Kabawi kakang'ono kokoma kameneka kakhala ndi dzina loti "kestrel" (pastelga) chifukwa chazomwe amakonda kusaka nyama (zikudyetsa) pagulu.
Kufotokozera kwa Kestrel
Kestrel ndi dzina la mitundu 14 yamtundu wa Falco (falcons) wopezeka ku Eurasia, America ndi Africa. Mitundu iwiri yakhazikika m'malo mwa Soviet Union - kestrels wamba komanso oponderezedwa.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, dzina lachi Slavic "kestrel" limachokera ku chiganizo "chopanda kanthu" chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi mbalameyo chifukwa chabodza... M'malo mwake, mbalame zimachita nawo zachinyengo (nthawi zambiri ku United States), chifukwa chake mtunduwo ungaganizidwe kuti ndi wabodza. Choyandikira ku chowonadi ndi dzina lakutchulira ku Ukraine (ndikutanthauzira kwake) "boriviter": ikauluka, mbalameyo nthawi zonse imatembenuzidwa kuti ikumane ndi chimphepo.
Maonekedwe
Ndi kabawi kakang'ono, kokongola kokhala ndi mutu wonyada wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana, mapiko otambalala ndi mchira wautali, wozungulira (chifukwa cha nthenga zakuda za mchira). Kestrel ali ndi maso akulu ozungulira, mlomo wolumikizidwa bwino komanso miyendo yakuda yachikaso yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuda. Kukula kwa thupi, utoto wake ndi mapiko ake zimasiyana pamitundu / tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma ambiri kestrel samakula kupitirira 30-38 cm ndi kulemera kwa 0,2 kg ndi mapiko otalika mpaka 0,76 m. Mwa akuluakulu, nsonga za mapiko zimafika kumapeto kwa mchira. Kestrel yaying'ono kwambiri ndi Seychelles.
Kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupitilira masentimita 20, ndipo mapiko ake ndi masentimita 40 mpaka 45. Phokoso lonse la nthenga ndi lofiirira, la ashy, lofiirira kapena lofiira. Pali nthenga zakuda kumtengo kwake. Chimodzi mwa zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mbalame ya ku America (passerine) kestrel, yomwe amuna ake amadabwa ndi zosiyana. Nthenga zawo zimaphatikiza zofiira, zotuwa, zoyera ndi zakuda (zazimayi ndizowoneka bwino).
Zofunika! Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mapiko amfupi komanso ozungulira (poyerekeza ndi achikulire), ndipo mtundu wa nthenga umafanana ndi wamkazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mizere yabuluu yoyera / sera wobiriwira wobiriwira ndi ziziwo zamaso; mbalame zakale zimakhala ndi nkhata zachikaso.
Kestrels wodziwika ku Russia (steppe ndi wamba) amafanana kwambiri, kupatula kuti woyamba amakhala wotsika pang'ono kuposa wachiwiri kukula ndipo ali ndi mchira wautali woboola pakati. Ndipo mapiko a steppe kestrel ndi ocheperako pang'ono.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Tsiku lililonse, kestrel amauluka mozungulira malo osakira, akutambasula mapiko ake akutali. Ndi mpweya wabwino (ndipo ngakhale kudya nyama), kestrel amasinthira ndikuwuluka. Mbalamezi zimatha kuuluka mumlengalenga, mwachitsanzo, m'chipinda chatsekedwa, ndipo zikauluka mlengalenga, zimayang'anizana ndi mphepo yomwe ikubwera. Diso la kestrel limawona kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi mamina amkodzo (owoneka bwino kwambiri ndi kuwala kwake), komwe kumatsalira ndi mbewa zazing'ono.
Kuwala kwambiri, kuyandikira nyama: ikayiwona, mbalameyi imamira pansi ndikuluma mkati mwake ndi zikhadabo zake, ikucheperachepera pafupi ndi nthaka. Pafupifupi mbalame zonse zamtunduwu zimatha kuuluka mwamphamvu modabwitsa (kuthekera uku kumawasiyanitsa ndi mphamba zazing'ono zambiri).
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mbalameyo imafutukula mchira wake mu fanasi ndipo imatsitsa pang'ono pansi, kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo imagwedeza mapiko ake mofulumira. Mapikowo, omwe amayendetsa mpweya wambiri, amagwira ntchito mndondomeko yayikulu yopingasa (pamtunda wa 10-20 m) yofunikira kuti ayang'anire wovulalayo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maso a kestrel ndi 2.6 akuthwa kuposa a anthu. Munthu amene anali tcheru chotere amatha kuwerenga tebulo la Sivtsev kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, ndikusunthira kutali ndi 90 mita. Amuna amatulutsa mawu osachepera 9 osiyanasiyana, ndipo akazi - ali ndi zaka 11. Amamveka mosiyanasiyana pafupipafupi, mamvekedwe ndi mphamvu, kutengera chifukwa chomwe chidapangitsa kuti kestrel alire.
Kuyimbira kunathandiza kutsimikizira kuti kestrel (kutengera mtundu) akhoza kukhala wongokhala, wosamukasamuka kapena mbalame zosamuka. Khalidwe losamuka la mitunduyo limatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kapena kusowa kwa chakudya. Ma kestrel osuntha amauluka motsika, ngati lamulo, osakwera pamwamba pa 40-100 m komanso osasokoneza kuthawa kwawo ngakhale nyengo yoipa... Ma Kestrel amatha kuwuluka pamwamba pa Alps, omwe amafotokozedwa chifukwa chodalira kwambiri kukwera kwamafunde am'mlengalenga. Ngati kuli kofunika, ziweto zimauluka pamwamba pa madzi oundana ndi pamwamba, koma nthawi zambiri zimadutsa m'mipirimo.
Ndi ma kestrel angati omwe amakhala
Chifukwa cha kulira kwa mbalame, zinali zotheka kudziwa kutalika kwa kutalika kwa moyo wawo m'chilengedwe. Anapezeka kuti anali ndi zaka 16. Koma olondera mbalame amakumbutsa kuti kulibe ma akalkak ambiri pakati pa opha. Zaka zovuta kwa iwo ndi chaka chimodzi - theka lokha la mbalame zimawoloka.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zazikazi za Kestrel ndizazikulu komanso zolemera kuposa amuna pafupifupi 20 g Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zimakonda kunenepa nthawi yobereketsa: panthawiyi, kulemera kwazimayi kumatha kupitilira 300 g. Kukulirako kwachikazi, kumachulukirachulukira mmanja mwake ndi ana athanzi. Mwa amuna, kulemera kumakhalabe kosasintha chaka chonse.
Zofunika! Zoyipa zakugonana zimatha kutengera mtundu wa nthenga, makamaka zomwe zimaphimba mutu wa mbalameyo. Mkazi ndi wachikuda mofananamo, pomwe mutu wamwamuna umakhala wonenepa mosiyana ndi thupi ndi mapiko. Chifukwa chake, mwaimuna ya kestrel wamba, mutu nthawi zonse umakhala wonyezimira, pomwe mwa mkazi umakhala wofiirira, monga thupi lonse.
Komanso, nthenga zam'mwamba zamwamuna nthawi zambiri zimasiyanasiyana kuposa zazimayi, kuwonetsa kuwonekera kotsika kumtunda (wakuda kuposa amuna) m'thupi.
Mitundu ya Kestrel
Amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame sizikhala ndi kholo limodzi, ndichifukwa chake sizogwirizana m'banja limodzi, zogawika malinga ndi machitidwe ena m'magulu akulu anayi.
Gulu la kestrel wamba
- Falco punctatus - kestrel waku Mauritius
- Falco newtoni - Madagascar kestrel
- Falco moluccensis - Moluccan kestrel, wamba ku Indonesia;
- Falco tinnunculus - kestrel wamba, amakhala ku Europe, Asia ndi Africa;
- Falco araea - Seychelles kestrel
- Falco cenchroides - imvi kapena Australia kestrel, wopezeka ku Australia / New Guinea;
- Falco tinnunculus rupicolus ndi gawo laling'ono la kestrel wamba, wopatsidwa ngati mtundu wosiyana Falco rupicolus, amakhala ku South Africa;
- Falco duboisi Reunion kestrel ndi mitundu yakufa yomwe idakhala pachilumbachi. Kukumananso mu Nyanja ya Indian.
Gulu la ma kestrel enieni
- Falco rupicoloides ndi mphaka wamkulu wokhala ku East ndi South Africa;
- Falco alopex - nkhandwe kestrel, wopezeka ku Equatorial Africa;
- Falco naumanni ndi steppe kestrel, wochokera ku Southern Europe, North Africa ndi India.
Gulu la ma kestrel amtundu waku Africa
- Falco dickinsoni - kestrel wa Dickinson, fodya wakuda wakuda, ndi wamba ku East Africa mpaka ku South Africa;
- Falco zoniventris - Madagascar milozo kestrel, kufalikira ku Madagascar;
- Falco ardosiaceus ndi kestrel yaimvi, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku Central mpaka ku South Africa.
Gulu lachinayi likuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yokhayo ya Falco sparverius yomwe imakhala ku North ndi South America - American kapena passerine kestrel.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Kestrels afalikira pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amapezeka ku Europe, Asia, America, Africa ndi Australia. Mbalame zimasinthasintha malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka mosabisa, kupewa zipilala zolimba kwambiri komanso madera opanda mitengo. Kestrel amakhala pamalo otseguka okhala ndi masamba ochepa, pomwe nyama zazing'ono zimapezeka zambiri (chinthu chosaka mbalame). Chakudya chikakhala chochuluka, mbalame zimazolowera msinkhu wake mosiyanasiyana. Pakakhala mitengo, kestrel amatha kukhala pazitsulo zamagetsi ngakhalenso pamtunda wopanda kanthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku Central Europe, mbalame sizimangokhala zam'mapiri / m'mphepete, komanso zimalima malo. Wachiwombankhanga sawopa kukhala pafupi ndi anthu ndipo amapezeka kwambiri mumzinda, akukhala m'malo okhalamo kapena mabwinja.
The steppe kestrel amakhala kumapiri ndi theka-zipululu, komwe kumakhala zisa zambiri, miyala yowonongeka komanso malo okhala miyala. Kudera la Europe ku Russia, limasankha zigwa, zigwa (ndi mapiri ataliatali) ndi zigwa za mitsinje, m'mphepete mwake momwe muli zotumphukira miyala ya makolo. M'mapiri a Kummwera kwa Siberia ndi Kumwera kwa Urals, mbalame zimakocheza kulowera ku zigwa za mitsinje, m'mbali mwa mitsinje, kutsetsereka kwa zitunda, mapiri ataliatali a mapiri otsalira, zipilala pamapiri onga mapiri ndi zitunda pamwamba pa zitunda.
Zakudya za Kestrel
Mphemvu, monga zilombo zambiri zam nthenga, imakumba nyamayo ndi zikhadabo zake, ndikumaliza ndi nkhonya kumbuyo kwa mutu... Kusaka kumachitika kuchokera kumtengo (mitengo, mitengo, palisades) kapena ntchentche. Kusaka nsomba kumachitika pafupipafupi ndipo kumachita bwino kuzizira, kuwuluka kofulumira - m'nyengo yotentha (21% yazowukira motsutsana ndi 16% m'nyengo yozizira).
Kuphatikiza apo, kudumphira m'madzi kuchokera kumtunda kumachitika mwapadera: mwachitsanzo, kuwukira modabwitsa pagulu lalikulu la mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zakhala minda yaulimi. Zakudya za kestrel tsiku lililonse zimatsimikizika malinga ndi komwe amakhala, kutengera nyengo ndi malo.
Nyama zomwe kestrel amasaka:
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono, makamaka ma voles;
- mbalame zazing'ono zoimba, kuphatikizapo mpheta za m'nyumba;
- anapiye a nkhunda zakutchire;
- makoswe amadzi;
- abuluzi ndi mbozi;
- tizilombo (kafadala ndi ziwala).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kubwezeretsa ndalama zamagetsi, kestrels zimayenera kudya nyama zofanana ndi 25% ya misa yawo tsiku lililonse. M'mimba mwa mbalame zakufa, kuyezetsa magazi kudawulula mbewa zingapo zomwe zimayamwa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadyedwa ndi ana omwe sanakwanitse kugwira nyama zazikulu, komanso mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimakhala ndi zochepa zazing'ono.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ku Central Europe, kupindika kwa kestrels, kokhathamiritsa kwamapiko, mapiko oyenda mozungulira mozungulira ndikutsikira pansi, kumachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo. Kuthawa kwamphongo, limodzi ndi kulira kopatsa chidwi, kumakwaniritsa zolinga ziwiri - kukopa chachikazi ndikudutsa malire a tsambalo.
Nthawi zambiri yaikazi imayitanitsa kukwirana, komwe kumayandikira kwambiri kwamphongo ndikufuula komwe kumafanana ndi phokoso la mwana wankhuku wanjala. Atagonana, mnzakeyo amathawira ku chisa, kukodola bwenzi lake ndikumuseka. Kupitilizabe kugwiranagwirana, yamphongoyo imakhala pachisacho, ndikuikanda ndikuzimitsa ndi zikhadabo zake, ndipo yaikazi ikawonekera, imayamba kuthamanga mofulumira komanso pansi. Kuti mkazi azikhala pachisa chosankhidwa, chachimuna chimamuphatikiza ndi mankhwala omwe adagwidwa kale.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chisa cha kestrel kunja kwa mtengo chimawoneka ngati dzenje losaya kapena malo oyeretsedwa, pomwe mazira 3 mpaka 7 osiyanasiyananso (nthawi zambiri 4-6) amakhala. Zazikazi zimakhala zolimba pamatumba, ndikuzisiya pakagwa zoopsa: pakadali pano zimazungulira chisa, ndikutulutsa phokoso losokoneza.
The steppe kestrel amakonda kumanga zisa mu niches, ming'alu m'matanthwe a dothi ndi miyala, pakati pa miyala kapena pamapiri otsetsereka. Zisa za Kestrels zimapezeka m'mabwinja am'miyala yamiyala (pakati pa steppe) komanso m'matanthwe a matabwa a konkriti omwe amakhala m'misasa ya ng'ombe yotentha. Anthu aku Spain nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisa m'malo okhalamo, ndikukwera mumisasa pansi padenga. The steppe kestrel amapanga madera (kuyambira 2 mpaka 100 awiriawiri), wokhala ndi pakati pakati pa zisa za 1-100 m. Mtunda pakati pamadera osiyanasiyana ndi wa 1 mpaka 20 km.
Adani achilengedwe
Kuswana anapiye m'nkhalango, kestrel (monga mphamba wina) samadzidetsa nkhawa pomanga chisa, kukhala ndi omwe asiyidwa ndi ntchentche, akhwangwala ndi mapiko. Mbalame zitatuzi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi adani achilengedwe a kestrel, osati achikulire, koma ndewu komanso anapiye omwe akukula.
Komanso zisa za kestrels zimawonongedwa ndi martens ndi anthu. Zotsirizazi ndicholinga chofuna kudziwa chabe. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, ma kestrel nawonso adagwera akuwone, koma tsopano izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Koma ku Malta, kestrel anawonongedweratu ndi kuwombera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mu 2000, kestrel adapezeka mu lipoti la "Mbalame Padziko Lonse Lomwe Lili Pangozi" makamaka chifukwa cha mitundu iwiri yomwe ikupezeka. Mitundu iyi (Seychelles ndi Mauritius Kestrels) imalembedwanso mu IUCN Red List.
Mauritius Kestrel, yomwe ili ndi anthu 400 (monga 2012), amadziwika kuti ndi ovuta pachilumba cha Mauritius ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu. Seychelles Kestrel amadziwikanso kuti ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso chowopsa. Ziwerengero za mbalame 800 sizimangosamuka ndikusamukira kuzilumba za Seychelles zokha.
Buku la IUCN Red Data Book likuyerekeza kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali steppe kestrel pa anthu 61-76.1 sauzande (30.5-38,000 awiriawiri) ndipo amawapatsa mwayi woti ndi "ochepa pachiwopsezo".
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale kuchepa kwakukulu komwe kudalembedwa theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, mitunduyi yakhala yokhazikika komanso yowonjezeka m'malo ena. Komabe, mu Red Data Book of Russia, steppe kestrel amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Mitundu yochuluka kwambiri imadziwika kuti ndi kestrel wamba, omwe anthu aku Europe (malinga ndi IUCN) amakhala pakati pa mbalame 819 zikwi mpaka 1.21 miliyoni (409-603 zikwi ziwiri). Popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Europe ndi pafupifupi 19% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi, anthu onse ali pafupifupi mbalame zazikulu za 4.31-6.37 miliyoni.
Ku West Africa, zifukwa zakusowa kwa kestrel ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa malo:
- msipu wambiri wa ng'ombe;
- kukolola matabwa;
- moto waukulu;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kuchepa kwa ziweto ku Europe kumalumikizananso ndi kukulitsa kwaulimi ndipo, makamaka, pogwiritsa ntchito organochlorine ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Pakadali pano, kestrel ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zothandiza kwambiri: m'minda, imafafaniza dzombe, mbewa zakutchire ndi ma hamsters.
