Gyurza amatanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Persian ngati "chitsulo chachitsulo", "chibonga", "mace". Amawoneka ngati chibonga chachikulu. Ngakhale, mwina, dzina "chibonga" - kuchokera pakuponya mwachangu njoka, yomwe ndi "khadi yake yoyitanira". Ndi njoka yapoizoni kuchokera kubanja lamanjoka. Dzinalo ndi "Levant njoka".
Zimanenedwa kuti njoka iyi siyopweteketsa kokha, koma yamakani komanso yankhanza. Pokwiya mopanda mphamvu, amatha kuswa mutu ngati malo ake ndi ochepa. Mwaukali wamisala, amalumanso mthunzi wake. Ndipo pambuyo pa olakwira kapena adaniwo, amatha kunyamuka atapita mtunda wautali. Kummawa, adalandira dzina loti "mfumukazi yaimfa."
Amanenanso china - ndi waulesi komanso wopanda chidwi, ndipo thupi lake lolimba, lolimba silimamumvera. Kuti amukwapule, ayenera kumuyang'ana wovulalayo kwanthawi yayitali komanso mwamwano akumubisalira.
Musanatsimikizire kapena kuchotsa nkhanizi, m'pofunika kuchenjeza za zotsatirazi. Njoka zapoizoni, ngakhale zitakhala zofatsa komanso zaulesi, ziyenera kukhala zofunikira kwambiri nthawi zonse. Mulimonsemo simuyenera kuziyambitsa nokha, monga ziweto.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Njoka ya Gyurza mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, yokwawa zapoizoni zazikulu kwambiri ku Soviet Union wakale. Kutalika kwake, kutengera kugonana, kumafikira mamita 1,3-2 Akazi ndi ochepa, amuna amakhala okulirapo. Kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Mutuwo ndiwofewa komanso wokulirapo, wofanana ndi mkondo, ndikusunthika mpaka kukhosi, maso okhala ndi matawuni owoneka bwino amaonekera bwino pamphumi.
Iye, mofanana ndi zokwawa zambiri, ali ndi ana ofukula. Pamwamba pamutu pamakhala zofananira ngati nthiti zopangidwa ndi mamba; pafupi ndi mphuno, ndiyosalala. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa ndi utoto wofiirira, koma umatha kusintha m'deralo. Nthawi zina pamakhala njoka zamtundu umodzi zokha, zamchenga kapena zofiirira, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mthunzi wa utoto wa ultramarine.
Koma nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa bwino. Kumbuyo kumbuyo kwake kuli mikwingwirima yakuda komwe kumayendera. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amatsikira kumimba. Mimba ndi yopepuka, komanso pamakhala timadontho tating'ono. Mtundu wa mutu ukhoza kukhala wosakanikirana kapena wokongola kwambiri ndi ma arcs kapena mawanga.
Mtundu wa njokayo umadalira kwambiri malo ake, amathandizira kuti azidzibisalira pakasaka. Zimachitika m'chilengedwe ndipo wakuda gurza, wamtundu umodzi, wopanda mawanga oyenda kumbuyo. Nthawi zina imasokonezedwa ndi njoka ina yoopsa kwambiri komanso yaululu yotchedwa black mamba.
Mano ataliatali a poizoni amakhala atasunthika mozungulira, ngati mpeni wopinda, pakamwa pakatseguka, amazungulira mozungulira kuti alimbane. Chifukwa chake, chokwawa chimatha kumenya ndikuchira ndi liwiro la mphezi.
Gyurza pachithunzichi amawoneka okhwima komanso osagwedezeka. Maonekedwe ake nthawi zina amatha kusocheretsa munthu wosadziwa zambiri amene amaganiza kuti ndi wodekha komanso wosakhazikika. Komabe, sizili choncho. Ndiwopusa kwambiri komanso wochenjera, amakwera bwino tchire, amapanga mphezi. Ataona zoopsa, amatha kukwawa mofulumira kwambiri.
Mitundu
N'zovuta kusiyanitsa mosamalitsa mitundu ndi subspecies ya gyurzu. Ikhoza kuwoneka yosiyana kwambiri ngakhale m'dera lomwelo. Tsopano akuyesera kuti adziwe zazing'ono zisanu ndi chimodzi za munthuyu. Zowona, imodzi mwamtunduwu sinatanthauzidwe ndendende. Kupro gyurza, Transcaucasian, Central Asia, gyurza wa Chernov ndi Nurata.
Ma subspecies omalizawa ali ndi dzina lachilatini Macrovitera leetina obtusa. Ndipo atha kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mosavomerezeka. Anthu onse am'banja lamanjoka amatha kuwerengedwa ngati mitundu yofanana. Mitundu yotsatirayi ya njoka ndizoopsa kwambiri:
- Njoka wamba yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango zonse zadziko lathu. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 1 mita, utoto wakuda ndi utoto wabuluu kukhala wakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi wakuda. Kumbuyo kwake kuli chokongoletsera chazithunzi zakuda.
- Njoka ya steppe yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian. Mtundu wowala, kukula pang'ono.
- Njoka zamchenga ndi mphiri za aspis zimapezeka pagombe la Mediterranean. Sakhala owopsa, komanso amapha poizoni.
- Njoka ya ku Armenia, yomwe imapezeka m'maiko akum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Mbali yake yapadera ndi mawanga ozungulira owala a lalanje kapena mtundu wa terracotta kumbuyo.
- Mwa njoka zam'chipululu, mchenga wa epha ndiwodziwika kwambiri. Kumalo okhala chipululu cha North Africa ndi South Asia. Tili nawo ku Central Asia. Ndi yaying'ono, mpaka 60 cm kutalika, yoyenda kwambiri komanso yachangu. Khungu lake ndi lamchenga, lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ya zigzaz yoyenda kuchokera pamwamba mpaka mbali. Pamutu pake pali chojambula chamtanda.
- Daboya, kapena mphiri womangirizidwa, malo okhala ku India, Indochina, madera agombe ndi mapiri.
- Njoka yaphokosoyo imakhala ku Africa. Mtunduwo ndi bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga owala kumbuyo. Mikwingwirima yodutsa imayambira kuchoka m'maso kupita kukachisi. Hisses mokweza mokwiya kwambiri.
- Njoka ya ku Gabon imakhala ku Africa. Iye ndi wokongola kwambiri mwa mphiri zonse. Mbali zakumtunda zimakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso okongola amitundu itatu ya pinki, yofiirira kapena yofiirira. Pakati pa nsana pali mzere woyera komanso wowala wachikasu. Mutu ndi wotuwa.
Pafupifupi onsewo ndi owopsa kwa anthu.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Gyurza amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, Middle East, Arabia Peninsula, India ndi Pakistan. M'madera omwe kale anali USSR, amapezeka ku Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Armenia ndi Central Asia. M'madera akumwera a Kazakhstan, njoka iyi tsopano ndiyosowa.
Ku Israeli, idasowa mzaka za m'ma 50 zapitazo. Amakhala m'magulu osiyana gyurza ku Dagestan... Chiwerengero cha iwo ndikuchepa, pafupifupi mutha kupeza njoka imodzi pamahekitala 13. Komabe, m'malo ena kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu, njoka zimapezeka nthawi zambiri, munthu m'modzi pa hekitala imodzi. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zitsanzo za 20 pa hekitala zimatha kusungidwa kumadzi.
Nyengo iliyonse ndiyosiyana ndi ziwerengero. Mwachitsanzo, mu Epulo 2019, kuchuluka kwa njoka kunawoneka m'malo ena. Anapezekanso pansi pagalimoto, m'misewu, m'minda yamaluwa. Mwadzidzidzi adalengezedwa, ndipo ntchito zapadera zinkachita misampha. Patatha mwezi, zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino.
Chokwawa chimasankha zipululu, zipululu, mapiri ndi zitunda. Nthawi zambiri imadutsa m'mapiri, m'mitsinje yomwe ili ndi mitsinje, m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi ndi mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa ngalande zamadzi. Nthawi zina amatha kupezeka ngakhale kumadera akumidzi, m'malo omwe amabisala, komanso komwe kuli kusaka kwabwino. Amapeza makoswe ndi mbewa kumeneko. Itha kukwera mtunda wokwera kwambiri, mpaka 2000-2500 m.
M'nyengo yozizira, amabisala ndi kubisala. Kwina nthawi yachaka, pafupi ndi Marichi, pomwe mpweya umafikira mpaka 10, amatuluka m'malo obisalamo. Kwa kanthawi amadyera pafupi ndi malo awo ozizira, akusaka makoswe apafupi, kenako amalowa m'malo okhala chilimwe. Munthuyu ndiwosuntha, amatha kusamuka.
M'dzinja amasonkhananso, amabisalira anthu angapo, pafupifupi 10-12, ngakhale atha kuchita izi okha. Amagona m'dera lililonse munthawi zosiyanasiyana, kutengera nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Transcaucasia, nthawi ya hibernation imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 5, kuyambira koyambirira kwa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Nyengo yotentha ya Meyi ikafika, njokayo imayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi chinyezi - akasupe ndi mitsinje. Munthawi imeneyi, adayala kuti aphimbe gawo lalikulu kwambiri losaka nyama. Gyurza amakonda madzi, amasamba, nthawi yomweyo amalimbana ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala pamadzi kapena kubwera kudzamwa, komanso achule ndi abuluzi.
Zakudya zabwino
Pazakudya za gyurza okhwima mwa kugonana, makoswe ndi omwe akutsogolera, kenako mbalame ndi amphibiya. Pikas, gerbils, mbewa, hamsters, gophers, abuluzi kawirikawiri ndi njoka zina. Nyama yake itha kukhala masewera akuluakulu - mwachitsanzo, kalulu.
Akamba ang'onoang'ono ndi mazira awo amapezeka muzakudya. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukasaka masana, koma nthawi yotentha, zochitika zimasintha. M'nyengo yotentha, amasaka m'mawa ndi madzulo, kuyambira madzulo.
Njokayo imayamba kusaka mwachangu mchaka. Amasankha malo osiyanasiyana. Itha kubisala m'mbali mwa phiri, imatha kukwera tchire, imabisala pamenepo ndikudikirira nyama - mbalame kapena anapiye. Kukwapula njinga ndi magaleta kumakhala ngati kusaka uku.
Amakonda kubisala m'minda yamphesa, popeza pali odutsa ambiri ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimawulukira ku zipatso zokoma. Njoka zobadwa kumene zimadya tizilombo ndi abuluzi ang'onoang'ono. Pakhala pali milandu yakudya anzawo pakati pa njoka izi.
Kuyambitsa mlingo wowopsa wa poizoni gyurza wakupha Sikuti amangoumitsa wovulalayo, imayamba kuwononga magazi ndi ziwalo zina, zomwe zimachitika mwachangu kwambiri. M'malo mwake, amameza chakudya chophika theka. Njokayo imatha kupirira njala, nthawi zina yayitali, koma itapita kokasaka bwino, imadya makoswe atatu motsatira.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Gyurza ku Central Asia ndi njoka ya oviparous, yomwe imapezeka kawirikawiri m'banja lamanjoka. M'malo ena, ndi viviparous, monga anthu ena am'banja. M'chaka, amuna amayamba kukwawa padzuwa, kenako akazi pakati pa masiku 6-7. Atatenthetsa, amayamba kukwatira.
Njoka zimadzipota kukhala mipira, nthawi zina sizimadziwika kuti "wolemba" wa mbewuyo ndi ndani. Nyengo yokwanira imakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, mpaka koyambirira kwa Juni. Mkazi amaikira mazira m'masiku 20-25. Bokosi loberekera lili ndi mazira 15-20 okhala ndi mazira omwe atukuka kale.
Mazirawo saphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo pamwamba, koma ndi khungu lowonekera pang'ono. Nthawi zina kudzera momwemo mumatha kuwona ana amtsogolo mkati. Kukwapula kwa mazira osaposa 40 kunawonedwa ndikundende kumwera kwa Tajikistan.
Nthawi yokwanira ndi masabata 3-7. Njoka zazing'ono zomwe zimangobadwa kumene zimakhala zazitali masentimita 28. Njira yoswetsa ana imachitika kuyambira Julayi mpaka koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Pakubadwa, amatha kukhala nyama ya aliyense, kuchokera kwa makolo awo kupita kunjoka zina, ngakhale zoyizoni - mwachitsanzo, njoka zachikasu. Gyurza wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere alibe adani mwachilengedwe.
Zachidziwikire kuti zitha kuukiridwa ndi mphiri yayikulu kapena buluzi wowonera imvi, amatha kuwonedwa ndi nkhandwe, mphaka wa nkhalango ndi nkhandwe. Ndiwochimwitsa okha omwe amatha kudwala gurza. Mdani weniweni wa njoka iyi ndi mphungu ya njoka. Gyurza ndi chokoma chomwe amakonda kwambiri. Amatha kukhala ndi nyama mpaka zaka 10. Mu malo osungira njoka, nthawi ya moyo wawo ndi yayitali kwambiri - zaka 17, panali milandu, amakhala zaka 20.
Zomwe mungachite ngati mwalumidwa ndi gyurza
Gyurza ndi imodzi mwanjoka zowopsa kwambiri kwa ziweto ndi anthu. Amatha kuponya mwamphamvu mphezi kutalika kwa thupi lake kwa adani. Kuphatikiza apo, samalizira, samachita miyambo, koma amamuukira popanda chenjezo akawona kuti mwaphwanya gawo lake.
Ngakhale wogwira akatswiri amatha kukumana nawo. Ndikosavuta kuigwira, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuisunga. Thupi lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu limagundana m'manja, ndikupita mwadzidzidzi. Muyenera luso lapadera ndi luso kuti mugwire gurza. Chifukwa chake, ogwira gyurzu ndi ofunikira makamaka mdziko la omwe amagwira njoka.
Akakhala wokonzeka kuluma wina, ndiye, mosachedwa, amamiza mano ndi mphamvu zake zonse, pomwe nthawi zina amapyoza nsagwada zake zapansi. Mwanjira imeneyi, iye, monga njoka zonse, ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri za nsagwada. Kuti mulume njoka ya mamba, m'pofunika koyamba "kusuntha" nsagwada, kuziyendetsa pang'ono. Nthawi zina amadzivulaza.
Kuluma kwa Gyurza nthawi zambiri amapha. Popanda thandizo lakanthawi, munthu amamwalira. Izi ndizovuta chifukwa cha nyengo yofunda; kutentha, poyizoni amafalikira mwachangu mthupi lonse. Ngati mwalumidwa ndi gyurza, simukuyenera kudzipangira mankhwala. Poizoniyu sangathe kuchotsedwa mthupi popanda kuthandizidwa ndi seramu yotsutsana ndi poizoni. Seramu yokha imapangidwa kuchokera ku poyizoni uyu, ndipo amatchedwa "Antihyurzin".
Poizoni wa Gyurza zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Poizoni wa mamba yekha ndiye wamphamvu kuposa iwo poizoni. Gyurza nthawi yomweyo amalowetsa zochuluka mpaka 50 mg wa poizoni. Lili ndi michere yomwe imawononga magazi mwachangu, imaphwanya mitsempha yaying'ono.
Magazi ayamba kuundana. Zonsezi zimaphatikizidwa ndi ululu, nseru, kusanza, malungo. Komabe, poizoniyu ndiwofunika kwambiri pamankhwala. Pa maziko a ego, mankhwala amapangidwira kukakamiza, kuchepetsa ululu, motsutsana ndi chifuwa cha bronchial, mafuta a sciatica, neuralgia, polyarthritis, mankhwala opatsirana ndikuchiza hemophilia, zotupa zoyipa ndi khate.
Kugwira njoka ndi bizinesi yowopsa, koma yopindulitsa kwambiri. Mwa kugwira mosalamulirika njokayo, ndikusokoneza malo ake achilengedwe, munthu wachepetsa kwambiri anthu, kuphatikiza ku Russia. Chifukwa chake, gyurza idaphatikizidwa ndi Red Data Books yaku Kazakhstan, Dagestan komanso mtundu watsopano wa Red Data Book of the Russian Federation.
Zosangalatsa
- Njokayo imatulutsa katatu pachaka chonse. Choyamba, amapaka mutu wake pamalo olimba - miyala, nthambi, nthaka youma, mpaka khungu limasweka. Kenako imakwawa pamalo opapatiza pakati pamiyala, mizu yamitengo. Zotsatira zake, khungu limasunthika ngati masheya. Kwa kanthawi amabisala kwinakwake, kenako amabwerera ku chilengedwe.
- Moulting nthawi zambiri imagwirizana ndi nyengo yotentha. Ngati kulibe mvula, njokayo "imanyowetsa" kwa nthawi yayitali mame kapena kumiza m'madzi kuti afewetse khungu. Kenako imadzipatula mosavuta mthupi.
- Njoka zazing'ono zimabadwa kale zili ndi poyizoni. Zowona, amafunikira nthawi kuti achite masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti alume bwino.
- Nkhani zambiri zonena za ukali wosakhudzidwa komanso kukwiya kwa gyurza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokokomeza, kapena zinthu zomwe zimaphunziridwa zidasokonekera kwambiri izi zisanachitike. Njokayo sichiukira popanda chifukwa chomveka.
- Ku Soviet Union wakale, ku Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan, kunali malo osungira njoka zapadera momwe gyurza amalimidwa kuti apeze poizoni. Adasungidwa momwemo ambiri. Njoka izi ndizolimba. Amakhala mu ukapolo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amapereka poizoni wambiri.
- Wolemba ku Russia wodabwitsa, Lazar Karelin adalemba buku la "The Serpents" mu 1982. Ngwaziyo, atakumana ndi zovuta zam'moyo, adapita ku Central Asia makamaka kuti akagwire gyurza, chifukwa inali bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri komanso yolemekezeka. Zotengera za munthu yekhayo adagwira zoposa 50 za njoka zapoizoni.
- Chakudya chokoma kwambiri ku Azerbaijan, chokumbutsa za zonyansa zathu, chimatchedwa "gyurza" chifukwa cha mtanda.
- Limodzi mwa magawo a asitikali apadera aku Russia amatchedwa "Gyurza". Kuthamanga, kupirira, luntha, malingaliro abwino mlengalenga, kuwomba koopsa - awa ndi mikhalidwe ya njoka iyi yomwe idatanthauza posankha dzina.
- Pisitoli yodzikonzera yokha ya Serdyukov, yopangidwira magulu apadera, ilinso ndi dzina loopseza "Gyurza". Zikuwoneka kuti mphamvu ndi liwiro la chokwawa ichi, chomwe chimakhala chida choopsa, chimapatsa ulemu komanso kufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lake kuopseza mdani.
