Dzombe Ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tochokera ku suborder Orthoptera, Orthoptera. Pofuna kuwasiyanitsa ndi njoka kapena katididi, nthawi zina amatchedwa ziwala zazifupi. Mitundu yomwe imasintha mtundu ndi kakhalidwe kochulukitsitsa kwa anthu amatchedwa dzombe. Pali mitundu 11,000 yodziwika ya ziwala zomwe zimapezeka padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'minda yaudzu, madambo komanso nkhalango.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Phulusa
Ziwala zamakono zimachokera kwa makolo akale omwe adakhalako kale ma dinosaurs asanayende padziko lapansi. Zakale zakale zikuwonetsa kuti ziwala zakale zidayamba kuwonekera nthawi ya Carboniferous, zaka zopitilira 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Ambiri a ziwala zakale amasungidwa ngati zakale, ngakhale kuti mbozi (gawo lachiwiri la moyo wa ziwala pambuyo poyambira dzira) nthawi zina zimapezeka mu amber. Ziwala zimagawanika malinga ndi kutalika kwa tinyanga tawo (tentacles), tomwe timatchedwanso nyanga.
Kanema: Dzombe
Pali magulu akulu awiri a ziwala:
- ziwala ndi nyanga zazitali;
- ziwala ndi nyanga zazifupi.
Dzombe lalifupi (banja la Acrididae, lomwe kale linali Locustidae) limaphatikizapo mitundu yosaopsa, yosasunthika komanso mitundu yowononga, yodzaza, komanso yosuntha yodziwika ngati dzombe. Chiwala chanyanga zazitali (banja la Tettigoniidae) chimayimilidwa ndi catidid, dzombe lodyera, dzombe lokhala ndi mutu wa cone komanso dzombe pazishango.
Ma Orthoptera ena nthawi zina amatchedwanso ziwala. Chiwombankhanga cha pygmy (banja la Tetrigidae) nthawi zina chimatchedwa Partridge, kapena dzombe la pygmy. Ziwala zamasamba (banja la Gryllacrididae) nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda mapiko ndipo sizikhala ndi ziwalo zomvera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe ziwala zimawonekera
Ziwala ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kapena tating'ono. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 1 mpaka 7 sentimita, kutengera mtunduwo. Mofanana ndi azibale awo, ma catidid ndi crickets, ziwala zili ndi pakamwa potafuna, mapiko awiri awiri, imodzi yopapatiza komanso yolimba, inayo yotakata komanso yosinthasintha, ndi miyendo yayitali yakumbuyo yolumpha. Amasiyana ndi maguluwa chifukwa amakhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe sinafike patali mthupi lawo.
Dera lachikazi la miyendo yakumbuyo yakumbuyo kwa ziwala limakulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo limakhala ndi minofu ikuluikulu yomwe imapangitsa kuti miyendo izolowere kulumpha. Wamphongo amatha kutulutsa mawu, mwina pakuthyola mapiko amtsogolo (Tettigoniidae) kapena kupukuta ziwonetsedwe zamataya a ntchafu zam'mbuyo motsutsana ndi mtsempha wokwera pamapiko otsekedwa (Acrididae).
Chosangalatsa: Dzombe ndi kachilombo kodabwitsa kwambiri kamene kangadumphe maulendo 20 kutalika kwa thupi lake. M'malo mwake, ziwala "sizilumpha". Amagwiritsa ntchito zikhomo zake ngati chiwombankhanga. Ziwala zimatha kudumpha ndikuuluka, zimatha kufikira kuthamanga kwa 13 km / h pouluka.
Zokometsera ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maso akulu ndipo zimajambulidwa moyenera kuti zigwirizane ndi malo owazungulira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, zotuwa kapena zobiriwira. Mitundu ina yamphongo imakhala ndi mitundu yowala pamapiko awo, yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kukopa zazikazi. Mitundu ingapo imadyetsa zomera zakupha komanso imasunga poizoni mthupi lawo kuti itetezeke. Amakhala ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri kuti achenjeze nyama zolusa kuti zimalawa zoipa.
Dzombe lachikazi ndilokulirapo kuposa amuna ndipo limakhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa kumapeto kwa mimba zawo zomwe zimawathandiza kuyikira mazira awo mobisa. Zomveka za ziwala zimakhudza ziwalo zomwe zili mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi lake, kuphatikizapo tinyanga ndi palps pamutu, cerci pamimba, ndi zolandila pamiyendo. Ziwalo za kukoma zimapezeka mkamwa, ndipo ziwalo za kununkhira zili pa tinyanga. Dzombe limamva kudzera mu thumba la tympanic lomwe limakhala pansi pamimba (Acrididae) kapena m'munsi mwa fore tibia (Tettigoniidae). Masomphenya ake amachitika m'maso ovuta, pomwe kusintha kwamphamvu kukuwonekera ndi maso osavuta.
Kodi ziwala zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Grasshopper Wobiriwira
Ambiri a Orthoptera, kuphatikizapo ziwala, amakhala m'malo otentha, ndipo pali mitundu pafupifupi 18,000. Pafupifupi 700 mwa awa amapezeka ku Europe - makamaka kumwera - ndipo mitundu 30 yokha ndi yomwe imakhala ku UK. Pali mitundu khumi ndi imodzi ya ziwala ku Britain, ndipo yonse koma imodzi imatha kuwuluka. Kukonda kwawo nyengo yotentha kumawonekeranso poti mitundu 6 yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kwa Scotland.
Ziwala zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'mapiri a m'chigwa, madera ouma kwambiri, ndi udzu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziwala ili ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, dzombe lalikulu (Stethophyma grossum), limapezeka kokha kumapiri. Dzombelo limadyeramo ziweto koma silimangokhalira kukondana ndipo limakonda msipu wina womwe siouma kwambiri; ndi chiwala chofala kwambiri.
Ziwala zina zimasinthidwa kukhala malo apadera. Ankhanira a ku South America a Paulinidae amakhala moyo wawo wonse pazomera zoyandama, akusambira ndikuyika mazira pazomera zam'madzi. Ziwala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu, zoposa 11 cm kutalika (mwachitsanzo, tropidacris waku South America).
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene ziwala zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi ziwala zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grasshopper ku Russia
Dzombe lonse ndi zodyetserako msipu, zikudyetsa makamaka udzu. Mitundu yoposa 100 ya ziwala imapezeka ku Colorado ndipo kadyedwe kawo kamasiyana. Ena amadyera makamaka udzu kapena sedge, pomwe ena amakonda masamba obiriwira. Ziwala zina zimangodya zakudya zopanda phindu kwenikweni, ndipo zina zimadyanso udzu. Komabe, ena amadyera m'minda komanso m'minda.
Mwa mbewu zamasamba, mbewu zina zimakonda, monga:
- saladi;
- karoti;
- nyemba;
- chimanga chotsekemera;
- anyezi.
Ziwala sizimakonda kudya masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba. Komabe, pakadutsa zaka zingapo, ngakhale zimatha kuwonongeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwala zitha kuwononga mwendo zokolola mwaluso zikamadalira nthambi ndikulumata makungwawo, nthawi zina kupangitsa kuti timitengo ting'onoting'ono tife.
Mwa mitundu pafupifupi 600 ya ziwala ku United States, pafupifupi 30 imawononga kwambiri zomera zakutchire ndipo imawerengedwa ngati tizirombo ta m'munda. Gulu lalikulu la ziwala za m'chigawo cha Caelifera ndizodyetsa ziweto; amadya tizilombo tomwe tingawononge zomera, makamaka mbewu ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Mochuluka, ziwala ndi vuto lalikulu kwa alimi komanso zimakwiyitsa kwambiri wamaluwa.
Ngakhale ziwala zimadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri zimakonda mbewu zazing'ono, chimanga, nyemba, soya, thonje, mpunga, clover, udzu, ndi fodya. Amathanso kudya letesi, kaloti, nyemba, chimanga chotsekemera, ndi anyezi. Ziwala sizingathe kudyetsa zomera monga dzungu, nandolo, ndi masamba a phwetekere. Pamene ziwala zimapezeka kwambiri, zimakhala zosavuta kuti zizidyetsa mitundu ya zomera kunja kwa gulu lawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dzombe lalikulu
Ziwala zimagwira ntchito masana, koma zimadyetsa usiku. Alibe zisa kapena madera, ndipo mitundu ina imayenda mtunda wautali kuti ikapeze chakudya chatsopano. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yokhayokha ndipo imangobwera pamodzi kuti ikwane, koma mitundu yosamukayi nthawi zina imasonkhana m'magulu akulu mamiliyoni kapena mabiliyoni.
Chosangalatsa: Pamene ziwala zatengedwa, "zimalavulira" madzi abulauni otchedwa "msuzi wa fodya." Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti madzi amtunduwu amatha kuteteza ziwala ku tizilombo tosiyanasiyana monga nyerere ndi nyama zina zolusa - "amalavulira" madziwo, kenako ndikuwombera ndikuwuluka mwachangu.
Ziwala zimayesetsanso kuthawa adani awo obisala muudzu kapena pakati pa masamba. Ngati mwayesapo kugwira ziwala kumunda, mukudziwa momwe amatha kutha msanga akagwa muudzu.
Dzombe ndi mtundu wina wa ziwala. Ndiwoyendetsa ndege wamkulu komanso wamphamvu. Nthawi zina anthu awo amaphulika, ndipo amayenda pagulu lalikulu kufunafuna chakudya, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri mbewu zomwe anthu amawalimira. Ku Middle East, kuli mitundu yambiri ya dzombe yomwe imalowa ku Europe, dzombe losamukiralo (Locusta migratoria) limapezeka kumpoto kwa Europe, ngakhale nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosachulukana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chiwala m'chilengedwe
Zamoyo zonse za ziwala zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mazira amaikidwa pamene mkazi akankhira ovipositor wake mu udzu kapena mchenga. Ziwala zonse zimaikira mazira m'nthaka m'magulu akuluakulu. Nthaka zowuma pang'ono, zosakhudzidwa ndi kulima kapena kuthirira, zimakonda.
Kuika mazira kumatha kukhazikika m'malo ena okhala ndi nthaka yabwino, kutsetsereka ndi mawonekedwe. Chiwala chachikazi chimakwirira mazira ndi chinthu chofewa chomwe posakhalitsa chimakhala cholimba ndikuwateteza m'nyengo yozizira.
Gawo la dzira ndi gawo lachisanu kwa ambiri, koma osati onse, ziwala. Mazirawo amakhala obiriwira m'nthaka ndikuyamba kutulutsa masika. Ziwala zazing'ono zimawoneka kuti zikudumpha mu Meyi ndi Juni. Mbadwo umodzi wa ziwala umabadwa kamodzi pachaka.
Pakaswa, timagulu tating'onoting'ono toyamba timatulukira pamwamba ndikusaka masamba ofunda kuti adye. Masiku oyamba ndi ofunikira kuti apulumuke. Nyengo yosakhala bwino kapena kusowa kwa chakudya choyenera kumatha kubweretsa kufa kwakukulu. Ziwala zopulumuka zimapitilizabe kukula milungu ingapo ikubwerayi, nthawi zambiri zimasungunuka magawo asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi isanakwane.
Ziwala zazikulu zimatha kukhala miyezi ingapo, ndikusinthana pakati pa kukwerana ndi kuyikira mazira. Mitundu yomwe ili pamazira nthawi yachisanu imatha kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Mitundu yambiri, monga ziwala zamapiko zotchuka kwambiri, imakhala m'nyengo yozizira ngati mphutsi, imakhala yogwira ntchito nthawi yotentha, ndipo imatha kukhala yayikulu kumapeto kwa dzinja.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwala
Chithunzi: Momwe ziwala zimawonekera
Adani akuluakulu a ziwala ndi ntchentche zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaikira mazira m'mazira oyandikira kapena pafupi nawo. Mazira a ntchentche ataswa, ntchentche zomwe zangobadwa kumene zimadya mazira a ziwala. Ntchentche zina zimaikira mazira mthupi la ziwala, ngakhale pamene ziwala zikuuluka. Ntchentche zongobadwa kumene ndiye zimadya ziwala.
Adani ena a ziwala ndi awa:
- kafadala;
- mbalame;
- mbewa;
- njoka;
- akangaude.
Tizilombo tina timakonda kudya ziwala. Mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka imamera pamazira a dzombe ndi m'magulu angapo a kachilomboka pamodzi ndi ziwombankhanga zawo. Ntchentche za anthu akuba ndizo nyama zadyera zambiri m'nyengo yotentha, pomwe ntchentche zina zimakhala ngati majeremusi amkati. Mbalame zambiri, makamaka makungwa okhala ndi nyanga, nazonso zimadya ziwala. Ziwala amadyanso kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mphalapala.
Ziwala zimakhala ndi matenda ena achilendo. Bowa la Entomophthora grylli limagwira ziwala, kuwapangitsa kuti azisunthira mmwamba ndikumamatira kuzomera atatsala pang'ono kupha tizilombo tawo. Ziwala zolimba, zakufa zomwe zimapezeka zikumamatira ku phesi la udzu kapena nthambi zikuwonetsa kuti ali ndi matendawa. Dzombe nthawi zina limakhala ndi nematode wamkulu kwambiri (Mermis nigriscens). Matenda onse a mafangasi ndi tiziromboti ta nematode ndiopindulitsa nyengo yamvula.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu adya dzombe ndi ziwala kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Malinga ndi baibulo, Yohane Mbatizi adadya dzombe ndi uchi mchipululu. Dzombe ndi ziwala ndizodyera zanthawi zonse pazakudya zakomweko m'malo ambiri ku Africa, Asia ndi America, ndipo chifukwa amakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, amakhalanso chakudya chofunikira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Phulusa
Mitundu yoposa 20,000 ya ziwala zapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zoposa 1,000 zilipo ku United States. Ziwala sizili pangozi yakuchepa kapena kutha. Mitundu yambiri ya ziwala ndi odyetserako ziweto wamba, odyetsa zomera zosiyanasiyana, koma mitundu ina imangodya udzu. Mitundu ina, pansi pazoyenera, imatha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo imawononga ndalama mabiliyoni chaka chilichonse.
Dzombe limodzi lokha silimatha kuvulaza kwambiri, ngakhale limadya pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwake kwa zomera tsiku lililonse, koma dzombe likamachuluka, kudya komwe akuphatikizako kumatha kuwononga malo, kusiya alimi opanda mbewu komanso anthu opanda chakudya. Ku United States kokha, ziwala zimayambitsa pafupifupi $ 1.5 biliyoni kuwononga msipu chaka chilichonse.
Zokometsera ziwala zimatha kukhala tizilombo tosaoneka kwambiri komanso tovulaza kumayendedwe ndi minda. Zilinso m'gulu la tizilombo tovuta kwambiri kuwongolera chifukwa timatha kuyenda kwambiri. Pazifukwa zambiri, ziwala zimasinthasintha mosiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka ndipo zimatha kuwononga zowopsa nthawi yayitali. Mavuto nthawi zambiri amayamba koyambirira kwa chilimwe ndipo amatha mpaka chisanu choopsa.
Ngakhale ziwala zitha kuwononga mbewu, popanda tizilomboti, zamoyo zikanakhala malo osiyana kwambiri. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe, kuzipangitsa kukhala malo otetezeka komanso oyenera kuti zomera ndi nyama zina zikule. M'malo mwake, ngakhale kusintha kwa ziwala kumatha kusintha njira zomwe zimapindulira chilengedwe, kuwonetsa momwe chilengedwe chathu chimadalira tizilombo todumpha.
Dzombe Ndi kachilombo kosangalatsa komwe sikuti kamangowononga komanso kamathandiza anthu ndi chilengedwe chonse polimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndikumera, ndikupanga malire pakati pa mitundu ya zomera zomwe zimakula bwino. Ngakhale zili zochepa, ziwala zimadya chakudya chokwanira kuti zisangalatse mitundu ya zomera zomwe pambuyo pake zidzakule.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/13/2019
Idasinthidwa: 14.08.2019 pa 23:43
