Kodi mungatchule bwanji nyama yomwe ikufanana ndi gwape ofiira pomanga komanso kukula kwake, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi kuphatikiza kwachilendo ngamira ndi nkhosa? Amwenye akumpoto kwa America, Amwenye a Quechua, adamutcha "wanaku", Zomwe zimatanthauza" zakutchire "," zamanyazi ".
Kuchokera ku mawu awa kunabwera dzina lomwe tikudziwa - guanaco, nyama yokhala ndi ziboda pakati pa ngamila, kholo lakale llama. Europe idazindikira koyamba za nyama zambiri, zakutchire komanso zowetedwa ndi anthu aku America, kuphatikiza huanaco (guanaco), pakati pa zaka za zana la 16 kuchokera m'buku la wolemba mbiri waku Spain, wapaulendo, msirikali komanso wansembe Pedro Cieza de Leon.
Adapita ku South America, adayenda kwambiri, kenako adafotokoza kugonjetsa (kugonjetsa) kumtunda m'buku lake "Chronicle of Peru". Kuchokera pamutu wa buku zimawonekeratu dziko la guanaco limakhala kuti.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Thupi la guanaco ndi lochepa kwambiri, wina amatha kunena kuti ndi labwino. Ngati simulingalira za miyendo yolumikizidwa ndi khosi la "ngamila", mutha kuyimikiradi ngati mphalapala kapena nswala. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 1.5 mita, kutalika kwamapewa ndi 1.15 m.
Izi ndi magawo apakati, makamaka, pali zopatuka kuchokera kukula mpaka kuzing'ono ndi zokulirapo mpaka masentimita 20-25. Komanso ndi kulemera. Akuluakulu, amatha kukhala makilogalamu 115 mpaka 140, wamwamuna nthawi zonse amakhala wamkulu kuposa wamkazi. Khosi lalitali limagwira ngati balancer poyenda.
Guanacos imathamanga kwambiri
Mutu umawoneka wapakatikati, wozungulira, wozungulira ngati llama, komanso wokongoletsedwa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono osunthika. Makutuwo amakhala ngati theka la kutalika kwa mutu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala okhazikika, koma amatha kusintha malingana ndi momwe nyamayo ilili.
Pakamwa pake amafanana ndi ngamila komanso nkhosa. Maso ndi akuda komanso akulu kwambiri, ma eyelashes ndi aatali, kuchokera patali zikuwoneka kuti nyama ikuyang'ana pa inu kudzera mu lorgnette. Mchira wa nkhosa, kukula kwa 15-25 cm, umakanikizika kuthupi. Miyendo ndi yocheperako komanso yayitali, ma paws ali ndi zala ziwiri, chala chachitatu ndi chachinayi chimasungidwa.
Mapazi ndi opapatiza, oyenda, ogawanikana pakati pa zala zakuphazi. Kumbali yamkati mwamiyendo, zoyambira zala zosowa, zotchedwa "mabokosi", zimawoneka. Ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani, wautali, wavy pang'ono, umakhala ndi chovala chamkati chachifupi komanso chowoneka bwino komanso tsitsi lalitali. Zojambulidwa mu terracotta kapena zofiirira zofiira.
Nthawi zina pamakhala malo owala kapena akuda kwambiri pathupi. Miyendo, khosi ndi mimba ndizopepuka, pafupifupi zoyera. Mphuno ndi yakuda imvi, ndipo makutu ake ndi otuwa pang'ono. Guanaco ikujambulidwa mbali imodzi imawoneka yogwira mtima kwambiri, chifukwa cha maso akulu onyowa, mbali inayo - modzikuza chifukwa cha chibwano chachikulu, zimapangitsa kuti nyamayo iwoneke.
Mitundu
Cholengedwa ichi chilibe mitundu. Komabe, llamas, vicuñas ndi alpaca ndi abale apamtima kwambiri a guanacos. Mwa nyama zinayi pamwambapa, ziwiri ndi zakutchire ndipo zina ziwiri zimachokera kuzilombazo.
- Llama (Lyama) amakhalanso ku South America, makamaka ku Peru. Artiodactyls onse - llama ndi guanaco - amapanga mtundu wa llamas. M'malo mwake, llama ndiye mtundu wanyumba wa guanaco, njira yowetera ziweto idayamba pafupifupi zaka 5000 zapitazo. Ndiwotalika pang'ono kuposa abale awo amtchire, mutu ndi wamfupi komanso wopapatiza, makutu owongoka komanso ang'ono, milomo ndi yaubweya. Lama ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi ngamila, koma ilibe hump. Koma amaphatikizidwa ndi zingwe zomaliza za nsagwada pachibwano chapamwamba komanso mapadi osalala a ziboda. Amatenganso chingamu ndipo amatha kulavulira ngati atakwiya.
Mtundu wa malaya ukhoza kukhala wosiyana - piebald, wofiira, imvi komanso wakuda. Ubweya amawerengedwa kuti ndiwofunika, makandulo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta, ndipo manyowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Anthu amderali amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati nyama zolemetsa, ma llamas amatha kuthana ndi zovuta mapiri mpaka 40-50 km patsiku, ndi katundu wokwana makilogalamu 100.
- Vicuna (Vigon) ndi nyama yokhala ndi ziboda, amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yokhayokha m'banja la ngamila. Amakhalanso ku South America, kumapiri aku Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina ndi Bolivia. Kunja, ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi guanacos. Zimangotayika pang'ono kukula, komanso zokongola pomanga. Kutalika kwawo kumangofika 1.5 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 50. Ubweya ndiwofiyira, wachikaso chofiirira kumtunda ("vigoni color"), kumunsi - kopepuka kwambiri, mthunzi wa mkaka wophika. Ndi wandiweyani kwambiri ndipo amateteza nyama bwino ku kuzizira kwa phiri. Chikhalidwe chapadera cha vicunas ndi kupezeka kwa ma incisor ocheperako. Izi zimawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati makoswe, palibe artiodactyls yomwe ili ndi chizindikiro chotere.
Pamalo otsetsereka a mapiri, zomera ndi zazing'ono kwambiri, ndipo ziboda zawo ndizofewa komanso ndizosavuta, chifukwa chake amakonda kupeza malo ang'onoang'ono odyetserako udzu ndi msipu kumeneko. Ulendo wautali m'mapiri si wawo.
- Alpaca (paco) - nyama yachinayi yomwe ikukhala ku South America, yomwe Cieza de Leona adalumikiza mogwirizana ndi "ngamila za New World." Amasiyana ndi ngamila za kontrakitala yathu yomwe timadziwika ndi kusowa kwa hump. Alpaca ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa llama, olemera pafupifupi 70 kg ndipo amakhala ndi chovala chofewa komanso chachitali chomwe chimawoneka ngati nkhosa zambiri kuposa guanacos. Ubweya wa m'mbali mwawo umafika mpaka masentimita 20 m'litali. Amwenye aku Peru adayamba kuwazunza zaka zoposa 6,000 zapitazo, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa DNA, kuchokera ku vicunas. Amakula makamaka chifukwa cha ubweya, pomwe amapangira zofunda zofunda bwino, malipeti ndi zovala. Zikumbutso zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zapakhomo zimapangidwa ndi zikopa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Guanaco amakhala m'mapiri ndi madera okwera a Andes, komanso madera omwe ali pafupi ndi nkhalango ndi zipululu zazing'ono. Malo awo amachokera ku Tierra del Fuego kumwera kwa mainland kumpoto kwa Peru, kudzera ku Chile ndi Argentina. Gulu laling'ono lidakhazikika kumwera kwa Paraguay. Malo awo ayenera kukhala otseguka mokwanira ndikuwonekera, chifukwa nyama guanaco wamanyazi kwambiri.
Gulu lazachikhalidwe ndi azimayi. Mtsogoleriyo ndi wachikulire wamwamuna, amayimirira pamutu pa gulu la akazi ndi achinyamata, pafupifupi mitu 20. Amuna amphongo akamakula mpaka miyezi 6 mpaka 12, mtsogoleri amawathamangitsa m'gululi. Amathanso kuchita ndi wamkazi, zikuwoneka ngati watopa naye. Amuna akuluakulu amasungidwa m'magulu osiyana kapena amodzi.
Nyama zokalamba kapena nyama zomwe zataya zazikazi zawo zimayeseranso kukhala padera. Gawo lomwe gulu la ziweto limakhala limadalira dera lomwe akukhalamo. Amuna amalamulira kuti palibe amene angalowe m'malo awo. Pazaka zosavomerezeka zanyengo, ng'ombe ndi ziweto zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimakhazikika pamitu yonse mpaka 500 ndipo limodzi zimayang'ana chakudya.
Pamene gulu likudya msipu, yamphongo nthawi zonse imayang'ana pozungulira. Zikakhala zoopsa, apereka chiwonetsero chakuthwa ndi mluzu, ndipo gulu lonselo limayamba liwiro liwiro la 55-60 km / h. Mtsogoleri mwiniwake amaphimba ng'ombezo kumbuyo.
Poteteza adani, amaluma ndi kumenya mateche, koma nthawi zambiri amathawa, nthawi zina kudzera m'madzi, chifukwa ma guanacos ndi osambira abwino. Amalavulanso bwino ndi chisakanizo cha mamina amumphuno ndi malovu. "Makhalidwe oyipa" ngati amenewa adalimbikitsa amwenye akale kuwaitana "wanaku". Ali mu ukapolo, ndi nyama zofatsa komanso zokopa, makamaka akadali achichepere. Okalamba amanyoza anthu mwanjira iliyonse.
Zakudya zabwino
Guanacos ndiwo zamasamba osadya nyama, amangodya zakudya zamasamba zokha. Kukhala nthawi zambiri m'malo ovuta, amakhala osadzichepetsa komanso osasamala posankha kwawo. Amadyetsa mbewu zilizonse, amatha kukhala opanda madzi kwanthawi yayitali. Ngati ndi kotheka, samangomwa kumene, komanso madzi amchere pang'ono.
M'mapiri a Andes, amadya makamaka mitundu iwiri yazitsamba - mulinum ndi colletia. Zomera zonsezi zimapirira nyengo youma komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa bwino. Ziphuphu, bowa, cacti, zipatso, zipatso komanso maluwa akuphatikizidwa pazosankha zawo.
Mumdima, nthawi zambiri amapuma, ndikutuluka m'mawa, mphamvu zimadzuka, masana, ntchito imasokonezedwa ndikupumula kangapo. M'mawa ndi madzulo, gululo limapita kumalo othirira. M'malo osungira nyama, ma guanacos amadyetsedwa msipu, ndipo nthawi yotentha amapereka udzu ndi nthambi. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo oats, masamba, nyongolosi ya tirigu, chimanga.
Alendo akuchenjezedwa kuti asamadyetse nyamazo ndi maapulo ndi kaloti, makamaka mkate. Nyama imatha kufa ndi ufa. Ikayandikira, sizitanthauza kuti ili ndi njala, koma imangofuna kulumikizana.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nthawi yobereketsa ya guanacos imayamba nthawi yachilimwe, koma chilimwe chimakhala chosiyana mosiyanasiyana m'malo omwe chimakhala. Kumpoto kwamitundumitundu, nyengo ya kukwatira imachitika mu Julayi-Ogasiti, ndipo zigawo zakumwera zimatha mpaka February. Amuna mwamphamvu amamenyera akazi, kulumphana, kukankha, kuyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ngati ngamila.
Amamenyanadi, nthawi zina kusiya nkhondoyi itavulala koopsa. Wopambana ndiye akuyamba kusankha akazi. Wamwamuna m'modzi akhoza kukhala ndi angapo, mtsogolomo ndiye adzayang'anira onse. Mimba mu mkazi kumatenga miyezi 11.
Pachithunzicho, guanaco yokhala ndi mwana
Amayi amanyamula mwana m'modzi yekha, yemwe kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 10% ya kulemera kwa mayiyo. Ngati ana awiri abadwa, mmodzi samakhala ndi moyo. Mu theka la ola loyamba, mwanayo wayimirira kale ziboda zake, nthawi zina chodabwitsa ichi chimachitika mphindi miniti.
Amayamba kudyetsa pakatha miyezi iwiri, koma amayi ake akupitilizabe kumudyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi ingapo. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zakubadwa, amamuwona ngati wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo amatha msinkhu ndi zaka ziwiri. Kutalika kwa moyo kwa guanacos mwachilengedwe ndi zaka 20, mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 28.
Adani achilengedwe
Zinyama, cholengedwa chowopsa ngati guanaco chili ndi adani ambiri. Choyamba, nyama zolusa zazikulu zochokera m'banja lachiweto. Makamaka cougar. Amabisala m'nkhalango, amapita kukasaka madzulo, mwachangu komanso modekha. Mutha kuzithawa pokha pokha posazindikira nthawi.
Nthawi zambiri nyama yomwe imatenga nyama ndi ana a guanaco. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu yolusa, agalu ndi anthu amawerengedwa kuti ndi owopsa kwa guanacos. Chifukwa chake, ma llamas amtchire amayesa kukwera pamwamba pamapiri kuti adziteteze ku ngozi.
Zosangalatsa
- Guanacos amatha kutchedwa nyama zoyera, chifukwa ali ndi chizolowezi chodabwitsa chopita kuchimbudzi mumulu umodzi wamba. Amwenye omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndowe popangira mafuta safunika kuyenda ndikutolera kwa nthawi yayitali.
- Kuwagwira si kophweka, koma Aborigine nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chinyengo. Zimachokera ku chidwi chachikulu cha nyama izi. Mlenjeyo amagona pansi ndikuyamba kupukusa miyendo ndi mikono yake mlengalenga, ndipo guanaco nthawi zambiri imabwera kudzayang'ana chidwi. Apa amatha kugwidwa mosavuta.
- Ngati gulu la banja litetezedwa ku ngozi ndi mtsogoleri wamwamuna, ndiye kuti gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera kwa amuna akulu, "alonda" apadera amapatsidwa kuti azilondera ndikuwonetsa zoopsa, ndipo amatha kulowezana.
- Katswiri wazachilengedwe komanso wolemba ku England a Jeld Darrell adalongosola bwino kwambiri guanaco. Kulongosola kowoneka bwino komanso kokongola kwamwamuna ndi atsikana ake atatu, komanso ana awiri omwe adapita kukachita chidwi ndi ulendowu, kumabweretsa chisomo. Makamaka, monga akulembera, theka lachikazi la ulendowu lidakondwera, "yemwe mawonekedwe ake osalakwa a cholengedwacho adasangalatsidwa ndikumapumira." Awa ndi guanaco - osangalatsa, osamala, koma ofuna kudziwa zambiri.
