Woimira banja lalikulu la saumoni, nsomba peled kapena tchizi ndichinthu chomwe chimasodza komanso kusodza pamtundu wa mafakitale, ndikuswana m'minda yamafuta.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Peled - nsomba yamadzi amchere yoyera ya mtundu wa nsomba za m'banja la salmon, imvi yakuda ndi khungu lazitsulo, pomwe nsombayo ili yakuda. Pali hump yochititsa chidwi pamwamba pamutu. Mimbulu yam'mbali ndi mutu wake ndi zamawangamawanga okhala ndi mawanga akuda.
Nsagwada zakumtunda zimapachikika pang'ono pamwamba pake. Zomwe zimapangidwazi komanso kuchuluka kwa ma gill stamens zimathandiza kuti tisankhe tchizi molimba mtima pakati pa oimira ena oyera. Thupi la peled lili ndi mawonekedwe otambalala, otambalala kuchokera mbali.
Zipsepse zomwe zimapezeka pamiyala ndi mchira nthawi zina zimatha kukhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Monga mamembala onse am'banja la saumoni, a peled ali ndi adipose fin kumbuyo kwawo pafupi ndi mchira. Mambawo amakhala mokwanira ndi thupi la nsombayo.
Pakati pa nyengo ya kukwatira ndi nyengo yodzala, mtundu wa tchizi umawala, kukhala wowala buluu pamutu ndi kumbuyo. Pa gawo lobala zipatso, ma tubercles oyera amtunduwu amapangidwa m'mbali zonse za tchizi. Asodzi amawatcha miyala yamtengo wapatali, yomwe imatuluka kumapeto kwa nyengo yobereka. Peled pachithunzichi Ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha kusintha kwamitundu koteroko.
Pafupifupi kulemera kwa nsomba pafupifupi 500-700 g, ngakhale kuli zitsanzo zomwe zimafikira makilogalamu 5 m'litali ndi theka la mita m'litali. Tchizi amakhala pafupifupi zaka -10. Anthu ena amakhala zaka 13. Malo achilengedwe a peled amapezeka m'madzi a Amur ndi mitsinje yolowera kunyanja ya Arctic.
Peled amapezeka m'madamu akumpoto a gawo la Eurasia - kuchokera ku Kolyma kum'mawa mpaka ku Mezen kumadzulo. Komanso tchizi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mitsinje ya Central Russia ndi madera akumwera a Siberia, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri. Mtsinje wa Ob umakhala ndi anthu ambiri okhala ndi peled.
Mitundu ya Peled
Ichthyology imasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya peled:
- mtsinje - umakhala moyo wawo m'mitsinje, umadziwika ndikukula mwachangu, kutha msinkhu kumachitika mchaka chachitatu cha kukhalapo;
- nyanja wamba - amakhala m'madzi, osasiya malire am'deralo pomwe adabadwira;
- lacustrine lacustrine - amakhala m'madzi ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi plankton yosauka, amakula pang'onopang'ono, osafikira pamiyeso yayikulu.
Nthawi zamtsinje ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino yamchere zimakula masentimita 50-60 m'litali ndipo zimakhala zolemera makilogalamu 2-3, nthawi zina kuposa apo. Maonekedwe a lacustrine a peled samafika mpaka 0,5 kg.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nyanja peled imakonda madzi osayenda, nyanja ndi malo osungira momwe mulibe kuthamanga kwakanthawi. Mbali imeneyi ya nsomba imapangitsa kuswana kukhala kosavuta. Mitundu yamitsinje yoyang'anizana imasunthira kwakutali m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Peled sasambira m'nyanja, ngakhale nthawi zina imakumana ndi mafunde ochepa a Kara Bay.
Peled amakhala womasuka munyanja zotseka, zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito usodzi wamadziwe. Tchizi sizimawononga malo okhala. Imalekerera ngakhale madzi ofunda modekha, komabe madzi oyenera sayenera kukhala opitilira 22 madigiri.
Zofufumitsa za tchizi zimayesera kukhala pagulu, nyama zazing'ono zimadzaza m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi masamba otsika. Ena olimba amadzipatula pagulu nthawi yotentha ndikuthawira pansi.
Nthawi zina lacustrinemtsinje peled amalowa m'madzi amchere a deltas, koma samafika kunyanja, chifukwa chake kambiranani za mawonekedwe peled nyanja - cholakwika, popeza tchizi ndi wokhalamo wamadzi abwino.
M'nyengo yamasika, madera akuluakulu a ku Arctic atasefukira, nsomba zimathamangira kwa anthu ambiri kudera lamapiri, komwe amapeza chakudya chochuluka. Tchizi chimakhazikika mumisonkho ndi ma oxbows, komwe chakudya chochuluka chimadzipezera pofika masika. Komabe, madziwo akaphwera, amabwerera kumasamba ake.
Zakudya zabwino
Peled amadyetsa zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zooplankton. Chakudya choterechi chikasowa, tchizi chimadya zakudya monga tizilombo, mphutsi, mavawulu amwazi, amphipods, ma gammarids.
Peled — nsomba wodya nyama, zakudya zake zimaphatikizira mollusks ndi nsomba zina, chifukwa chake pali kuthekera kwa kuti nyongolotsi zilowe mthupi lake limodzi ndi chakudya. Zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi tchizi ndi nyongolotsi zimatsimikizira malo omwe amakhala.
Amakhala pachiwopsezo chotenga kachilomboka m'madzi omwewo okhala ndi mitundu ya nsomba za carp, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizonyamula zamoyo. Kusiyanitsa chenicheni cha matenda sikovuta.
Mphutsi za mphutsi zimawoneka ngati masango ambeu zoyera ngati mpunga. Mosakayikira ngakhale pang'ono kuti nsomba zili ndi kachilombo, muyenera kukana kuzidya. Atalowa mu thupi la munthu, nyongolotsi mu kanthawi kochepa zimafikira minofu ya chiwindi ndi ndulu, momwe amaikira mazira awo mwachangu.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kuyambira gawo la mwachangu mpaka wamkulu nsomba peled Kukula mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kutha msinkhu kumamalizidwa mu mitundu yamtsinje pofika zaka zitatu, m'nyanja zam'madzi - pofika zaka 5-7. Peled amakhala zaka 8-11. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimapita kukafika zaka 6.
Kuti iswane, imafuna malo abata ndi madzi osayenda. Nthawi yopuma imayamba kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, zaka zina kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, pamene madzi oundana amawonekera panyanja. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yanyengo imatsimikizira nthawi yoyambira, yomwe imatha kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Disembala.
Malo abwino operekera lacustrine peled adzakhala malo omwe akasupe amatuluka, komanso mtsinje, malo am'madzi okhala ndi mwala kapena pansi pamchenga komanso kutentha kotsika kwamadzi. Kubala kwabwinobwino kwa peled kumaphatikizapo kutenthetsa madzi osapitilira 8 madigiri, pafupifupi pafupi ndi zero.
Peled wamkazi amatha kutulutsa mazira pafupifupi 80 sauzande pafupifupi 1.5 mm m'mimba mwake, wachikasu, wofanana ndi miyala yakumiyala yapansi. Atangothyola, mphutsi zimafika 7-8 mm m'litali.
Mwachilengedwe, pakatha sabata limodzi kapena awiri, amayesa kudya zooplankton. Nthawi yosungunulira imatenga miyezi 6 mpaka 8, mwachangu nthawi yomwe ayambe kuyendetsa ayezi. Pambuyo pokonzanso yolk sac, achichepere amadyetsedwa kwathunthu ndi zooplankton.
Mtengo
Pachikhalidwe, mtengo wa nsomba zamadzi oyera ndiwotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe ndizotsutsana mwamphamvu posankha nsomba - zamatsenga kapena river - perekani zokonda.
Mwa zina, nsomba zamtsinje, kuphatikiza mtsinje peled, ofanana ndi thanzi la nyama ya nkhuku ndipo amadziwika kuti ndiwopatsa thanzi m'thupi. Komanso peled nyama ali ndi mikhalidwe yam'mimba kwambiri, ndiyachifundo, pafupifupi yopanda mafupa, imakoma ngati nyama ya omul, imathandiza kwambiri, monga nyama ya nsomba zonse.
Nyama ndi peled caviar muli zinthu zambiri zofunika kuti magwiridwe antchito amanjenje azigwira bwino ntchito, m'mimba, m'mitsempha ya mtima, zomwe zimakhudza njira yosinthira maselo mthupi:
- chromium - imapereka kukhazikika kwa magulu abwinobwino amwazi;
- potaziyamu - imasunga kamvekedwe ka minofu yamtima;
- phosphorous - normalizes ntchito ya ziwalo zoberekera;
- calcium - imakhudza kwambiri mafupa ndi mano.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo peled nyama Chakudya chimathandizira kusungunuka, kumachotsa zizindikilo za kutopa kwanthawi yayitali, kumalimbikitsa kugona mokwanira, kumalimbikitsa kuthana ndi ziwonetsero zakukhumudwa komanso kukwiya, kumenya nkhondo zovuta pakugwira kwamatumbo, kumathandizira khungu ndi tsitsi.
Tchizi titha kugula m'malo ogulitsa nsomba kapena m'masitolo akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zogulitsidwa zimaperekedwa m'mazira, osuta kapena owuma.
Mtengo wa Peled zimatengera mtundu wa kukonza, ndi kukula kwake: mitundu yayikulu yamtengo wapatali yamtengo wapatali kuposa yaying'ono. Ku Moscow, mitengo yapa kilogalamu imodzi ya peled imasinthasintha mozungulira ma ruble 200-400:
- peled zouma - 375 rubles pa kg;
- kusuta peled - 375 rubles pa kg;
- watsopano wachisanu peled - ma ruble 215 pa kg.
Amadyanso peled caviar, yomwe imakhala ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira mozungulira. Mtengo wogulitsa wa 450 gramu wothira mchere pang'ono peled caviar ndi 900-1000 rubles.
Kugwira peled
Ngakhale kuti tchizi ndi mtundu wamalonda wamtengo wapatali, kuchuluka kwake kwa nsomba zake sikungatchulidwe kwakukulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti nsomba zimakonda malo osungira kumadera akutali komanso ochepa, ndipo nthawi zina sakhala konse kumadera akumpoto.
Kugwira peled inkachitika pafupi ndi matauni ndi midzi ingapo ya ku Arctic. Kubwerera munthawi ya Soviet, kugwidwa kwa peled sikunafikire matani 200 pachaka, ndipo pakadali pano chiwerengerochi ndi chochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, sizingakhale zomveka kunena za kusodza kwa mafakitale kwa tchizi. Peled ndichinthu chabwino kuwedza masewera kumadera akumpoto mdziko muno.
Ndimagwira peled Zitha kupangidwa chaka chonse. Samva kupweteka chifukwa cha mpweya wochepa m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino nthawi yonse yozizira. Kumapeto kwa February, malo osungira chakudya atatha, nsomba zimasambira pamwamba pamadzi pansi pa ayezi, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chokhala msodzi wa asodzi.
Nthawi zabwino zogwirira tchizi ndi nthawi yophukira, nthawi yozizira komanso masika. M'chilimwe, usodzi umasokonezedwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya chachilengedwe chokwanira mosungira. Komabe, kusodza kumatha kukhala kovuta nthawi zina pachaka. Ngati kulibe plankton, nsomba zidzasinthana ndikudya zamoyo za benthic, ndipo nyambo wamba sizizakhalanso zosangalatsa kwa iwo.
Peled ndi wamanyazi, kotero kukhala chete ndi mkhalidwe woyenera kuti muigwire, pomwe kuponyera kuyenera kuchitidwa momwe zingathere. Ndi bwino kuti angler asankhe zipolopolo zomwe zimaphatikiza utoto ndi malo ozungulira.
Kuwaza madzi ndi mabwalo apadera kumathandizira kudziwa komwe kuli nsomba. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati tchizi siziwoneka patangotha ola limodzi, ndiye kuti sizili pano, ndipo ndiyofunika kuyang'ana malo ena.
M'nyengo yozizira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo wamba, ndipo nthawi yotentha muzitha kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yoyandama osagwiritsa ntchito sinker. Kuphatikiza apo, asodzi odziwa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kusodza kwa peled kuuluka kouluka ndi ndodo ya 5 mita, seines ndi ma gillnets.
Kuluma kwa tchizi kumakhala ngati kugwedezeka kwamphamvu. Zitsanzo zazikulu zingakhale zovuta kusewera. Apa, chisamaliro chimafunikira mukamalumikiza, chifukwa milomo ya peled ndiyofewa, ndipo imatha kuduka mosavuta ndikupita kuzama. Poterepa, muyenera kuyesa kulumikizana ndi kuyenda kwakanthawi kochepa.
Mukasodza tchizi, mzere wokhala ndi m'mimba mwake wa 0.2 mm umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndowe imasankhidwa pansi pa nambala 4 kapena 5. Pofuna kusodza pa peled, pobradok imathandiza - ndodo wamba pafupifupi mita imodzi, pomwe mzere wa mita 3-4 umamangirizidwa ndi ma leashes awiri kapena atatu osayandama komanso omira.
Mitundu ingapo imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Msodziyo amapita kumtsinje ndikuyesa kusokoneza madziwo, chifukwa madziwo amatulutsa tchizi. Nsombayo ikuyembekeza kuti ipeza chakudya mumtambo wamitambo. Pozindikira nyambo, a peledzi amaigwira.
Ndipo asodzi, pogwira ndevu zawo pafupi ndi mapazi awo, amapeza mosavuta. Kuyenda kwamtsinje kumatenga nyambo, ndiye kuti nthawi ndi nthawi imayenera kukokedwa. Pafupifupi kotala la ola la usodzi woterewu, m'pofunika kuyenda mamita angapo kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu ndikubwereza njirayi.
M'nyengo yotentha, anglers amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nyongolotsi, mollusks kapena bloodworms ngati nyambo. Mphutsi sizithandiza kwenikweni, koma nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Peled amakonda kukhala patali pafupifupi mita ndi theka kuchokera pansi.
M'nyengo yozizira, zidzakhala bwino m'malo mwa nyambo zamoyo ndi jig. Mutha kuwonjezera kusodza m'nyengo yozizira mothandizidwa ndi mabowo otetemera: amisiri odziwa ntchito amaphimba dzenje ndi chisanu kuti mthunzi wochokera kutsinde la chipale chofewa udutse pamwamba pamadziwo.
Chivundikiro chachisanu chimamangidwa pafupifupi mita imodzi. Nyambo imayikidwa pafupifupi 5 cm kuchokera mbali ya ayezi yolumikizana ndi madzi. Ngati chinyengo ichi sichikugwira ntchito, mutha kuyesa kutsitsa nyamboyo kuti isamire kwambiri, kapena kuyiyika mwachindunji pansi pa ayezi.
Kuphatikiza pakuwedza mwachilengedwe, tchizi ndizosangalatsa ngati dziwe lakuwedza zolimidwa m'minda. Amawonekera ku Central Russia, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Europe, komanso ku Central Asia.
