Ndi kovuta kukhulupirira, koma chimbalangondo, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe zinali ndi makolo wamba - zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo, chilombo chofiiracho chinali chachikulu modzikweza ndipo chimasuntha ndikudumphira pamitengo. Pakusintha, zambiri zasintha - mitundu ya zimbalangondo zidatulukira zomwe zakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndizosiyana.
Chimodzi mwazikulu kwambiri komanso zowopsa - grizzly, popanda chifukwa chake dzina lake lasayansi latanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kuti "owopsa". Ngakhale amatchedwa zimbalangondo zofiirira, nthumwi zamtunduwu ndizokulirapo komanso zowopsa kuposa abale awo apafupi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Dzinalo Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly adalandira kuchokera kwa omwe amakhala omwe adabwera zaka mazana angapo zapitazo kumayiko a North America, chifukwa cha utoto wofiirira. Chilombocho chimakhala chofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri, chimbalangondo chofiirira, koma chimaposa mphamvu ndi kunenepa.
Mbali yapadera ya nyama yaimvi ndi nsagwada zolimba ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, mpaka kutalika masentimita 16 ndikukulolani kuti muphe nyama mwachangu mukasaka, koma sizikuthandizani kukwera mitengo - kulemera kwake kwa nyama ndikokulirapo.
Ngakhale ali ndi minofu yolimba komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, ma grizzlies ndi ovuta kuposa zimbalangondo wamba zofiirira, mafupa awo akutsogolo ndi amphuno ndi otakata, ndipo kumbuyo kwa thupi ndilofupikitsa, kotero poyenda, nyamazo zimayendayenda, kusinthana thupi. Phazi la nyama ndilopanda pake - poyenda, limakhala pamwamba pake, phazi limafikira masentimita 35 m'litali ndi masentimita 18 mulifupi, osawerengera zikhadabo.
Chimbalangondo chotchedwa grizzly chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazilombo zoopsa kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Nyamayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kakang'ono kake ka maso ndi makutu obisika, zomwe sizimulepheretsa kuti imvekere mwachangu mtunda wamakilomita angapo ndikuwona bwino ngakhale mumdima. Chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimakhala ndi mchira, koma ofufuza zamtunduwu sazindikira kuti ndi mchira wathunthu, powona kuti ndi nthano yotsalira ya makolo.
Grizzly kulemera Pafupifupi, ndi makilogalamu 500, ngati tikulankhula za mwamuna wamkulu, akazi ndi opepuka pang'ono - mpaka makilogalamu 350, komabe, asayansi apeza kuti anthu amtunduwu amatha kulemera mpaka matani. Chimbalangondo chamoyo cholemera kwambiri chimakhala pafupi ndi Alaska ndipo chimalemera pafupifupi 800 kg.
Kutalika kwa chimbalangondo chofota kumafota kumatha kufika 2 mita, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mita 4, kugunda kwamphamvu kwa chilombo chachikulu chonchi kumasiya womenyedwayo mwayi wopanda chipulumutso. Amakhulupirira kuti anthu akulu kwambiri amakhala m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, amuna ndi akazi awo amakhala okwera kwambiri m'lamba kuposa okhala m'maiko ozama kwambiri.
Chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimatha kupha ziweto zazikulu ndi nkhonya imodzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Zaka zambiri zapitazo malo okhala ndi grizzly anali ochepa kudera lathyathyathya lakumadzulo kwa United States amakono, koma popita nthawi, kuyandikira kwa nyumba za anthu kunakakamiza chimbalangondo kupita kumpoto ndikukwera mapiri.
Masiku ano, anthu ochuluka amtunduwu amapezeka ku Alaska ndi kumpoto kwa Canada, nthumwi zina zimapezekanso ku Idaho ndi Washington, komwe National Park idapangidwa, momwe aliyense amawerengera, ndipo anthu akuyang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zaposachedwa.
Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo za grizzly chawonjezeka kwambiri posachedwa, tikulankhula za nyama pafupifupi 50,000, zomwe zitha kupulumutsidwa chifukwa choletsa osaka. Pofuna kudziteteza, zimbalangondo zamtunduwu zimasankha malo omwe ndi ovuta kufikako kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zopinga zazikulu: nkhalango zamiyala, miyala yamiyala kapena zigwa, komanso magombe am'nyanja, koposa zonse, miyoyo ya grizzly kumene chakudya chimapezeka chokwanira.
Makamaka malo omwe mumawakonda - pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri yodzaza ndi nsomba, popeza anthu ake angapo amaphatikizana m'magulu. Kwenikweni, ma grizzlies amakhala osungulumwa ndipo amakonda kukhala kutali ndi anzawo m'mapanga, maphiri kapena mapanga omwe adakumba izi, koma palinso nyama zazikulu zomwe zimakhala ndi ana. Nthawi yokolola, amuna amatha kudyana chifukwa cholimbana ndi yaikazi.
Miyeso ya Grizzly muloleni kuti asawope moyo wake: kupanda mantha komanso nyonga yayikulu yakuthupi kumakhala chilango kwa mdani. Nyamayo imatha kupha ziweto zazikulu mumasekondi ochepa ndikumenyetsa mphasa ndikudula nyama, chimbalangondo chimatha kuthana ndi njati yamtchire.
Zimbalangondo zamtunduwu sizigwirizana ndi anthu: sizimakonda kuwukira anthu koyamba ndikuyesera kubisala kumaso kwa anthu, koma osaka zida nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha ma grizzlies.
Ngati chovulala chinyama, kupwetekedwa kwake kumawonjezeka kangapo ndipo nkotheka kuthawa: liwiro pamtunda limafika 60 km / h, zimbalangondo za grizzly ndizosambira zabwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kulimbana ndi mitsinje yamphamvu.
Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly chimathamanga kwambiri ndikusambira bwino
Chinyama chimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakudya, nthawi zina alendo amabwera ndi chimbalangondo ndipo adapita kwa munthuyo modekha, koma sanalole kusokonezedwa pakudya nyama.
Amakhulupirira kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yopulumukira ku chimbalangondo cha grizzly, monga mtundu wina uliwonse wa chimbalangondo, ndikuti munthu atsanzire mawonekedwe a akufa - wina ayenera kupindika kukhala mpira, akupinda miyendo ndikuphimba mutu wake ndi manja ake.
Nthawi yogwira kwambiri pamoyo wa grizzly ndi nthawi yophera nsomba, pomwe nyama imadya mpaka potayira, ndikusunga mafuta ochepa. Ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yophukira, chimbalangondo chimayamba kufunafuna malo oyenera kugona, omwe amayamba chisanu choyamba chikangogwa.
Nthawi zambiri, malo okhala m'nyengo yozizira amakhala pakati pa mizu ya mitengo, pansi pa thunthu lakugwa kapena m'mapanga. Komabe, nyama imatha kubisala m'chilengedwe chokumbapo, yomwe idakwirapo ndi moss, singano za spruce ndi udzu wouma. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti abambo amakonza malo ogona achikale kuposa akazi, makamaka ngati ali ndi pakati: nyumba yawo nthawi zambiri imakhala yotentha komanso yotakasuka.
Kudzibisa grizzly sichimawoneka ngati tulo tofa nato, nyama imazindikira kusintha kwa nyengo: thaw imayikakamiza kuti ichoke pogona kukasaka chakudya, nyengo yachisanu chimbalangondo sichingachoke pakhomalo kufikira masiku ofunda a masika. Asayansi akuganiza kuti chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimagona mpaka theka la moyo wake.
Zakudya zabwino
Ngakhale kutchuka kwa nyama yolusa, zimbalangondo za grizzly ndizopatsa chidwi, ndipo zimakonda zakudya zamasamba. Zakudya zomwe nyama imakonda ndi zipatso zakutchire, mtedza ndi mizu yokoma. Zomera zimapanga chakudya cha grizzly; mchaka chanjala, nyama zimalowera mosamala m'minda ndi tirigu ndi nyemba, ndikudya gawo lochuluka lokolola.
Zakudya zamapuloteni zimapangidwa ndi mazira a mbalame ndi zokwawa; ma grizzlies sachita manyazi kudya anapiye ndi zokwawa zatsopano. Phazi lablabhu silinyoza tizilombo: limatha kudya agulugufe kapena njenjete mpaka 40,000 patsiku.
Chimbalangondo chotchedwa grizzly chimakhala ndi fungo loĊµirikiza zana kuposa anthu
Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhalanso nyama ya grizzly: nyongolotsi, mandimu kapena mbewa zoyipa ndizo chakudya chake. Nyama zazikuluzikulu - mphalapala kapena ng'ombe zamtchire zimapezeka kawirikawiri, kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimbalangondo zimagwira mikango ndi zisindikizo.
Zimbalangondo sizingatchedwe zonunkhiritsa mokwanira ndi mawuwo, koma sizowopa kudya nyama ya nyama zakufa ndipo zimatha kununkhiza makilomita angapo, ngati muli ndi mwayi, mutha kupeza nyama yamphepo yatsambitsidwa kumtunda.
Muthanso kukumana ndi chimbalangondo pamalo omwe amatayira zinyalala, izi sizikugwira ntchito pazinyalala zotsalira ndi alendo, komanso kumabini okhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Nthawi zambiri zinyalala zimakhala nyama ya anthu odwala ndi okalamba, komabe, ngakhale nyama yofooka kwambiri siyidya nyama zina, kaya zikhale zimbalangondo kapena zowononga zina.
Ngati mtsinje ukuyenda pafupi ndi malo omwe grizzly amakhala, nyamazo zimadzigwirira zokha nsomba, makamaka mitundu yomwe amakonda - nsomba ndi mphodza, ndipo chimbalangondo chimatha kuwagwira ndi ntchentche ndi mano kapena zikhadabo ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimawameza. Ngati zimbalangondo zingapo zakhazikika pamalo amodzi nthawi imodzi, zimagawanitsa malo osodzapo pakati pawo ndipo siziphwanya malire.
Chifukwa cha uchi, imabzala mitengo ya anthu akulu yomwe pali ming'oma, ndikuwononga malo okhala njuchi ndikupeza zabwino. Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kochepa komanso nyonga zawo, amatha kukwera pamwamba pa thunthu ndikutulutsa uchi kuchokera ku zisa za tizilombo popanda kuwononga mtengo.
Kuti abwezeretse mafuta osungira m'nyengo yozizira, mwamuna wamkulu amafunika kudya makilogalamu 20,000 tsiku lililonse. Chodabwitsa cha njala yochulukirapo kuti ipeze mafuta, omwe amafunda nyengo yozizira, mu zimbalangondo amatchedwa polygraphy.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Juni ndi nyengo yakumasirana kwa zimbalangondo za grizzly, amuna amanunkhira akazi patali mtunda wamakilomita angapo chifukwa chamasulidwe achinsinsi chapadera kuchokera kumapeto. Amuna amatha kubereka kamodzi pachaka, makamaka, zimbalangondo zimakula msinkhu wazaka 5 zamoyo, koma kubereka kwa nyama sikungatchulidwe kukhala kotakataka.
Kusokonekera kumakhala kwachilendo pakati pa akazi: ngati chakudya cha chimbalangondo mchilimwe-chilimwe chinali chochepa, amutaya mwana wosabadwa. Pambuyo pa kukwatira, kuyika kumachedwa mpaka nthawi yakubala. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zimbalangondo ndizinyama zokhazokha; munthawi imodzi, amuna ndi akazi amakhalabe ndi mnzawo m'modzi.
Ma Grizzlies azigonana osiyanasiyana ali mgulu kwa masiku 10 okha, nthawi ino amapatsidwa chakudya, aliyense amadzisamalira yekha, amangogawana malo obisalapo. Zitakwatirana, nyamazo zimabwereranso kumoyo wokhawokha. Ndi mkazi yekhayo amene akuchita nawo ntchito yolera ana, koma mwamunayo samazunza ana ake, koma sawateteza kwa anthu ena.
Anawa amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo mpaka atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri, panthawiyi satenganso. Mwana atachoka m'phanga, mayi wa banjalo atha kukhala chaka china wopanda wamwamuna - iyi ndi nthawi yoti thupi lofooka lithe.
Kutalika kwa mimba kwa chimbalangondo cha grizzly kumachokera masiku 180 mpaka 250, kubala kumachitika nthawi yachisanu, nthawi zambiri mu Januware, pomwe mayi samadzuka kutulo. Ana obadwa kumene amadya mkaka wamafuta wamafuta mpaka chilimwe, kenako koyamba ayese chakudya chotafuna ndikudya uchi.
Kulemera kwa grizzly yemwe wangobadwa kumene nthawi zambiri sikupitilira magalamu 500, ena amafika magalamu 800, kutalika kwa thupi la bere wamkulu kwambiri sikupitilira 30 cm, ndi akhungu komanso alibe mano, ndipo amakula tsitsi milungu 4-6 atabadwa. Chimbalangondo chachikazi cha mtundu uwu sichimabala ana opitilira 4, koma ana 2-3 ndi wamba.
Nthawi zambiri mawonekedwe omwe amatchedwa mestizo - akazi sanyansidwa ndi kukwatiwa ndi amuna amitundu ina, makamaka zimbalangondo zofiirira, ma grizzlies ang'onoang'ono amatha kukhala ndi mtundu wachilendo, momwe chovala chachikulu ndi chofiirira, komanso dera la sternum ndi mimba ndi imvi.
Ofufuzawa amasiyanitsa mtundu wa polar grizzly ngati mtundu wapadera - umawonekera chifukwa cha kuphatikana kwa chimbalangondo chakumtunda komanso grizzly wamba waku North America, wosakanizidwa wotere amatha kupanga ana omwe adzakhala ndi utoto wowala kapena utoto woyera wa ubweya wofiirira.
Ana opanda chitetezo samakhala ndi moyo kufikira nthawi zonse kufikira atakula: atha kukhala nyama ya adani kapena amuna amtundu wawo. Otsatirawa amatha kupha ana osati kokha chifukwa cha chakudya, komanso kuti akazi awalole kuti aberekane.
Ana aang'ono amakonda kusewera ndipo amalumikizana mosavuta ndi anthu, makamaka ngati atasiyidwa opanda mayi. Zimbalangondo za Grizzly zomwe zimakula pafupi ndi anthu zimakhala abwenzi abwino komanso otiteteza, ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso anzeru kwambiri.
Komabe, ngati satulutsidwa munthawi yake kuti azikhala m'malo mwa zamoyozo, atakula msinkhu sangathe kukhala kuthengo. Pali zithunzi zambiri pagulu la malo osungira nyama ndi malo odyetsera ana, komwe grizzly pachithunzicho pafupi ndi anthu omwe amawazunza, pomwe zolusa ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa chachimuna chachikulire.
Nyamayo imakula mpaka zaka 5-6 kuyambira pomwe idabadwa, koma kukula ndikukula kwa thupi lawo kumapitilira kwa zaka zina 8-10, iyi ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri m'moyo wa nyama, panthawiyi amafika pachimake pamphamvu zawo zakuthupi ndikuyika pachiwopsezo ngakhale kwa odziwa zambiri amtundu wawo ...
Grizzlies amakhala kuthengo kuyambira zaka 22 mpaka 26, palinso ma livers omwe ali ndi zaka 30, zolembedwazo ndi zimbalangondo zochokera ku Colorado, zomwe zidakhala zaka 39. Akazi, atha msinkhu msinkhu, amakhala ndi moyo wautali pang'ono - kusiyana kwake ndi zaka 3-4.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amafa nthawi yokwatirana pankhondo yazimayi, ndipo kusaka akazi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa kuposa kuwombera amuna. M'malo osungira nyama, ma grizzlies amatha kukhala zaka 45, koma amataya luso la alenje ndi asodzi, osasunthika ndipo samatha kudziteteza.
Kulimbikira kwachilengedwe komwe miyoyo ya grizzly idatsogolera ku 1957 pakufunika konyamula nyama, ndipo iwowo adakakamizidwa kuti azikhala pafupi ndi anthu, kuti amenyane ndi ziweto, pomwe panthawiyi nyengo yotentha, yamphongo imatha kupha mitundu 700 ya ng'ombe. ziweto.
Ziwombankhanga za mtundu uwu zimaloledwa pokhapokha ngati chiopsezo chakupha munthu ndi chachikulu: ngakhale nyama italowa m'minda, kupha kwake kumalangidwa ndi chindapusa chachikulu.
Mwa anthu achilengedwe aku North America, kumenya nkhondo ndi ma grizzlies ophunzitsidwa bwino kumawerengedwa kuti ndi zosangalatsa kwambiri; kupambana chilombo kumabweretsa kutchuka ndi mphotho zabwino zakuthupi. Pakati pa Amwenye am'zaka zapitazi, kumenya nkhondo ndi wachinyamata chidakhala chofunikira poyambira kukhala wamkulu kwa anyamata.
Zimbalangondo za Grizzly zimatha kukhala bwino ndi anthu ngati sizimva kupsa mtima ndi anthu ndipo sizikusowa chakudya mwachangu. Kudyetsa chinyama si lingaliro labwino, ngati sichifuna chithandizo, chitha kuukira, ndipo ngakhale mlenje wokhala ndi zida alibe mwayi wopulumuka ndikuwombedwa mwachindunji ndi nyama yayikulu.
