, okhala ndi madzi abwino komanso amchere. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakonda kukhala ndi mchere m'malo mwatsopano m'nyengo yozizira, kusunthira kunyanja ndi madambo okhala ndi madzi amchere osazizira kokha munthawi yozizira.
Koma belladonna (izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku mitundu ya ku Africa) yasintha modekha kukhala kutali ndi madzi onse, kuthera masiku amoyo wawo m'malo obisika ndi malo ouma otsetsereka.
Mwambiri, oimira banja lomwe lafotokozedwali amafalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana anyengo. Chifukwa chake, pokambirana za adani achilengedwe a cranes, malo awo ayenera kuganiziridwa.
Mwachitsanzo, kumadera otentha nkhandwe, nkhandwe, zimbalangondo sizidana ndi kudya mazira awo. Anapiye akhanda ongobadwa kumene ndi chakudya chokoma kwa mimbulu. Ndipo akuluakulu amawopsezedwa makamaka ndi adani omwe ali ndi nthenga, mwachitsanzo, ziwombankhanga zagolide.
M'nyengo yozizira, amakonda kusamukira kumalo otentha komanso cranes zimauluka kumwera madera akumpoto padziko lapansi. Ndipo mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumadera ochezeka nyengo zambiri sizimayenda maulendo ataliatali chonchi, posankha kukhala moyo wongokhala m'malo movutikira kuyenda koteroko.
Kukula kwachinyamata m'nyengo yoyamba yachisanu (zomwe sizachilendo, ndizakudya zokhazokha) zimapita kumadera akumwera limodzi ndi makolo awo omwe amayesetsa kuthandiza ndi kuteteza ana osadziwa zambiri. Komabe, masika othawirako kumalo opangira zisa amapangidwa ndi mbadwo wokhwima pawokha (monga lamulo, adayamba ulendo wawo kale kuposa m'badwo wakale).
Njira zazitali sizinayende njira imodzi. Ndipo panthawi yoyenda, mbalame zoterezi zimapanga imodzi kapena zingapo, zopangidwa m'malo wamba, osankhidwa kale, misasa. Ndipo nthawi yawo yopuma ili pafupi masabata awiri.
Cranes Akuuluka nthawi zambiri mokongola, kukwera pamwamba pa nthaka kufika pamtunda wa kilomita imodzi ndi theka, kwinaku akuyenda mlengalenga, imagwira mafunde ake akukwera. Ngati kuwongolera kwa mphepo sikuwasangalatsa, amakhala pamzere kapena mphero.
Mapangidwe amtunduwu amachepetsa kukana kwamlengalenga ndipo amathandiza apaulendo amapikowa kuti asunge mphamvu zawo.
Kufika pamalo obisalira, mbalame zotere zimakhazikika m'malo awo (gawo loterolo nthawi zambiri limakhala lokulirapo mpaka ma kilomita angapo) ndikuwateteza mwakhama kukuwombana ndi adani. Nthawi yakudzuka kwa mbalame zotere ndi tsiku. M'mawa amadyetsa, komanso masana. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, chizoloŵezi cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha zolengedwa zoyera izi, monga lamulo, zimaphatikizapo kusamalira nthenga zawo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Zakudya zabwino
Crane – mbalame makamaka omnivorous. Zakudya za oimira mbalamezi zimadalira mtunduwo, makamaka, malo okhala mbalamezi, komanso nyengo. Komabe, ndizachikulu kwambiri.
Kuchokera pazakudya zamasamba amagwiritsa ntchito mbatata, chimanga, nandolo, balere, amakonda kwambiri mphukira za tirigu, amadyanso tirigu wokha. Kukhazikika m'madambo, amafunafuna timitengo tamitengo tambirimbiri ta m'madzi, komanso zipatso.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi zimakondwera kuphatikiza nkhono, nkhono, nsomba, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadya.
M'chilimwe, mphutsi ndi tizilombo tachikulire ndizabwino kwambiri kwa cranes. Buluzi ndi mazira a mbalame ndi abwino kuwadyetsa. Anapiye ochokera kubanja la crane, omwe amafunikira kwambiri mapuloteni kuti akule bwino, amadya makamaka tizilombo.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wa cranes
Cranes zosunthira, kubwerera kumalo awo amtsogolo, zimavina mwapadera limodzi ndi kulira kwa mbalame. Nyama zokongolazi zimayenda monyadira, zikuthyola mapiko awo ndikulumpha.
Magule otere dzulo lakunyamula ndiwopatsa chidwi kwambiri kotero kuti adatengedwa ndi munthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Japan ndi ku Kare kunali kuvina kwapadera, omwe ankachita zomwe amatsanzira kuyenda kwa mbalamezi.
M'mizere, ndimakonda kukhalabe okhulupirika kwa wokondedwa mpaka kumwalira kwake, chifukwa chake awiriawiri a zolengedwa zamapikozi satha popanda chifukwa chomveka. Oimira mitundu yosamuka nthawi zambiri amasankha anzawo ngakhale m'malo ozizira.
Cranes okhala kumadera okhala ndi nyengo yabwino, nthawi zambiri, amaswana nthawi yamvula, popeza sapeza chakudya pakadali pano, chomwe ndichofunikira pakubereka ndi kulera anapiye.
Cranes amabisa zisa zawo zazikulu (ali ndi m'mimba mwake mpaka mamitala angapo) muudzu wandiweyani womwe umakula m'makona obisika m'mbali mwa malo osungira kapena madambo. Kuti apange iwo, amagwiritsa ntchito zomangira zosavuta, nthambi, timitengo, pokongoletsa malo - udzu wouma.
Kawirikawiri, gulu la mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mazira awiri, mitundu ina yokha imakhala ndi isanu. Mazira amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala, mwachitsanzo, zoyera kapena zobiriwira, koma nthawi zambiri dzira limakutidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mawanga.
Kuswa kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi, kenako ma cranes, okutidwa ndi pansi, amaswa. Koma anapiye okutidwa ndi nthenga zenizeni pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo. Mbadwo wachinyamata ukukula mwachangu. Koma oimirawo amakula msinkhu kuposa zaka zinayi pambuyo pake (ku Siberia Cranes osapitilira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi).
Crane Pakati pa fuko lokhala ndi nthenga, limadzitama chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali. Msinkhu wa mbalame zoterezi mwachilengedwe umayerekezeredwa kuti ndi zaka 20 kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo zolengedwa zamapiko zotere zimasungidwa kundende, nthawi zina, zimakhala zaka 80.
