A Inca ankakhulupirira kuti vicuña anali thupi lakubadwanso kwatsopano la msungwana yemwe analandira kapu ya golide woyenga bwino, mphatso yochokera kwa mfumu yakale yoyipa yomwe idakondana ndi kukongola. Chifukwa chake, malamulo a anthu akale a Andes amaletsa kupha nyama zokongola zam'mapiri, ndipo mafumu okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kuvala zopangidwa ndi ubweya wawo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ndi imodzi mwa mitundu iwiri ya ngamila zakutchire ku South America zomwe zimakhala kumapiri a Andes, inayo ndi guanaco. Vicuna - wachibale wa llama ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi kholo lakale la alpaca, lomwe adakwanitsa kuweta.
Vicuña ndiyosakhwima, yokongola komanso yaying'ono kuposa guanaco. Chofunikira kwambiri pakusiyanitsa ma morphology amtunduwu ndikukula bwino kwa ma vicuna incisors. Kuphatikiza apo, mano otsika a kukongola kwa Andes amakula m'moyo wonse ndipo amatha kudzilimbitsa okha chifukwa cholumikizana nthawi zonse ndi zimayambira za udzu wolimba.
Mtundu wa Vicuna zokondweretsa diso. Tsitsi lalitali la chinyama ndi lofiirira mopepuka komanso beige kumbuyo, ndikusandulika mtundu wamkaka pamimba. Pachifuwa ndi pakhosi - chovala choyera "malaya-kutsogolo", kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwa nyama yokhala ndi ziboda. Mutu ndi wamfupi pang'ono kuposa wa guanaco, ndipo makutu, m'malo mwake, amakhala otalikirapo komanso othamanga. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 150 mpaka 160, mapewa - 75-85 cm (mpaka mita). Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi makilogalamu 35-65.
Ma callus sangadzitamande ndi ziboda zotchulidwa, chifukwa chake miyendo ya vicuña imathera ngati zikhadabo. Zomangazi zimalola nyama kulumpha pamiyala, kutsimikizira kuti "imagwira" mwamphamvu pamiyala.
Mwini wa khosi lalitali ndi maso otseguka okhala ndi mizere ya eyelashes, vicuna pachithunzichi zikuwoneka bwino. Koma kukongola kwamanyazi sikulola kuti anthu amufikire, chifukwa chake amawombera chozizwitsa ichi ndi makamera okhala ndi zokulitsa kwambiri kuchokera patali.
Mitundu
Vicuna - Nyama ya m'gulu la artiodactyls, suborder ya calluses, banja la camelid. Mpaka posachedwa, akatswiri azanyama amakhulupirira kuti llama ndi alpaca anali mbadwa za guanacos. Koma kafukufuku wosamalitsa wa DNA wawonetsa kuti alpaca amachokera ku vicuna.
Ngakhale pamakhala zokambirana pa izi, chifukwa mitundu yonse yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri imatha kutengera chilengedwe. Pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa nyama zamapiri izi, zogawidwa m'magulu awiri, Vicugna Vicugna Vicugna ndi Vicugna Vicugna Mensalis.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Vicuña kwikala m'chigawo chapakati cha Andes ku South America, amakhala ku Peru, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Argentina, ku Bolivia, kumpoto kwa Chile. Chiwerengero chochepa, chodziwika chikuwoneka pakatikati pa Ecuador.
Malinga ndi IUCN Red List, kuchuluka kwa ma vicuna kuyambira 343,500 mpaka 348,000. Nayi manambala ozungulira (amasiyana pang'ono nyengo ndi nyengo) madera ena:
- Argentina - pafupifupi 72,670;
- Bolivia - 62,870;
- Chile - 16,940;
- Ku Ecuador - 2680,
- Peru - 188330.
Ma camelids aku South America amakonda kutalika kwamamita 3200-4800 pamwamba pamadzi. Kudya msana masana pamapiri a Andes, ndikukhala usiku m'malo otsetsereka, kusowa kwa mpweya si cholepheretsa iwo. Kuwala kwa dzuŵa kumatha kudutsa m'mlengalenga mwa mapiri osowa kwambiri, kutentha masana.
Koma kutada, thermometer imagwa pansi pa zero. Chovala "chofunda" chakuda chimapangidwa kotero kuti chimata mpweya wofunda pafupi ndi thupi, motero nyamayo imalekerera kutentha koyipa.
Vicuña chachiwahi wamantha komanso watcheru, amatha kumva bwino ndipo amathawa mwachangu, mpaka liwiro la 45 km / h. Moyo ndi wofanana ndi machitidwe a guanaco. Ngakhale ikamadyetsako ziweto, zimakhala ndi chidwi chodabwitsa komanso zimawunika komwe zikuzungulira.
Anthuwo amakhala m'magulu am'mabanja, nthawi zambiri amakhala amuna akulu, kuyambira azimayi asanu mpaka khumi ndi asanu ndi nyama zazing'ono. Gulu lililonse lili ndi gawo lake lokhala ndi dera la 18-20 sq. Km. Vicuña yikamonaña kukala, yatela kwiluka chikupu.
Mtsogoleri wamkulu akuchenjeza "banja" za chiwopsezo chomwe chikubwera ndipo akupita patsogolo kuti atetezedwe. Mwamuna uyu ndiye mtsogoleri wosatsutsika wa gululi, amadziwika kuchuluka kwake malinga ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya, kuwongolera mamembala ndikuwathamangitsa akunja.
Anthu okhala kumapiri a Andes ali ndi malo odyetserako ziweto komanso malo ena ogona, pamalo okwera pang'ono kuti atetezeke. Akuluakulu omwe sali pamutu pa gululo amalowa m'gulu lalikulu la nyama 30-150, kapena amakhala okha. "Achinyamata" omwe sanakwanitse kutha msinkhu amasochera kukhala "banja" lapadera la masukulu, lomwe limaletsa mpikisano wampikisano.
Zakudya zabwino
Monga ma guanacos, eni ake aubweya wagolide nthawi zambiri amanyambita miyala yamiyala ndi malo amiyala okhala ndi mchere, ndipo samanyoza madzi amchere. Vicuña akudya udzu wotsalira.
Madera a Alpine alibe zomera zambiri; pali udzu wokha wosatha, wopanda michere yokwanira, womwe umakula pano, kuphatikiza tirigu. Chifukwa chake nzika za Andes ndizodzichepetsa.
Amakhala achangu makamaka m'mawa ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa. Ngati ndi chilimwe chotentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti masana ma vicuñas samadya, koma amanama ndikufunafuna zimayambira zolimba m'mawa, ngati ngamila.
Kubereka
Zogonana zimachitika mchaka, mu Marichi-Epulo. Mtundu wamitala. Wamphongo mwamphamvu amatulutsa zazikazi zonse zokhwima m'gulu lake. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 330-350, yaikazi imabereka mwana mmodzi wamwamuna. Mwana amatha kudzuka pasanathe mphindi 15 kuchokera pamene wabadwa. Kuyamwitsa kumatenga miyezi 10.
Vicuñas achichepere amakhala odziyimira pawokha ali ndi zaka 12-18 miyezi. Amuna amalowa nawo "makalabu" a bachelor, azimayi - kumadera azimayi omwewo, amakula msinkhu pazaka ziwiri. Akazi ena akadali oswana ali ndi zaka 19.
Utali wamoyo
Adani akuluakulu a artiodactyls kuthengo kwamapiri ndiwo nyama zolusa za nkhandwe ku Andes ndi nkhandwe. Mwachilengedwe, ma vuau amakhala zaka 20 (ena mpaka 25). Samadzipangira ndalama zoweta zoweta, koma m'malo ena osungira nyama aphunzira momwe angakhalire "opita kumtunda" mwamantha.
Izi zimafunikira ndege zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungira zinyama akumatauni okhala m'mapiri adapangidwa ku Zoo ku Moscow. Pakati pa 2000s, akazi atatu ndi wamwamuna adabweretsedwa kuno. Anabereka bwino, kotero kuti ziweto zinawonjezeka mpaka makumi awiri, ana angapo adasamukira kumalo osungira nyama.
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa nyama zosowa nthawi zonse kumaimiridwa ndi anthu. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe Spain idagonjetsa South America mpaka 1964, kusaka ma vicuna sikunayankhidwe. Vuto limakhala paubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali. Izi zidabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa: mzaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi, anthu mamiliyoni awiri kamodzi adagwera anthu 6,000. Mitunduyi idanenedwa kuti ili pangozi.
Mu 1964, Servicio Forestal, mogwirizana ndi US Peace Corps, WWF ndi La Molina National Agrarian University, adapanga malo osungira zachilengedwe (park National) a Pampa Galeras vicunas mdera la Ayacucho ku Peru, tsopano kuli nkhokwe ku Ecuador ndi Chile.
Mu theka lachiwiri la sikisite 60, pulogalamu yophunzitsa oyang'anira odzifunira oteteza zinyama idayamba. Mayiko angapo aletsa kuitanitsa ma vicunas kuchokera kunja. Chifukwa cha izi, ku Peru kokha kuchuluka kwa ma vicunas kwawonjezeka kangapo.
Chaka chilichonse ku Pampa Galeras, chaku (msipu, kugwira ndi kumeta ubweya) umachitika kuti utenge ubweya ndikuletsa kupha nyama. Ma vicunas onse athanzi okhala ndi malaya atatu masentimita kapena kupitilira apo amametedwa. Uku ndi kuyambitsa kwa National Council of South American Ngamila (CONACS).
Zosangalatsa
- Vicuña ndi nyama yadziko lonse ku Peru, zithunzi zake zimakongoletsa zovala ndi mbendera ya dziko la South America;
- Ubweya wa Vicuna ndiwotchuka pakusungira kutentha kwake. Timiyeso ting'onoting'ono ta ulusi wopanda pake timatchinga mpweya, kuti kuzizira kusalowe;
- Zingwe za ubweya zimakhala ndi ma microns 12 okha, pomwe mu mbuzi za cashmere chizindikirochi chimasinthasintha mumayendedwe a 14-19 microns;
- Wamkulu amapereka pafupifupi 0,5 kg ya ubweya pachaka;
- Ma villi amakhudzidwa ndimakina, motero mtundu wa zinthuzo nthawi zambiri umakhala wachilengedwe;
- M'masiku a Inca, "zopangira" zamtengo wapatali zimasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chaku chomwecho: anthu ambiri amayendetsa nyama zikwi mazana ambiri mu "manda" amiyala, amawameta ndikuwamasula, njirayi idabwerezedwa zaka zinayi zilizonse;
- Omwe akuchita nawo mwambowu amameta tsitsi kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala, anthu akumaloko amafinya mphete mozungulira ziweto, kutsogolera zolengedwa zamantha ku corral, mwambo wakale umachitika. Omwe agwidwa amasankhidwa: nyama zazing'ono, akazi apakati, odwala samadulidwa. Amagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi. Amalola aliyense kutuluka nthawi imodzi kuti mabanja azipeza.
- Dick ndi 0,5 masentimita a malaya atsala kuti nyamayo isamaundane, ndipo kumetedwa kumakhudza mbali ndi kumbuyo kokha;
- Boma la Peru lakhazikitsa njira yolembera yomwe imadziwika ndi zovala zonse zopangidwa kudzera mwa chaku wovomerezeka. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti nyamayo yagwidwa ndikubwerera kuthengo. Palinso zolemba za ma vicuna kuti anthu asamameteke kwa zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi;
- Ngakhale kuletsedwa, mpaka 22,500 kg ya vicuna ubweya amatumizidwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chalamulo;
- Ku Andes aku Chile, minda yakhazikitsidwa kuti azisinthanitsa nyama mozungulira zachilengedwe;
- Mitengo ya nsalu zopangidwa ndi ubweya, yotchedwa "ubweya wagolide", imatha kufikira $ 1,800-3,000 pabwalo (0.914 m);
- Vicuna ubweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masokosi, malaya, malaya, masuti, mashawelo, mipango, zowonjezera zina, zofunda, zofunda, zisoti;
- Kuba kwa zinthu zotere kumawononga ma ruble 420,000, malaya aku Italiya - osachepera $ 21,000.
