Okhala m'mapiri ouma ndi zipululu amabisala bwino kotero kuti kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza mbalame yokhala ndi nthenga zamasana masana. Avdotka - mbalame wachisomo komanso osapezeka. Kumuwona kumafuna kuleza mtima ndi luso losaka. Kuphunzira avdotka kumatsegula dziko lapadera la mbalame yamphongo yochezeka.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Pofufuza zamtunduwu, akatswiri azakuthambo amakangana za mizu yofanana ya avdotka. Ena amakhulupirira kuti ili pafupi ndi ma bustards, ena - ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kukula, kuchokera ku nkhunda yayikulu, - thupi ndi lalitali masentimita 45, mchira ndi masentimita 13, kulemera kwa mbalameyi ndi 0,5-1 kg. Thupi ndilovulaza, laukhondo, limapuma ndi miyendo yopyapyala, yowongoka.
Chochititsa chidwi cha avdotok ndi mafupa otchulidwa a mawondo, omwe a British adatcha mbalameyo "bondo lakuda". Pali zala zitatu pamapazi ake, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kanema wocheperako.
Chala chakumanja choloza chammbuyo, monga mbalame zina, chimasowa. Miyendo ndi yaminyewa, yolimba, yayitali. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imayenda mwa kuyenda pansi, posankha moyo wapansi kuposa mpweya. Kutalika kwakanthawi pafupifupi 35 cm.
Zizolowezi zimafanana ndi mbalame za bustard. Amuna ndi akazi pafupifupi samasiyana, mtundu wa nthenga ndi kukula kwa mbalamezo ndizofanana. Kugonana kwamitundu ina kumawonetsedwa poti amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi.
Mapiko okuluwika a avdotka amakhala ndi masentimita 70-80, kutalika kwa phiko limodzi ndi masentimita 25. Mbalameyi simawagwiritsa ntchito maulendo apaulendo. Ikakwera m'mwamba, imauluka pamwamba pamtunda, ndikupanga mapiko ake mwamphamvu, ndikutambasulira miyendo yake kumbuyo kwambiri. Mwaulendo wawufupi, mbalame sizikhala chete. Koma padziko lapansi pano umatha kumva mawu awo achisoni.
Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndi wamchenga wamchenga. Nthenga zouluka, nthenga za mchira ndi zakuda, nthenga zakumtunda ndi mabanga ofiira, abulauni. Mimba ndi yachikasu, miyendo ndi imvi, mlomo wachikasu ndi nsonga yakuda. Madera oyera ndi akuda amawoneka bwino pafupi ndi maso. Chovala cha motley chimakhala chobisika kwambiri m'mphepete mwa mchenga, pakati pa miyala ndi tchire, pomwe mitundu yakuda, yofiirira, yoyera-yachikaso imasakanikirana.
Mutu waukulu wa avdotka umakhala pakhosi lochepa, lalifupi. Kawirikawiri mbalameyi imayitambasula kuti imve mawu ozungulira. Akapuma, amakumanga khosi lake ngati chiswe. Maso a mbalameyi ndi odabwitsa - akulu, ozungulira, okhala ndi utoto wowoneka wachikaso komanso mkombero wakuda wakunja.
Kugawidwa kwa mbalame kumakhala kofanana kumadera otentha komanso otentha. Dera lalikulu limaphatikizapo kumwera ndi pakati pa Europe, Middle East, Australia, gawo lina la Africa, North ndi South America. Ku Russia, avdotka nthawi zina imapezeka m'chigawo cha Lower Volga, ku Don. Mbalame yosowa m'malo mwathu.
Pali kuchepa kwa mitundu ya avdotkovy. Kusintha kwa malo, kulima ma steppes kumawononga kukula kwa anthu. Mbalamezi zimavutika ndi zilombo zambiri. Avdotka mu Red Book zolembedwa ngati mitundu yotetezedwa. Maonekedwe a avdotok amawapangitsa kukhala okhudzana ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amati ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame. Mikangano yasayansi yakugawana magulu ikupitilira mpaka pano.
Mitundu
M'banja la avdotkovy, ndichikhalidwe kusiyanitsa mitundu khumi ya mbalame. Mitundu yonse imagawana zofananira - kukula kwapakatikati, miyendo yayitali, milomo yayitali. Malinga ndi ma Charadriiformes, amadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyananso, yomwe, yokhala ndi mawanga ndi mikwingwirima, imawoneka kuti imasungunula mbalame m'chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pa avdotka wamba, pali:
1. Indian avdotka - mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ku India, Indochina. Mtundu wa nthenga uli ndi mdima wakuda kwambiri. Nthawi zina Indian avdotka imagawidwa ngati subspecies wamba;
2. Waku Senegal Avdotka - kukula kwa mbalameyi kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu yaku Eurasia, nthenga zake ndizopepuka. Mlomo umasiyana ndi kuti utali wakuda, wakuda umaphimba pafupifupi pansi pake, pomwe pamakhalapo banga laling'ono lachikaso. Mbalamezi zimakhala, koma m'nyengo yamvula zimasamukira kumalo ouma. Amakonda malo omwe ali pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Avdotka waku Senegal amatsogolera kukhala kwayokha, mbalame zimangokhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pokhapokha;
3. Madzi avdotka - malo amtunduwu ndiwambiri, okhala ndi ma 5 000 km; komabe, malo osungira madzi ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chakuchepa kwa anthu ndi 30%. Mbalameyi imamanga zisa zawo pafupi ndi ng'ona za mumtsinje wa Nailo, ndipo amazitetezera kwina.
Mothokoza, amafuula mokweza kuchenjeza anthu oyandikana nawo za momwe ziwombankhanga zimayandikira. Malo omwe amakhala m'mbali mwa mchenga ndi omwe asayansi amafufuza. Avdotka yamadzi idakhala chiwonetsero cha mbalame yotchuka Tari yojambula kuchokera mujambula la dzina lomwelo, lomwe limatsuka mano a ng'ona;
4. Cape Avdotka - mbalame yayikulu m'banja lake, kutalika kwake kumakhala masentimita 70-72. Amakhala ku Central ndi South Africa. Imatsogolera nthawi yamadzulo ndi usiku, yomwe imalengeza ndi kufuula kwakukulu kofanana ndi kulira. Imanyamuka pokhapokha ikafika pafupi moyandikana nayo, imayenda poyenda pansi. Nthawi zina gulu la ndege zimauluka pandege dzuwa likamalowa kukafunafuna madzi;
5. Dominican (misewu iwiri) avdotka - mtundu wa nthenga ndiwodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yopepuka yomwe imadutsa pamutu pa mbalameyo;
6. Avdotka waku Peru - mbalame yapakatikati, yochenjera ngati abale ake okhala. Sikuti wowonera mbalame aliyense adzawona pakati paudzu wouma ndi miyala wokhala ndi nthenga wokhala ndi miyendo yayitali;
7. Avdotka waku Australia - yayikulu poyerekeza ndi mbalame zofananira, kutalika kwa thupi 55-59 masentimita, mchira 17-19 cm. Anthu okhala ku Australia amasiyana mitundu iwiri: kumpoto kwa kontrakitala mawonekedwe ofiira a mbalame amapambana, kumadera akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa - imvi. Kuyambira m'maso kupita kumbuyo kumatambasula mzere wakuda, kuchokera patali ngati beret pamutu wa mbalame. Mbalame zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pafupi ndi nkhalango zamthethe, bulugamu, zimakonda malo owuma;
8. Avdotka yamiyala - wokhala m'madzi osaya pagombe lotentha, miyala yamchere yamchere. Amakonda kupezeka kwambiri mumtengowu. Mzere wakuda umayambira pakamwa mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu. Pakhosi pali nthenga zoyera zokhala ndi beige. Mchira ndi zotchingira mapiko ndizofiirira.
Nthengazo ndi zoyera imvi. Amakhala m'mbali mwa nyanja ku Australia, Philippines, ndi zilumba zaku Indonesia. Mbalame zimakhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu yofananira, mtundu wosavuta, wosiyana mosiyanasiyana, nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera za mutu. Avdotok yamiyala nthawi zina amawonedwa ngati mtundu wosiyana kutengera mtundu wawo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame zambiri zimakhudza makontinenti akuluakulu, madera ambiri azilumba. M'madera ambiri, amakhala chaka chonse, amakhala moyo wongokhala. Nthawi zina zimayendayenda pofunafuna chakudya, malo abwino, zimawoneka m'malo onyanyala nyengo ina. Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, mutha kuwona avdotka makamaka pa ntchentche ku Stavropol Territory, m'chigawo cha Rostov.
Avdotki sakonda kuzizira, amakonda kukhala chisa m'malo omwe sangathe kuwuluka nthawi yozizira. Koma kufunafuna malo ogona komanso chakudya kumakakamiza mbalame kuti zizolowere nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zina zimakhazikika m'dera la Eurasia, komanso nyengo yachisanu m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira, ku Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Mali.
Mbalame Avdotka amakhala ku steppes owuma, theka-chipululu, tchire, panyanja ndi mitsinje, otsetsereka miyala. Malo othamanga, kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso kupezeka kwa posungira pafupi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti akhale.
Ntchito ya avdotok imawonetseredwa ndi kulowa kwa madzulo, akamachoka m'malo obisika, komwe amapuma masana, amayang'ana zomwe zimachitika mozungulira. Nthawi zina apaulendo okonda kuona anzawo amatha kuona mbalame zosungulumwa masana, zikugona pansi pa tchire.
Avdotki ndi mbalame zotchera kwambiri, zomwe zimamva bwino komanso zimawona. Ngati pangozi, amathawa. Kufuula kumachenjeza achibale za kupeza chilombo. Ngati munthu kapena nyama yayandikira kwambiri, imathawa.
Amakhala osamala nyama yolusa ikakhala patali - amaundana kwinakwake muudzu, osazindikirika ndi chilengedwe, motero Kodi avdotka amawoneka bwanji patali ngati mwala kapena gulu laudzu wouma.
Amakhala moyo wokhawokha, amalumikizana awiriawiri kokha nthawi yogona. Magulu ang'onoang'ono amasonkhana kuti adzamwetsere ndege. Avdotki amakhala bwino ndi mbalame zina, amakhala limodzi. Amakhala ochezeka ndi anthu, amawonekera pafupi ndi malo osiyanasiyana, koma samabwera pafupi ndi chenjezo.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za Avdotok zimakhazikitsidwa ndi chakudya cha nyama. Mbalame imapita kukasaka madzulo, ikafika nthawi yopumula kwa mbalame zina zambiri, ndipo nyama zopanda mafupa zimachoka mnyumba zawo. Maso akuthwa, thandizo lakumva mwachidwi kuti mupeze chakudya.
Zokonda avdotka zimaperekedwa kwa tizilombo, nkhono, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, nkhono zam'madzi, amphibiya. Mbalame zadyera zimadyera abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, njoka, mbalame zazing'ono, mazira kuchokera ku zisa zawo. Menyu yosiyanasiyana imakhala ndi ziwala, crickets, slugs, kafadala, ma khutu, ma minworms ndi ena omwe amakumba pansi.
Pakusaka, akuwonetsa mochenjera - amafuula mokweza kuti nyama yomwe ikulowe m'tsogolo idzawonekera. Mbalame zimatha kuyendetsa nyama zawo mumsampha. Imagunda makoswe, mbewa, ma hamsters okhala ndi mulomo wolimba, kenako imagunda pansi, ndikuwaponya miyala kangapo kuti agaye mafupa.
Samatola nyama koma amameza wathunthu. Pofuna kukonza chimbudzi, imameza timiyala tating'ono, mchenga wolimba. Pa nthawi yogona, mbalame zimasaka osati madzulo okha, komanso masana. Mbalamezi zimagwira nyama yomwe ikuthawa, imathandizira kuthamanga ndi mapiko awo, imagwira omwe akukhudzidwawo ndi mlomo wakuthwa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mbalame zimakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu, mpaka nthawi imeneyo sizikufuna zibwenzi. Mbalame zokhazokha, pambuyo pokhazikitsa banja, nthawi zambiri zimafika kumalo okhala zisa ziwiri ziwiri. Koma pali nthawi ya chibwenzi ndipo pambuyo pofika, kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi, mu Epulo.
Amuna amalengeza mawonekedwe awo ndikulira mokweza kwambiri. Akawona kuti akazi ali ndi chidwi, magule azikhalidwe amayamba kukopa mtima wa mnzake. Iliyonse yamamuna imakweza mapiko ake patsogolo pa osankhidwa ake, ikuwerama, kukumba pansi, kupalasa mlomo wake mumchenga.
Avdotki, wokhala yekhayekha m'moyo wamba, panthawi yoswana kuyanjana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame zingapo. Magulu onse ovina ndi mapiko otambasulidwa ndi nyimbo zaphokoso zimachitika pamafunde.
Banja lophunzira limasankha malo okonzera mazira, limateteza gawo kwa alendo. Malo otetezedwa a mbalame ndikutukula michira yawo, kutambasula makosi awo pansi, ndi kulira koboola.
Chisa chomwecho, sichoncho. Mbalame zimapangitsa kukhumudwa pansi, kuziphimba ndi miyala, kuziphimba ndi masamba, zitsamba, nthambi zowonda mkati. Malo osankhidwa a chisa nthawi zonse amakhala pabwalo, pomwe mutha kuwona mdaniyo munthawi yake. Amabwerera kumalo osankhidwawo chaka ndi chaka kukapeza mazira.
Mu clutch, nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 2-3, beige wonyezimira ndi mdima wakuda, kukula kwa nkhuku. Onse awiri amachita makulitsidwe a mwezi umodzi ndikusamalira ana. Wokondedwa aliyense amasamalira chakudya, amabweretsa chakudya kwa iye amene ali pantchito pa chisa.
Mwamuna amateteza mkazi pachisa - amayendera malowo, amapereka ziwonetsero zowopsa. Ngati mkazi wagwidwa pamalopo, amakhala, amakhala ozizira osasunthika. Nthawi zina banjali limayesa kulanda chilombocho mwa kukuwa, kukupiza mapiko awo, kusokoneza chowombacho.
Anapiye anaswa amawonedwa. Mkazi nthawi zina amakoka chipolopolocho, kapena kukankhira pambali. Zikauma, zinyenyeswazi, zopanda madzi ambiri, zimatha kuyenda, kutsatira makolo awo, osabwereranso ku chisa.
Mkazi amaphunzitsa anapiye kuti apeze chakudya - amaponya kachilomboka ndi kamwa yake, amaigwira, amaitanitsa zinyenyeswazi kuti zibwereze zomwezo pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri mpaka ataphunzira kuzichita okha. Ali pangozi, amasinthana kutengera anapiye pamlomo pake n'kupita nawo kutali. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ana ali ndi nthenga, amayamba kuwuluka.
Ali ndi zaka 6 milungu amakhala kwathunthu palokha. Kutalika kwa mbalame kumatha zaka 16. Mabungwe achitetezo akusamalira chitetezo cha mitundu ya avdotkovy, kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo isangowona momwe ikuwonekera avdotka pachithunzichi, komanso mu vivo.
