Wodya nyama yaying'ono m'kalasi ya mamalia. Marten ndi ya banja la weasel, lomwe limaphatikizaponso malamulo opitilira 50 a nyama (sable, mink, weasel ndi ena). Pafupifupi zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo, munthawi ya Paliocene ndi Epocene, olanda nyama zakale za myacids adakhala. Anali anthu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mchira wautali komanso mano akuthwa. Ndi asayansi awo omwe amalingalira za makolo omwe angakhale a marten.
Kufotokozera
Membala wowala kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino wa mtundu wa marten ndi paini marten... Thupi lake lolimba limakhala ndi mawonekedwe obongoka okhala ndi mbali zowongoka, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 40-58. Ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani komanso wofewa, wamtundu wakuda, osakhala wowala pang'ono. Chovalacho pambali ndi chopepuka kuposa kumbuyo ndi m'mimba. Mchira ndi wautali, wamdima wakuda. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 18 mpaka 28. Kutalika kwa marten pakufota ndi 15-18 cm.
Mapazi ndi ochepa komanso afupikitsa, iliyonse ili ndi zala zisanu zakumanja zokhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zakuthwa zoweramitsidwa. Khosi limafupikitsidwa, koma limayenda kwambiri. Pa chifuwa pali malo owoneka achikaso (mwa anthu ena ndi owala lalanje). Chifukwa cha ichi, marten adatchedwa mutu wachikaso. Mutu ndi waung'ono ndi mphuno yakuda yopapatiza. Maso ake ndi amdima komanso ozungulira, amakhala pafupi ndi mphuno. Usiku zimawala ndi kofiira.
Makutuwo ndi ozungulira komanso otuluka mozungulira. Mzere wopepuka umadutsa m'mbali mwawo, ngati nthiti. Pakamwa pachepa koma ndizakuya ndi mano ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ngati makona atatu. Pali mayini akuluakulu m'mbali mwa nsagwada zakumtunda komanso zapansi. Mbali zonse ziwiri pafupi ndi mphuno pali ndevu zowonda, zolimba. Kulemera kwapakati pa marten ndi 1.3-2.5 kg.
Mawonekedwe:
Marten ndi wolusa komanso wolusa. Ngakhale ili ndi miyendo yayifupi, imatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri ndikulumpha kwakukulu (mpaka 4 mita m'litali), ndikusiya zotsalira zamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo pazizindikiro zakumbuyo.
Mwaufulu womwewo, nyama imasunthira kumtunda, ndikukhomerera zikhadabo zake pakhungwa la mtengo. Poterepa, mapazi amakonda kutembenukira mbali ndi madigiri 180. Makola a marten amatha kubisidwa mkati ndikuwamasula nthawi yakusaka kapena ngozi.
Mchira sikuti umakongoletsa chinyama, komanso ndi chida chofunikira. Zimathandiza thupi kukhala lolimba pamalo owongoka, molimba mtima limadutsa nthambi zowonda ndikudumpha kuchokera pamtengo wina kupita pamzake. Chifukwa cha mchira wake, marten imatha kugwa pang'onopang'ono osadzivulaza.
Pamimba, pafupi ndi mchira, pali chimbudzi chapadera chotchedwa anal gland. Amabisa madzi apadera - chinsinsi. Akazi ali ndi zilonda zam'mimba ziwiri. Mapazi a marten sakhala opanda chilimwe, ndipo kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira amayamba kudzaza ndi ubweya, kotero kuti nyamayo imadutsa chipale chofewa osagwa m'chipale chofewa. Ubweya umasiyananso malinga ndi nyengo - nthawi yozizira ubweya ndi wautali komanso wosalala, wokhala ndi chovala chamkati chowala. Ndipo m'miyezi ya chilimwe, imayamba kufota, imafupikiranso komanso kusinthasintha.
Marten amatha kumva kununkhira, kumva bwino, amayenda mumdima momasuka. Ali ndi luso lotukuka bwino lamiyendo. Nyama iyi imadziwa kusambira, koma imayesetsa kupewa madzi, posankha kutalika kapena kusunthira pansi. Amuna amakhala otakataka ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa akazi.
Zoyambazi zimatha kupanga mawu osiyanasiyana - kuwopsya koopsa kapena kukuwa mwadzidzidzi, monga agalu, kapena kulira ndikulira, monga amphaka. Marten pachithunzichi amawoneka ngati cholengedwa chokongola, chopanda chitetezo, koma ichi ndi chithunzi chonyenga - ndi nyama yolusa ndipo amadziwa kuyimilira. Imapha nyama yoluma ndikuluma kwambiri kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa marten uli ndi mitundu ingapo yama subspecies, yomwe iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Chofala kwambiri ndi mitundu yotsatirayi.
- Mwala marten (msungwana woyera). Ubweya wake ndi wamfupi, wamdima wakuda. Pali malo oyera pakhosi omwe amafikira kumiyendo yakutsogolo ndi ma bifurcates, ndipo pali anthu omwe alibe baib, nkotuwa. Imafanana pakukula ndi cod yachikaso, koma yolemera kwambiri. Mphuno yake ndi yopepuka, khungu pakati pa makutu ndilopepuka kuposa thupi. Mapazi saphimbidwa ndi ubweya.
Ndiwolimba mtima kwambiri pakati pa abale ake, amakonza zisa pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, ndikusaka nyama zoweta. Sakonda kulumpha pamitengo; posaka nyama amasankha malo otseguka a zigwa ndi tchire ndi nkhalango.
Amatha kukhala kumapiri, pamtunda wopitilira 4 zikwi mita, komanso m'malo amiyala okhala ndi masamba ochepa, ndichifukwa chake adakhala ndi dzina lotere. Ubweya wa martenwu ndiwosafunikira poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina.
- Kharza kapena Ussuri marten. Mmodzi mwa oimira akulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Imafikira kutalika mpaka 80-90 cm ndipo imalemera 5.5 kg. Mtunduwo ndi wachilendo - mutu, kumapeto kwa nsana, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda kapena wakuda, ndipo thupi limasiyanasiyana.
Phale thupi ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri: ofiira owala, wachikasu, wotumbululuka mchenga kapena ndi mikwingwirima yamitundu yambiri. Nsagwada zakumunsi ndizoyera. Ubweyawo siwutali, wokhala ndi chovala chakuda chakuda. Marten iyi imatha kukhala m'malo amodzi nthawi zambiri, sizimakumana ndi zovuta, kusamukira kumadera akulu.
- American marten. Kapangidwe ka thupi kamakhala ka ma martens, koma kakulidwe kocheperako kuposa anzawo. Thupi lamphongo limakhala lalitali masentimita 35-45 ndipo sililemera makilogalamu 1.5-1.7. Amayi amakula mpaka 40 cm ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 1 kg. Mtundu wa khungu ndi bulauni kapena mabokosi ofiira, ndipo mchira, mawoko ndi mphuno ndi zakuda.
Kwa anthu ena, pali mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pafupi ndi maso. Ubweyawo ndi wautali komanso wofewa, mchira ndiwofewa. Mitundu yamtunduwu imakhala yosamala komanso yamanyazi; imatuluka ikabisala usiku.
- Nilgirskaya kharza. Woimira wosowa wamtundu wake. Makulidwe a nyama iyi apitilira avareji, kutalika kwa thupi 60-70 cm, kulemera kopitilira 2.5 kg. Sizingasokonezedwe ndi ma martens ena chifukwa cha utoto wake wapadera. Thupi lonse ndi lofiirira, ndipo malo owala a lalanje amawonekera pachifuwa, chomwe chimazungulira pafupi ndi zikhomo zakutsogolo. Mphuno ndi pinki, fupa lakumaso pa chigaza ndilopindika.
- Ilka kapena angler marten. Kukula kwake kumatha kupikisana ndi harza, kumatalika mpaka 90 cm ndikulemera makilogalamu oposa 5.5. Ubweya ndi wautali komanso wandiweyani, koma wolimba. Kutali, marten uyu amawoneka wakuda, kokha pafupi ndikotheka kuwona kuti mutu ndi khosi ndizopepuka kuposa thupi, ndipo malaya ndi abulauni. Zinyama zina zimakhala ndi malo oyera pachifuwa ndi khungu loyera. Mapazi ndi olimba kuposa ma martens ena, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wosuntha molimba mtima m'chipale chofewa.
Palinso nyama yotchedwa kidas (kapena kidus) - ichi ndi chisakanizo chachilengedwe cha sable ndi marten. Anatengera mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi zake kuchokera kwa makolo onse. Amuna a Kidasa ndi osabala, kotero sangathe kuberekana.
Moyo
Nyama ya Marten wosungulumwa. Sapanga mabanja, amuna ndi akazi amakumana kuti angobereka ana, nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala ndikukasaka padera. Kupatula ndi Ussuri martens, omwe amatha kuyendetsa masewera pagulu la mamembala 4-5.
Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake lomwe lili ndi 5-30 km, ndipo malirewo amadziwika ndi mkodzo ndi zotulutsa kuchokera kumtundu wa anal. Malo okhala amuna nthawi zonse amakhala ochulukirapo kuposa a akazi ndipo amatha kulumikizana ndi madera azimayi.
Wodya nyama amatha kukhala m'malo mwake kwazaka zambiri, koma alibe nyumba yokhazikika. Kwa mpumulo amasankha malo 5-6, omwe amawonetsanso ndikusintha nthawi zonse. Nyumba iliyonse ili ngati pogona, makamaka kumtunda:
- dzenje kapena ngalande pamwamba pa 2 mita kuchokera pansi;
- dzenje la agologolo;
- zisa za mbalame;
- mitsinje yakuya pakati pamiyala.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala ochezeka wina ndi mnzake. Amuna amatha kumenyera akazi nthawi yokomerana kapena gawo, nthawi zina nkhanza sizimawoneka. Martens amakhala ndi moyo wausiku - amasaka ndikusewera nthawi yamdima, kugona masana. Ndi Nilgirskaya kharza okha amene amakhala akugwira ntchito masana, pomwe ilka imalandira chakudya nthawi iliyonse masana.
Amatha kusiya tsamba lawo kuti athamangitse agologolo, poyesera kuti asatsike pansi mosafunikira, koma kuthamangitsa nyama, kulumpha m'nthambi. Nyama izi ndizosamala ndipo zimapewa anthu.
Ndi miyala yamwala yokha yomwe imangoyendayenda mopanda mantha pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu ndikulanda zolembera ndi ziweto. Marten nthawi zonse amapita kukafunafuna chakudya, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira yekha amakhala mnyumba kwa kanthawi ndikudya chakudya chomwe adakolola kale.
Chikhalidwe
Malo ogawawa ndi otakata kwambiri. Marten amakhala pafupifupi m'nkhalango zonse ndi m'mapiri okhala ndi mitengo yambiri, kumene nyengo yake imakhala yozizira pang'ono kapena yozizira. Malo omwe mumawakonda ndi otukuka, osakanikirana kapena osakanikirana ndi mitengo yosatha komanso m'mbali mwake. Nyama zimakhazikika malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo:
- pine marten imakonda mitengo ya paini, nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana zaku Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Asia, yasankha ma massif kuchokera ku Western Siberia kupita kuzilumba za Baltic, imakhalanso ku Caucasus komanso kumwera kwa Mediterranean;
- miyala yamwala imapezeka pamiyala yamiyala pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse, kuchokera ku Himalaya mpaka ku Iberia, idalinso ndi anthu okhala ku Viscontin (USA);
- kharza amakhala m'zigawo za Ussuri ndi Amur ku Russia, kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa China, mapiri a Himalaya ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia;
- American marten amakhala ku North America, amakhala m'nkhalango kuyambira ku New Mexico mpaka kumpoto kwa Alaska;
- Nilgir marten amakhala pamapiri a Nilgiria, m'mapiri a kumadzulo kwa Ghats - ndi mtundu uwu wokha womwe ungapezeke kumwera kwa India;
- Ilka amakhala kum'mawa, kumadzulo komanso pakati pa North America, kuphatikiza kumapiri aku California kupita kumalire a West Virginia.
Sable waku Japan ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri wamtundu wa marten, ndipo umakhala ochepa kuzilumba zaku Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), komanso ku North and South Korea.
Zakudya zabwino
Marten wolanda nyama kusafuna chakudya, koma chakudya chake chachikulu ndi chakudya cha nyama. Imasaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ngakhale nkhandwe zomwe zimakhala mdera lake.
Ngati pali madzi ambiri pafupi, achule, nkhono, mphutsi, nsomba ndi caviar zake zimawonjezedwa pamndandanda. Nyama iyi imaba mazira, imadya zisa za uchi kuchokera kumalo owetera njuchi. Chakudya chomwe mumakonda: gologolo, vole, shrew, grouse wakuda, grouse yamatabwa ndi ena.
Marten amakonda chakudya chatsopano, koma samanyozanso zakufa. M'miyezi yotentha, omnivores amadya zipatso zamtchire, ananyamuka m'chiuno, maapulo amtchire ndi mapeyala, ndi mtedza. Phulusa lamapiri limakhala ndi malo apadera pakudya. Ndiwosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu ndipo kapangidwe kake kali ndi anthelmintic. Olusa amadya chaka chonse, akutola zipatso atakhala panthambi.
Kubereka
Martens amakhala okhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka ziwiri, koma ana oyamba amabweretsedwa mchaka chachitatu. Mu february, masewera olimbitsa thupi amachitika, koma amatchedwa "bodza" chifukwa kutenga mimba sikumachitika. Amodzi amakwatirana mu Juni-Julayi, nthawi yomwe akazi amayamba estrus, yomwe imatha masiku 2-4. M'nyengo yotentha, pali zingapo, kupumula pakati pawo ndi masabata 1-2. Mmodzi wamwamuna amatulutsa feteleza azimayi 3-5.
Dzira siligwirizana nthawi yomweyo ndi chiberekero, poyamba pamakhala gawo lalitali lobisika, ndipo kamwana kameneka kamayamba masiku 30-40 okha. Asanabereke, mayi amafufuza malo oberekera, posankha zisa zazing'ono kapena dzenje lakale. Mimba imakhala miyezi 8.5-9, pambuyo pake ana akhungu ndi ogontha amapezeka mu Marichi-Epulo. Marten amabweretsa ana 2-4 nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri nyama za 5-7 zimabadwa.
Kulemera kwa wakhanda ndi 30-40 g, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 100-110 mm. Anawo ali ndi tsitsi labwino komanso lalifupi. Alibe mano, kwa masiku 40-45 oyamba amadya mkaka wa amayi ndipo akulemera. Mayi amasiya chisa kukasaka, ndipo pakagwa ngozi, amakokera anawo kupita kwina. Kumva koyamba kumawonekera mwa makanda (pambuyo masiku 20-25), ndipo patatha masiku 5-7, maso amatseguka.
Pakatha milungu 7-8, mano oyamba amatuluka, ndipo anawo amasinthana ndi chakudya chotafuna ndikuyamba kuchoka pogona. Pakadutsa miyezi 2.5, makanda amayenda mwachangu, amayi amawadziwitsa kudziko lowazungulira ndikuwaphunzitsa kusaka. Pakadutsa milungu 16, ana agalu amadziwa zonse ndipo amatha, koma mpaka Seputembala amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo. Kugwa, banja limatha, ndipo aliyense amachoka kukafunafuna malo awo.
Utali wamoyo
Ali mu ukapolo, marten amayamba mizu mosanyinyirika komanso munjira zosiyanasiyana - mwina zimakhala zoweta, kapena zimaonetsa ukali. Ndi zotsatira zabwino, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15 kapena kupitilira apo. M'chilengedwe chake, nyama yodya nyama yamtengo wapatali imatha kukhala zaka 11-13, koma kwenikweni imafikira zaka zimenezo. Nyamayo imakhala pachiwopsezo cha tiziromboti komanso matenda omwe amatsogolera ku imfa.
Komanso kuthengo, mitundu ina ya anthu okhala m'nkhalango amawona marten ngati wopikisana nawo, komanso chakudya chamadzulo chotheka. Adani ake omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, komanso mbalame zothamangira - kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, mphungu yagolide ndi mphamba.
Koma wamkulu pakuwonongedwa kwa chinyama ndi munthu. Ubweya wa Marten nthawi zonse zakhala zodula. Ngakhale m'mitundu yofala monga miyala yamwala kapena chikwangwani chachikaso, sichinakhalepo chotchipa.
Kusaka kwa Marten
Marten ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri yamasewera. Nyengo yosaka imayamba mu Novembala ndipo imatha mpaka Marichi, pomwe ubweya wa nyamayo ndi wandiweyani komanso wamadzi. Masika, khungu limazimiririka ndikutuluka, kenako chilombocho chimawonongedwa ngati tizilombo (nthawi zambiri miyala yamwala yomwe imakwiyitsa alimi). Martens nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi misampha ndi misampha.
Nilgirskaya harza ndi sable waku Japan amatetezedwa ndi lamulo. Kusaka kwa Marten aliyense wa mamembala apaderadera a mtundu wa weasel saloledwa. Amaloledwa kusaka nyama zina ndi chilolezo chokhala ndi nthawi imodzi, zomwe mtengo wake umadalira mtundu wa nyama. Mukasodza a martens opanda chikalatachi, kusaka kumawerengedwa kuti ndi koopsa ndipo kumalangidwa ndi lamulo.
