Pali mitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri ya mbalame zokongola komanso zodabwitsa padziko lapansi. Ndikosatheka kulingalira mabwalo, minda, minda ndi nkhalango popanda iwo ndi kuyimba kwawo. Amadzaza dziko lowazungulira ndi kuyimba kokoma komanso mitundu yonse yamitundumitundu. Mmodzi mwa oimira ochenjera padziko lapansi nthenga ndi wodzigudubuza, za izo mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Wodzigudubuza wamba mbalame yapadera, ndi ya banja la Rollerbone ndi dongosolo la Raksheiformes. Ali ndi nthenga zokongola zomwe zikusefukira, ndipo amawoneka okongola kumwamba. Mtundu wapaulendo ndiwothamanga kwambiri komanso wachangu, mapikowo amakhala olimba komanso owongoka.
Mutu wa munthuyo, chifuwa chake ndi mapiko ake kuchokera mkati amakhala ndi kamvekedwe kabwino kabuluu kamene kali ndi kusintha kwamitengo yabuluu.
Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira ndi dzimbiri, ndikusintha kosalala kumayambiriro kwa mchira kukhala wakuda buluu wokhala ndi utoto wabuluu. Mapiko oyendetsa yapangidwa kuphatikiza mitundu yakumwamba ndi yobiriwira, ndikusintha kwakuda pamalangizo.
Wodzigudubuza mbalame kukula kwake ndikofanana ndi jackdaw kapena magpie. Ali ndi izi:
- kutalika mpaka 30-35 cm;
- kulemera kungakhale 240 gr .;
- lamulo lamalamulo ndilobwino, mofanana;
- Kufalikira kwa mapikowo mpaka 22 cm, mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi 65 cm;
- miyendo yayitali yamchenga;
- pa mwendo uliwonse, zala zitatu zakutsogolo ndi chimodzi chakumbuyo;
- mutu wa munthu wamkulu ndi waukulu pa khosi lalifupi;
- mlomo wa mithunzi yakuda, yolimba komanso yamphamvu, ngakhale mwamakhalidwe, kumapeto kwa gawo lakumtunda ngati mbedza.
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi chodabwitsa - chotupa cholimba ngati vibrissae (chiwalo chokhudza) chimayikidwa pansi pamlomo. Mitunduyi imayenda padziko lapansi ndi zodumphadumpha, chifukwa chake imakonda kusaka nyama yanthambi.
Mbalameyi imawuluka mosadukizadukiza, ikukula kutalika ndikutsika. Ndege nthawi zambiri siyipitilira mamitala 200-250. Liwu la Roller yovuta komanso yolimba, kukumbukira mawu "okongola kwambiri". Akazi ndi abambo pafupifupi samasiyana wina ndi mnzake.
Mverani Kuyimba Kwa Roller
Mitundu
Pali mitundu 8 m'banja la Roller, mwa mitundu yokhayo yomwe imakhalamo ku Europe komanso kumwera kwa Russia.
Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe ake:
1. Woyendetsa mawere a Lilac imawonekera makamaka chifukwa cha utoto wake wosiyanasiyana. Chifuwa ndi lilac ndi utoto wa violet, mutu ndi gawo la occipital ndi lobiriwira, ndipo maso ali ndi mzere woyera. Mtundu wonsewo ndi wofanana ndi munthu wamba. Mbalameyi imakhala ku Africa kokha. Moyo wake umangokhala. Ili ndi ma subspecies awiri.
2. Woyendetsa Abyssinian... Zosiyanasiyana ndizosowa, amakhala ku Center of Africa, ali ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino, zakudya zake ndi tizilombo, makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
3. Woyendetsa buluu wamiyala yabuluu... Munthuyo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wobiriwira wakuda kumbuyo, zonona pamutu. Amakhala ku Central Africa, amadyetsa chiswe. Anthu ali ndi gawo lomwe amadziwika - mbalame zonse zomwe zimapezeka pachisa zimaukiridwa.
4. Bengal wodzigudubuza ali ndi chifuwa cha bulauni, osati buluu. Amakhala kuminda ndi kumapiri aku South Asia, ku Arabia Peninsula kupita ku China, ku India. Sizimasuntha, koma nthawi yopuma imachita maulendo ataliatali. Mbalameyi idatchuka chifukwa chothamangitsa amuna nthawi yokomana. Amakonda kusambira ndikugwira nsomba zazing'ono. Ili ndi ma subspecies atatu. Maiko angapo aku India asankha mbalameyi ngati chizindikiro.
5. Woyendetsa Sulawesian... Mitunduyi imakhala ndi thupi labuluu lolemera komanso imvi pamutu ndi mchira. Mitundu yosawerengeka ya ku Indonesia.
6. Wodzigudubuza wofiira amatchedwa choncho, chifukwa cha chipewa chake chochepa cha utoto wofiira pamutu wa nthenga. Chifuwacho chimakhalanso ndi mawu ofiira ofiira. Mbalameyi imangokhala, imakhala m'malo a Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, imadyetsa zinkhanira, akangaude ndi abuluzi.
7. Rocket-Tailed wodzigudubuza... Munthuyu amakhala m'maiko angapo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Dzina lake linachokera ku nthenga zazitali m'mphepete mwa mchira. Mtundu, ndi wofanana ndi wamba, koma uli ndi utoto woyera pamutu.
Banja limasiyanitsa banja lachilendo lomwe limangokhala ku Madagascar - rakshas zadothi. Mbalamezi zimathamanga kwambiri ndipo zimathamanga pansi kufunafuna chakudya pakati paudzu. Ali ndi miyendo yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yayitali. Amamanga zisa zawo m'nthaka.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ngakhale zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, wodzigudubuza wamba anali kupezeka m'malo akulu ku Europe. Koma kudula mitengo mopitirira muyeso, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamankhwala m'minda kunalanda mtunduwu mwayi wokhala m'malo ake wamba. M'madera akumpoto kwa Europe, mitundu ya ziwerengero, mwatsoka, pafupifupi zikwi zana limodzi, pomaliza. M'madera akumwera kwa mndandanda, m'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo ndi yayikulu.
Roller ndi mbalame yomwe imakonda kusamuka, ndipo imabwerera kumalo ake obisalako mu Epulo, ndikuwuluka nyengo yozizira kumayiko otentha koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Nyengo isanakwane, anthu amakhala okha. Madera komwe Wodzigudubuza amakhala Zowonjezera, makamaka nkhalango za steppe ndi steppe:
- Kummwera kwa Europe, chimakhazikika m'maiko aku Spain, France ndi Germany. Spain.
- Dziko lonse lakummawa kwa Europe.
- M'madera ena akumwera kwa Scandinavia.
- Kumwera kwa Siberia.
- Central Asia.
- India, Pakistan.
- Maiko aku Africa ndi Australia.
M'dziko lathu, mbalame zimawonedwa ku Moscow ndi dera la Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Kazan, kum'mawa mpaka ku Altai Territory. Pali madera kum'mawa kwa Urals. Mu theka loyambirira la zaka zapitazi, kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa dera la Ivanovo, mbalameyi imkauluka nthawi zonse mchilimwe. Tsopano m'malo awa, asayansi amavomereza kuthekera kwa kukaikira mazira osapitilira angapo - mwatsoka.
Wodzigudubuza amakonda kukhala m'maenje, mapiri a m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi miyala, m'nkhalango ya paini, m'mapaki. Minda, misondodzi ndi thundu zimakopanso mbalameyi. M'malo otambalala, mbalame zimakonda kukhazikika, magombe a mitsinje, mapiri, ndi malo opanda anthu ali abwino kwa iwo. Mbalamezi zimatha kukwera mpaka mamita 3000 pamwamba pa nyanja m'mapiri kuti apange malo okhala m'matanthwe.
M'madera akumpoto, mbalame zimakhala ndi moyo wosamuka ndipo zimayamba kusonkhana nthawi yachisanu mu Seputembala. M'madera otentha ku Caucasus, chilumba cha Crimea, ma roller oyenda amakhalabe mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Kunyamuka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu, mbali imodzi - kupita ku Africa. M'mayiko otentha komanso akumadzulo, mbalameyi imangokhala.
Zakudya zabwino
Makina odzigudubuza amadyetsa makamaka chakudya chamoyo, pomwe amakhala omnivorous. Mbalamezi zimawonerera nyama zawo kuchokera kumwamba, zitakhala pamphumi pamtengo, podyera msipu, mitengo yazitali, komanso mawaya amagetsi. Zakudyazo nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- tizilombo tambiri, mchaka - kafadala, komanso kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe - dzombe;
- mavuvu, mavu, ntchentche;
- abuluzi ndi ochepa;
- kawirikawiri - mbewa zazing'ono ndi achule;
- zipatso, zipatso ndi mbewu - pakacha.
Powona nyama yochokera kumwamba, wodzigudubuza akuwuluka mwamphamvu ndi mphezi ndikuigunda ndi mulomo wake wamphamvu. Mbewa yaing'ono ikagwidwa, mbalameyo imadzuka nayo m'mwamba ndikuiponya kangapo pansi. Ndipo pokha pomwe imayamba kudya.
Palinso njira ina yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, limodzi ndi nyamayo, munthuyo akukwera mtengo. Pogwira nyama ndi mchira wake, imamenya mwamphamvu mutu wake ulimba. Mbalameyi imachita izi mpaka itakhutira kuti nyamayo siyikhala ndi moyo. Pokhapokha pamenepo ndi pomwe nyamayo imadyedwa.
Kubereka
Chaka ndi chaka, Roller imawuluka kuchokera kumwera kupita kudera lomwelo, chifukwa chokhalamo mtsogolo imasankha mabowo m'mitengo kapena m'matanthwe. Chisa chowongolera yomangidwa m'nyumba yowonongedwa, nkhokwe, komanso zakale, zitsime zouma. Miphika yosinthidwa ndi chisa cha mbalame imatha kupezeka pamiyeso yosiyana kwambiri, pafupi ndi nthaka komanso pamalo okwera mpaka 23-30 mita.
M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pamalo ofewa, mbalameyi imatha kukumba dzenje loposa theka la mita m'litali, njira yomwe ili mu mink ndi 10-15 masentimita.Pomaliza pake, chipinda chomanga zokometsera chimamangidwa (30-50 cm), kutalika kwa makomawo kumakhala masentimita 20. Pansi pake pamatha kukhala kuchuluka kochepa kwa zitsamba zowuma ndi masamba. Kuperewera kwa pansi ndizotheka.
M'chaka, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokhwima, amuna amakwera kutalika, kulira modzidzimutsa, kenako ndikumatsika pansi, ndikupanga phokoso limodzi mwamphamvu, kuyitanira wamkazi. Kwa mavinidwe amenewa ndi nyimbo zofananira ndi kulira kwa "khansa-khansa", zidalipo dzina lina la wodzigudubuza - Zamgululi
Mazira oyendetsa pafupifupi masentimita atatu voliyumu, m'masiku oyamba a Juni, mkaziyo amagona mpaka zidutswa zisanu ndi chimodzi nthawi imodzi - ndi yoyera, yoyera. Popeza mazira amaikidwa pasanathe masiku awiri, amaswa kuchokera dzira loyamba. Anthu onsewa amatenga nawo mbali pazimenezi.
Awiriwo amateteza chisa mwachangu nthawi yonse yophatikizira ndi kudyetsa anapiye. Pambuyo pake Anapiye wodzigudubuzaomwe amatuluka mochedwa chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Zotsatira zake, okhawo olimba kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu 2-3. Nthawi yonse yodyetsa mbalame, malo oswetsako samatsukidwa.
Anapiyewo amaswa mu kuwala ali maliseche ndi akhungu. Kwa milungu 4-5, makolo amatopa kudyetsa ana awo ndikuwothautsa ndi kutentha kwawo. Pambuyo pa nthenga, achinyamata amayesa kuchoka pachisa, ndikukhala pafupi.
Ndipo makolo akupitiliza kuwadyetsa. Mwa achinyamata, mtunduwo sunakhale wowala ngati mbalame zokhwima; adzakhala ndi utoto wowala patadutsa chaka chimodzi. Kumapeto kwa nyengo yotentha, ana atsopano amasamukira kumwera.
Utali wamoyo
Achinyamata amayamba kufunafuna awiriawiri ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mbalameyi imakhala ndi moyo wokwanira zaka 8-9. Koma palinso milandu yodziwika ya moyo wake mpaka zaka 10-12. Kwa moyo wake wonse, mbalame imodzi imatha kukula mpaka anapiye 20-22. Ngati nyengo yamvula ndi kuzizira imaperekedwa mchaka chimodzi, ndiye kuti ma Roller sangabereke. Mbalamezi zimakonda nyengo yotentha kwambiri.
Zosangalatsa
Wodzigudubuza ali ndi zina zapadera zomwe zimakhala zachilendo komanso zosangalatsa:
- Mbalameyi ili ndi malo ena: pangozi, munthuyo amabisa chinsinsi kuchokera m'mimba, ndikununkhira koyipa. Izi zimawopsyeza adani ambiri. Ndipo mbalameyi, motero, imadzipulumutsa yokha ndi kuteteza malo ake okhala ndi anapiye kuti asawaukire.
- Mbalamezo, zitatha kupanga awiri, zimakhala zokhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo.
- Pazaka 30 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kwatsika kwambiri. Ku Europe, chifukwa cha chilengedwe ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komanso kumwera kwa mayiko (India) - chifukwa chowombera chifukwa cha nyama yokoma. Nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imasakidwa kuti isangalale, kuyika zinthu, komanso kugulitsa.
- Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso udzu wam'masiku ndi nthawi yophukira zimawotcha mbalame zomwe zimakakamiza kuti zizifunafuna madera ena okhalamo.
- Pali zodziwika bwino zakukhala kwamagulu awiri awiri dzenje limodzi lalikulu, pomwe gulu lililonse lili ndi chisa chake chachikulu. "M'nyumba" yotere mbalame zimatha kusamvana ndikulera anapiye awo.
- Wodzigudubuza pachithunzichi ndipo kanemayo amasangalatsa kukongola kwake kowala komanso chisomo - imawoneka ngati mbalame yomwe idawuluka kuchokera ku paradiso.
- Asayansi adalemba kuthekera kwa Roller kusamutsira anapiye kuchoka pachisa chimodzi kupita kwina - izi ndizovuta komanso zowopsa, komanso zoseketsa mbalame.
- M'madera akumwera a dziko lathu, pamakhala milandu pomwe mbalame zokalamba kale zimayikira mazira "mwamphamvu", makamaka akazi achikazi. Pakadali pano, mdzenje, amatha kugwidwa mosavuta ngakhale ndi manja anu.
- Wodzigudubuza amadya tizirombo tambiri tomwe timavulaza mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, amayenera kulemekezedwa, chifukwa potero zimapindulitsa kwambiri, kupulumutsa mbewu, mbewu ku tsoka la tizirombo.
- Tsoka ilo, mbalameyi ikuwopsezedwa kuti ikutha ndipo imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Ili ndi gulu loyamba losowa. Ku Moscow, Lipetsk, Kaluga ndi Ryazan ndi madera ena, mitunduyo ikutetezedwa. Malo okhala ndi malo okhala zamoyo zamtunduwu ndizotetezedwa.
Common Roller ndi mphatso ya paradaiso kumadera athu akumpoto ochokera kumayiko akutali komanso otentha aku Asia ndi Africa. Chovala cha mbalame chimakuwa. Mukamauluka, mbalame zimauluka mtunda wautali kwambiri kuti zibwerere, kukapeza ndi kulera anapiye. Ntchito yathu ndikusunga zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndikupanga zofunikira zonse kuti pakhale moyo wabwino ndikuwonjezeka.
