Lynx ndi mtundu wa nyama zam'makalasi oyamwitsa, fining, subfamilies amphaka ang'onoang'ono, dongosolo lolanda nyama. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu yamtunduwu, mawonekedwe amomwe amakhalira, malo okhala, chiyembekezo cha moyo komanso chakudya.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbali zapadera za mphalapala ndi mchira wowoneka ngati wodulidwa wokhala ndi malekezero akuda (mphira wofiira wokhala ndi zoyera), mphonje zamdima zamakutu m'makutu a mawonekedwe amakona atatu, tsitsi lalitali kuzungulira mkamwa ndi ubweya wonyezimira. Mphaka wodya uyu amapezeka ku Eurasia ndi North America, motsatana, kutengera kuchuluka kwa anthu, amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula.
Woimira wamkulu - lynx wamba, kutalika kwa thupi komwe kumafikira 80 - 130 cm (kupatula kutalika kwa mchira), ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 8 - 36 kg. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ndi red lynx: kutalika - kuyambira 47.5 mpaka 105 cm ndi kulemera kwa 4 mpaka 18 kg. Ponena za mawonekedwe azakugonana, amakhala pakukula - amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi.
Nyama ili ndi mutu waufupi, koma wotambalala, wokhala ndi mafupa akuluakulu amphuno. Ili ndi mphaka wokhala ndi maso akulu ofiira ngati mchenga, ana ake ndi ozungulira. Makutu owongoka, osongoka, ngayaye zakuda zaubweya zimawonekera, kutalika kwake kumafika 4 cm.
Ngakhale kuti nsagwada ndi yaying'ono, mphalapalayi ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Pamwamba pa mlomo wapamwamba kuli zovuta komanso zazitali zotetemera. Tsitsi kumaso limakula m'njira yoti liziwoneka ngati "ndevu" komanso "zotupa zam'mbali". Nyamayi ili ndi mano 30 pakamwa pake, ina mwa iyo ndi mitsinje yakuthwa komanso yayitali.
Thupi la nyama, ngakhale ndi lalifupi, limakhala lolimba, lokhala ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yamphamvu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, miyendo yakutsogolo siyifupi kwambiri kuposa yakumbuyo. Mitundu yakumpoto ya lynx idapeza zikopa zazikulu, zodzala ndi ubweya, zomwe zimawathandiza kuyenda m'chipale chofewa.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi zala 4, yakumbuyo - 5 iliyonse (1 yochepetsedwa). Lynx nyama digitalis, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, zotsekedwa komanso zopindika. Amphaka amtunduwu amatha kukwera mitengo popanda mavuto, kuyenda kapena kuyenda (amatha, koma osadumpha kutalika kwa 3.5 - 4 m). Amayenda mwachidule mtunda waufupi, akuthamanga msanga mpaka 64 km / h. Amatha kupirira kusintha kwakanthawi ndipo amatha kusambira.
Mfundo yoyenda ndi "track in track", ndiye kuti, miyendo yakumbuyo imaponda poyenda kutsogolo. Ziperezi zimakhala ndi mchira waung'ono, ndi kutalika kwakutali, kutengera mitundu - kuyambira masentimita 5 mpaka 30. Lnxx ndi amphaka amtchire omwe amakopa ndi kukongola kwawo.
M'nyengo yozizira, matupi awo amatenthedwa ndi malaya akuda komanso ofewa. Zitha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuyambira pa utsi wotuwa mpaka kufiira kotentha (mphamvu yakuwona ndiyosiyana). M'munsi mwa thupi, malayawo ndi amdima wonyezimira. Nthawi yokolola: nthawi yophukira komanso masika.
Banja la lynx ndi amphaka ang'onoang'ono, omwe amadziwika kuti sangathe kulira mokweza, chifukwa fupa lawo la hyoid ndilolimba. Komabe, nyamazi zimayimba mluzu, kutsika, kutsuka ndikumveka mofuula mofanana ndi kubangula kwa chimbalangondo.
Zambiri zosangalatsa zimadziwika za lynx:
- nthawi zina nyama imatha kubisa nyamayo osabwerera;
- kapangidwe kake ka makutu kamalola amphaka kuti amve mawu ochepa kwambiri, mpaka kupuma kwa anthu;
- pazipita kulumpha kutalika - 6 m;
- Mitundu ya ku Eurasia imatha kukhala ndi kutentha kwa -55 digiri Celsius;
- mphaka salekerera nkhandwe. Monga momwe alenje amanenera, izi ndichifukwa choti nkhandwe zimakonda kudya nyama ya wina. Mphaka amalola wakubayo kubwera pafupi, ndiye amamuthamangira ndi kumusiya atagonjetsedwa;
- maburashi m'makutu amakhala ngati mtundu wa tinyanga, kukulitsa mawu amvekedwe.
Ngakhale kukongola konse kwa kunja, mphaka ndi chilombo chowopsa. Chiwerengero chake chikuchepa, motero oimira onse adalembedwa mu Red Book. Mwa njira, mphaka samenya munthu poyamba, poyesera kuti achoke pangozi.
Mitundu
Lynx ndi nyama, yomwe ili mitundu ingapo:
Lynx wamba. Mtundu uwu ndiofala kwambiri. Zambiri zakulongosola kwa nyama zaperekedwa pamwambapa. Pakadali pano, Siberia ndiye malo okhala pafupifupi 90% yamitunduyi.
Mphuno ya ku Canada. Malinga ndi akatswiri a zinyama, ndi tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono ta ku Europe. Monga dzinali likusonyezera, malowa ndi Canada, ngakhale mphaka amapezekanso kumadera akumpoto kwa United States, mwachitsanzo, ku Montana ndi Idaho. Poyerekeza ndi lynx wamba, mphaka wa ku Canada ali ndi thupi laling'ono - kuyambira masentimita 48 mpaka 56. Mtundu wa malayawo umakhalanso wosiyana - imvi-bulauni.
Mphuno ya ku Iberia. Habitat - kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Spain. Ndi mitundu yosowa kwambiri yomwe tsopano imapezeka kwambiri ku Cooto de Doñana National Park. Dziwani kuti banja lonse tsopano lalembedwa lynxes mu Red Book... Ponena za mitundu ya Pyrenean, pali amphaka pafupifupi 100 mwa amphaka awa omwe atsala, ndipo pano zonse zofunikira zikuchitika kuti ateteze kuchuluka kwawo.
Poyerekeza ndi lynx wamba, Pyrenean imakhala ndi mthunzi wowala, wokhala ndi mawanga, omwe amawoneka ngati kambuku. Mbali - ubweya wa nyama umachepa kukula ndi kuyamba kwa miyezi yozizira.
Amphakawa amakhala pafupifupi 50 cm, kutalika kwa 80 mpaka 90 cm, komanso kulemera kwa 12 mpaka 22 kg. Kusiyana kwina poyerekeza ndi mitundu yaku Europe ndi nsagwada zochepa komanso zazitali. Chifukwa cha izi, kulumidwa ndi chilombo kumakhala koopsa kwambiri.
Lynx yofiira. Habitat - USA. Maonekedwe: malaya - ofiira-ofiira, okhala ndi imvi, gawo lamkati la mchira limadziwika ndi zoyera (mwa mitundu ina malowa ndi akuda). Zochepera kuposa mphaka wamba, wolemera 6 - 11 kg. Mwa njira, pakati pa mitundu iyi pali ma lynx - ma melanists, omwe malaya awo ndi akuda kwathunthu. Amphakawa amatchedwa ma panther. Nyamayo imatha kuzindikirika ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yayitali.
Mitunduyi imapezeka m'malo ambiri:
- nkhalango zotentha;
- zipululu zotentha;
- dambo;
- mapiri.
Nthawi zina lynx wofiira amatha kupezeka ngakhale kumadera ozungulira. Nyama ikazindikira kuti yaopsezedwa, idzayesa kuthawa pobisalira mumtengo, pomwe ingakhale yabwino kwa iye. Mphaka amasankha malo okhala komwe kulibe chipale chofewa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mawondo ake sanapangidwe kuti aziyenda pamwamba pa chipale chofewa.
Mphuno ya ku Siberia. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mitunduyi, komabe, ndi okhawo a ku Siberia omwe amapezeka mdera la Russia - lynx pachithunzichi odziwika bwino. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu, kuchuluka kwa mphaka kwatsika kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, amamva bwino nyengo yovuta. Kuphatikiza pa kukwera mitengo, ma lynx a ku Siberia amathamanga kwambiri, amasambira bwino, amalumpha patali kwambiri. Nkhalango za Coniferous ndi malo omwe mitunduyi imapezeka nthawi zambiri, ngakhale nthawi zina amphaka amasamukira kudera lamapiri.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Popeza nyamazi tsopano ndizocheperako, amakhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mwayi wamuwona kuthengo ndi wocheperako. Ngakhale ndikulakalaka kwambiri, sizophweka kupeza mphaka, chifukwa amasankha zothandizira ngati izi zomwe ndizosavuta kufikira. Mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kukhala nkhwangwa yakale yodzaza ndi nkhalango kapena mdima wandiweyani wokhala ndi nkhalango zowirira za mitengo ya coniferous.
Komabe, pali mwayi wokumana ndi mphaka m'nkhalango yaying'ono. Chilombocho sichiukira munthu, posankha kupezeka kukumana. Nyamayo imatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa munthu patali mamitala mazana angapo, pambuyo pake imayamba kuchoka mwakachetechete, nthawi zina kuyimilira kuti imvetsere.
Ngati lynx ali ndi njala kwambiri, amatha kulowa mumzinda, kumene adzaukira galu kapena mphaka. Ngakhale galu wachikulire sangayerekezeredwe mwamphamvu ndi chilombo. Komabe, ndi ochepa chabe a nthano omwe amapezeka m'mizinda omwe adziwika, chifukwa amakonda nkhalango zakuda kwambiri.
Lynx ndi nyama yakutchire, chifukwa chake, amakonda kukhala usiku komanso madzulo. Kusaka kumayamba ndikayamba kwa mdima. Amadyetsa makamaka ma hares. Ngati ndi kotheka, imatha kuwononga nyama yokhala ndi ziboda: mbawala zamphongo, nswala zofiira kapena nguluwe zazing'ono. Adzagwira mosavuta gologolo kapena marten. Chakudya chokoma kwambiri ndi nyama ya hazel grouse, grouse yakuda ndi grouse yamatabwa. Amalondola mabowo m'nyengo yozizira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti - lynx sakonda nkhandwe, chifukwa chake zimawasaka mwayi ukangotuluka. Nthawi yomweyo samadya. Makhalidwe akusaka amphakawa ndiabwino kuposa akambuku ndi mimbulu. Ndi kuyamba kwamadzulo, chilichonse chozungulira chimangokhala chete ndipo panthawiyi lynx amapita kukasaka, kumvera mawu ochepa kwambiri.
Atazindikira kuti pali nyama yomwe ili pafupi, mphaka amapita pang'onopang'ono, osapanga phokoso losafunikira. Mtunda woyenera woukira akuti ndi wa 10 - 20 m. 2 - 3 kudumpha ndikokwanira kutenga chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, wovulalayo, kalulu, atazindikira kuti pali china chake cholakwika ndikuyamba kuthawa, mphakoyo imatha kumuthamangitsa kwakanthawi kochepa, 50 - 100 m, kenako imasiya.
Kunyosola si njira yokhayo yosaka. Amakondanso kudikirira ndikuwona, pakubisalira. Malo omwe mumawakonda kwambiri ndi njira za kalulu kapena malo othirira anthu osatulutsidwa. Lnxx sakonda kudumpha kuchokera pamitengo, ngakhale imatha kupumula pama nthambi, ikulendewera miyendo inayi pansi.
Kulanda mwa mawonekedwe a kalulu 1 kumakwanira mphaka masiku awiri. Ngati gwape atakhala chikho, ndiye kuti amapatsa nyamayo chakudya kwa sabata limodzi. Izi zimachitika kuti nyamayo ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthiti imayiika pansi kapena matalala, kutengera nyengo.
Njira ya moyo imangokhala. Kufunafuna nyama, imatha kuyenda mpaka 30 km. Lynx ndi chilomboamene amakonda kukhala yekha. Otsalira okha ndi akazi okhala ndi ana amphongo - amakhala miyezi ingapo limodzi. Izi ndizokwanira kuphunzitsa maluso obwera kumene obadwa kumene.
Choyamba, chachikazi chimabweretsa nyama zamoyo kwa ana, monga mbewa kapena hares. Akakula, mphaka amayamba kutenga ana kupita nawo kukasaka. Pofika mwezi wa February, wamkulu adzathamangitsa ana amphakawo, popeza ndi nthawi yoti azikhala pawokha m'nkhalango.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama zamtundu uwu:
- hares;
- mbalame;
- achichepere achichepere;
- makoswe.
Zakudya zokwanira tsiku lililonse - kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 kg ya nyama. Ngati lynx sakudya kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya, ndiye kuti nthawi imatha kudya mpaka 5 kg. Ngati sipafunikira chakudya, mphaka sangawononge mphamvu zake pachabe, chifukwa chake sapita kukasaka. Ngati masewera omwe agwidwawo ndi akulu, ndiye kuti chinyama chimabisa nyama, komabe, siyabwino kwenikweni, chifukwa nyama zina zolusa zimapeza mosavuta chakudya chomwe asunga.
Komabe, gwero lalikulu la chakudya ndi hares. Kuchuluka kwawo kumachepa, mphaka ayenera kusinthana ndi mbalame, makoswe ndi nyama zina. Mitundu ya lynx yaku Canada, mosiyana ndi yaku Europe, imasaka masana. Kuphatikiza pa nyama, nyama imathanso kudya nsomba. Ndibwino makamaka kutolera nsomba ikakhala m'madzi osaya, ikubala.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mchitidwewu umayamba mu February ndipo umatha mu Marichi. Amuna angapo amatha kutsatira wamkazi m'modzi nthawi imodzimodzi, pomwe mikangano imabuka pakati pawo, limodzi ndi kulira kwamphamvu ndi kufuula komwe kumachitika mtunda wautali.
Nthawi yoyembekezera ili pafupi miyezi iwiri. Ana amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Ana amphaka amakhala 2 - 3, koma nthawi zina amathanso kubereka mphaka 4 kapena 5. Makulidwe a ana obadwa kumene ndi magalamu 300. Monga banja lonse la mphaka, milungu iwiri yoyambirira ali akhungu, ndiye amatsegula maso awo.
Mkazi amangogwira ntchito yolera. Amphaka amadya mkaka m'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira yamoyo, pambuyo pake amasintha ndikudya nyama. Kukula msinkhu kwa akazi kumachitika pakatha chaka chimodzi, amuna - zaka ziwiri. Lynx mu taiga amakhala pafupifupi zaka 15 mpaka 20. Ngati mphaka amasungidwa mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti atha kusamalidwa bwino amatha zaka zoposa 25.
Lynx alonda
Pakadali pano, anthu pafupifupi 10,000. Kudera la France ndi Switzerland, nyama zawonongedwa kwanthawi yayitali. Tsopano akukhala:
- pa chilumba Balkan - khumi ndi awiri;
- Poland - pafupifupi chikwi;
- Scandinavia - 2500;
- Carpathians - 2200.
Chiwerengero chochepa chimapezeka ku Central Asia ndi ku Caucasus. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ndi Siberia. Kunena za mafakitale, lynx si nyama yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa ubweya wake wokha ndi womwe umafunika. M'nkhalango, komabe, monga zilombo zina, ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu ina ya nyama.
Amachotsa amphaka awa m'minda yosakira kumene amapalamo agwape, pheasants kapena sika agwape. Ponena za ofunika kwambiri kwa alenje - ubweya, ndiyabwino, yolimba komanso yolimba.
Tsitsi lolondera lomwe limamera kumbuyo kwa nyama limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 5, pamimba - masentimita 7. Nthawi zonse, ubweya wa lynx unkayamikiridwa kwambiri, womwe umagulidwa mosavuta pamisika. Chifukwa cha izi ndi mafashoni. Ngati mlenje wavulaza mphalapala, sathawa, koma adzadziteteza mpaka kumapeto, ali ndi zikhadabo ndi mano.
Mdani wachiwiri wa mphaka, pambuyo pa munthu ndiye nkhandwe. Amathamangitsa nthumwi zamatumba m'matumba. Mwayi wokhawo wachipulumutso ndikukwera mumtengo ndikuudikirira. Nyama zosadziwa kuyesera kuthawa mimbulu, koma nthawi zambiri sizimakhala m'malo mwawo. Ponena za nyama ya lynx, sichizolowezi kuyidya malinga ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika. Ngakhale ndizofanana ndi kukoma kwa nyama yamwana wang'ombe.
Momwe kuchuluka kwa lynx kumawonjezeka:
- kusunga biotopes mulingo woyenera;
- perekani zakudya (kalulu, gwape);
- kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mimbulu (mdani wamkulu wa mphaka);
- kulimbana ndi umbanda.
Lynx wakhala akusakidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake pafupifupi idasowa ku Europe. Pofuna kupewa kutha kwathunthu kwa mitunduyo, idaphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Ngati mumagwira mwana wam'mimba, nkosavuta kuweta, popeza mwanayo amakhala wolimba kwa mwini wake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, nyamayo imatha kuphunzira kusaka yokha, popanda thandizo la amayi. Amphaka ndi dongosolo la nkhalango, kusaka nyama zodwala ndi zofooka. Ndizofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe, ndipo sizimavulaza.
