Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kubwerera m'masiku a Darwin, zimaganiziridwa kuti kuweta nkhuku kumachitika koyamba ku Asia, kumadera akumwera chakum'mawa. Ndipo mtundu uwu udatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa DNA. Zinachitika pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo.
Apa ndiye kuti nkhuku yamtchire, yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha komanso nkhalango zowirira, idayamba kubalidwa ndi anthu. Posakhalitsa wankhanzayo adayamba kuzika mizu pafupi ndi anthu, ndipo adakhala nyama yoyamba kukhala ndi nthenga.
Kwa zaka zikwizikwi zotsatira, zidafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. M'tsogolomu, zolengedwa zosadzichepetsazi zidatembenukira kwa eni ake osati gwero losatha la nyama yofewa, mazira athanzi komanso kutulutsa zofewa, komanso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopembedzedwa.
Lero pali mitundu pafupifupi 180 ya nkhuku. Makolo a m'modzi wawo, wakale komanso wosazolowereka kwambiri, ndi nkhuku zakutchire zofananira zaku Asia. Bentamka (ili ndi dzina la mtunduwo) mwina ndizotsatira zakusankhidwa kwazaka zambiri ndi anthu. Ena amaganiza kuti Japan ndi kwawo, ena India.
Ndipo zolembedwa zoyamba zodziwika za izo zidafika pakati pa zaka za zana la 17. Zina mwazinthu zofunika kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mtundu uwu ndi mitundu yonse ya nkhuku zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi: kukula kwake, komanso zolemera, zoyambirira, zokongola modabwitsa, chifukwa chake mbalame zoweta izi ndizomwe zimakhala zokongoletsa.
Nkhuku zoterezi zimakhalanso ndi zabwino zina, zomwe tidzakambirana mtsogolo. Kuyang'ana zopanda pake bantam pachithunzichi, ndizosavuta kuzindikira zambiri mwazikhalidwe zawo.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- Thupi lokwezeka, lolimba, lowonda komanso lokongola lokhala ndi nthenga zolimba, zolimba (zosasunthika);
- mutu ndi waung'ono kukula ndi chida chowonekera (pamtunduwu, kupezeka kwake sikuvomerezeka);
- Chisa chofiira pamutu chimatha kukhala mbale yokhala ndi timagulu tating'onoting'ono (tawoneka ngati tsamba) kapena kukula kofanana ndi lokwera, kuloza kumbuyo kwa mutu (woboola pinki);
- Maso nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira, nthawi zina lalanje kapena lakuda kwambiri ndikuwonjezera matani abulauni;
- mlomo wachikaso ndi wopindika pang'ono, waudongo komanso waung'ono;
- m'dera la chibwano, kupitiriza kwa scallop ndi ndolo, yaying'ono, yaying'ono, yofiira kapena pinki, yotchuka kwambiri ndi atambala;
- khungu la subspecies ambiri ndi achikasu, owala, koma amatha kukhala ndi utoto wabuluu;
- Nthenga zamapiko ndizitali kuposa nkhuku zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafikira pansi zili bata;
- Wokwera kwambiri, wokulirapo chifukwa cha nthenga zolemera, mchira umakongoletsedwa ndi zingwe zazitali zosiyana;
- nkhuku zili ndi miyendo yayifupi, ndipo atambala amatalikirapo pang'ono; mawonekedwe a mitundu ina amathandizana ndi nthenga zokongola za miyendoyo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osangalatsa kwambiri.
Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri, choncho zitsanzo zazikulu zoposa 1 kg zolemera zimaonedwa ngati ukwati wa mtundu uwu. Kulemera kwapakati pa nkhuku zotere ndi magalamu 600 kapena ochepera, ndipo zizindikilo zokha za tambala, zomwe ndizolemera kwambiri, zimatha kuyandikira kilogalamu. Ndipo nkhuku zina ndi zazing'ono kwambiri moti zimalemera 450 g.
Mitundu
Kuyambira kale, mbalame zachilendozi zimapangidwa ku India kuti azikongoletsa mayadi. Anthu okhala ku Asia nawonso adakopeka ndi zizolowezi zolimbana ndi tambala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi eni ake.
Ku Europe, komwe nkhuku za bantam anali nazo zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, mwachangu kwambiri samangoyang'ana zokongoletsa zawo zokha, komanso kupanga mazira abwino kwambiri. Mtunduwo unabweretsedwa ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. M'dziko lathu, ndipo pano ma bantamok amatha kuwoneka m'mafamu ambiri komanso minda.
Nkhuku zotere zitha kutchuka kwambiri, koma mwatsoka, sizimalekerera kuzizira bwino nthawi yozizira. Pakati pa chisanu, mbalame zokonda kutentha izi, mbadwa za nkhuku zazing'ono zamatchire, zimavutika kwambiri ndi zikopa, zikopa ndi miyendo. Chifukwa chake, sanathe kuzika mizu kumpoto. Mtundu uwu umagawika pafupifupi pafupifupi subspecies khumi, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chomwe timapereka.
1. Nanking bantam... Nkhuku zamtunduwu ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mizu yake yakale, chifukwa chake mitundu yake ndi imodzi mwazakale kwambiri. Nkhuku zambiri za subspecies zimabadwira ku Asia. Tambala amaoneka obiriwira, makamaka mchira wakuda kapena wakuda, ndipo mawonekedwe awo amaphatikizidwa ndi chikwangwani chakuda chomwe chili pachifuwa chachikulu, ndi zipsera za mtundu womwewo pa mane owala.
Nkhuku zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zokongola. Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi wachikasu wachikaso. Kumbuyo kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, imatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mthunzi wa chokoleti kupita pagolide, pachifuwa ndi nsonga za mapiko, utambowo ndi wopepuka pang'ono. Miyendo ya mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwazo ili ndi khungu lakuda ndipo sakutsekedwa ndi nthenga.
2. Beijing bantam Ili ndi mchira wozungulira komanso yaying'ono yamiyendo. Nkhuku zimadziwikanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga zofewa, zomwe zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana kapena zamtundu umodzi, zakuda, zofiira, zoyera, komanso masikelo ena ndi kuphatikiza kwawo.
3. Dutch bantam kuchokera mdera la subspecies amawerengedwa kuti ndiosangalatsa kwambiri, mbalame pafupifupi yowoneka bwino, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imangokhala zokongoletsa zokongoletsa. Oimira mtunduwo ndi okongola ndi chisa chofiira kwambiri choyera bwino; chofufumitsa choyera choyera pamwamba pamutu, chokongoletsa mutu wawukulu kwambiri, komanso diresi lakuda la nthenga lokhala ndi utoto, kuvala thupi lonse.
Milomo ndi miyendo yopanda kanthu ya mbalame zotere ndi zakuda buluu. Zigawo za subspecies zimakonda kukopa otolera amateur, koma osati omwe akufuna kubzala nkhuku pazachuma, chifukwa sizovuta kuzisunga.
Zina mwazovuta zoyipa ndikulakalaka kwa atambala, omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba ndewu zachiwawa, zomwe zimawononga mawonekedwe a wina ndi mnzake. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zoyera nthawi zambiri zimadetsedwa pakudya, zomwe zimawononganso mawonekedwe okongoletsa a mbalamezi, komanso, zimawononga thanzi lawo.
4. Padua bentamka... Oimira ma subspecies, pakati pa ena, ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo amadziwika kuti ndiofunika kwambiri. Mtundu wa anthuwo ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri. Ikhoza kukhala yoyera ndi mawonekedwe oyambira amalo a silvery, komanso golide wokhala ndi mtundu wakuda.
5. Shabo... izo nthiti zazing'ono, amaweta makamaka pazifukwa zokongoletsa. Analogs a mtunduwu adakalipo kuthengo, kukumana ku Japan ndi mayiko ena akum'mawa. Mbalame zotere mwachilengedwe zimapatsidwa mitundu yoyambirira komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Itha kukhala tricolor; mitundu iwiri: siliva wakuda kapena golide, wakuda-wakuda, wachikasu buluu. Zina mwa mbalamezi ndi nkhokwe kapena mitsetse; imatha kukhala ndi mtundu umodzi - mapaipi, tirigu kapena oyera okha.
Nthenga za mbalame ngati izi poyamba zinali zazitali komanso zowongoka, koma pazodzikongoletsera, anthu okhala ndi nthenga za silky komanso zopindika anali opangidwa mwapadera. Zina zonse za subspecies ndizo: mlomo wachikaso wowongoka; chachifupi kwambiri (chomwe chimasokonezanso kuthamanga) miyendo yopanda kanthu; mapiko okhala ndi nthenga zotalika modabwitsa.
6. Sibright... Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi diresi lokongola, loyambirira kwambiri, lokongola kwambiri lomwe limaperekedwa chifukwa chakukongola kwa nthenga iliyonse. Chiyambi chachikulu chitha kukhala choyera ndi golide, mkaka wonyezimira, mchenga kapena imvi.
Makutu a chowulungika a subspecies ndi oyera. Msana wawo ndi wocheperako, chifuwa chimakhala chotakata, kutambalala; nthenga za mchira ndizosauka; miyendo yopanda kanthu ili ndi mtundu wabuluu. Subpecies izi zimawerengedwa kuti zili pangozi, chifukwa chake zitsanzo zoyera ndizosowa kwambiri.
Zifukwa zocheperako komanso zovuta kuzisunga zikuphatikiza: mwamakani, mwamtopola kwambiri tambala; kunyalanyaza mukamayikira mazira a theka lachikazi (lomwe, mwa njira, nthawi zambiri silimakhala la bantams ochokera kuma subspecies ena); nkhuku ndi zosabereka, ndipo anapiye ndi ofooka komanso otsika kwambiri.
7. Altai bentamka... Mitunduyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa idabadwira ku Altai, komanso, posachedwa, kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo. Ubwino waukulu wa omwe amaimira subspecies ndikumakana kwawo kuzizira, komwe kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi nthenga zowirira.
Zizindikiro zina: chifuwa chachikulu, thupi lamphamvu; kuseri kwa mutu kwake kuli kotsekemera kokometsetsa, kotseka kwathunthu. Mtundu wa anthu oyera kwambiri umatha kukhala fawn, variegated, nutty, koma nthawi zambiri bulauni kapena yoyera ndikuwonjezera nthenga zakuda ndi imvi muzovalazo. Miyendo ya tambala ndi yofiira, yoyera, yakuda ndi mithunzi yobiriwira.
8. Thonje bentamka... Oimira madera oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda yaboma ku Russia, ngakhale Japan imawerengedwa ngati kwawo kwawo. Roosters amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira, wofiira kumbuyo ndi wakuda wokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira kumchira ndi pachifuwa, komanso chipeso chachikulu, chofiyira. Nkhuku zili ndi mawangamawanga okhala ndi mawanga oyera, kumbuyo kwake kwa nthengayo kumakhala kofiira kapena kofiirira.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza
Eni ake omwe sangakhale nawo sakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakuswana mabantam. Ziweto zoterezi sizingatchulidwe mopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa cha zizindikilo zambiri ndizodzichepetsa. Malo okhala siosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya nkhuku ndipo zimadalira nyengoyo.
M'nyengo yotentha, ndege yomwe ili ndi pogona pamvula ndiyokwanira nkhuku zotere. Kukula kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe akukhalamo, ndipo makamaka - kutengera mitu 10 ya pafupifupi 6 m2... Koma ndi bwino kugawa bwalo loyenda ngati magawo awiri, ndikumutchinga onse awiri ndi mpanda wokwanira (pafupifupi 2.5 m) kapena khoka loteteza.
Izi zimapulumutsa eni ake pamavuto ambiri pamilandu yawo. Kupatula apo, ma bantamu amawuluka bwino, chifukwa chake mipanda yomwe ili pansi pa kutalika kwa munthu siyimakhala chopinga kwa iwo. Ndipo zotsatira zake ndizodziwikiratu. Sikuti nkhuku zimangoyendayenda paliponse, mazira omwe amanyamula m'malo osayembekezereka nthawi zambiri amatayika, ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka kosapeweka.
Ndi bwino kuti chophimba m'munsi mwa woyamba wa aviary mabacteria mchenga. Ndipo gawo lachiwiri lokhala ndi mipanda liyenera kukumbidwa ndikubzala mbewu: phala, rye, tirigu. Izi zimapereka chakudya kwa alendo okhala ndi mapiko, komanso zimathetsa kufunikira koyenda nkhuku.
Chisa ndi zisa, zomwe zimapezeka mosavuta pansi pa denga (denga), ziyenera kukhala zofunikira pakukhala kwa bantam. Muyeneranso kuiwala za omwe amadyetsa ndi kumwa, omwe amaikidwa mozungulira mozungulira tsambalo, ndikuwayeretsa ndikusintha madzi.
Koma m'nyengo yozizira, pamafunika khola lapadera, lokhala ndi zida zokwanira, pansi pake pamadzaza udzu kapena zodulira. M'malo ozizira, chipinda chino chimafunikiranso kutentha.
Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wabwino sukwanira. Nyumba ya nkhukuyi siyiyenera kukhala yonyowa pokonza ndipo ikuyenera kutsukidwa pafupipafupi. Malo okhala mmenemo, atapatsidwa kukula kwa alendo, amaikidwa bwino kutsika kuposa nkhuku wamba za nkhuku.
Thanzi ndi chitetezo cha mtunduwu nthawi zambiri sichimakhudzidwa. Mwachilengedwe, ma bentam amalimbana kwambiri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Koma izi zimachitika kokha ngati ma wadi okhala ndi mapiko atapatsidwa chisamaliro chokwanira ndipo kulibe kulumikizana kosafunikira ndi nyama zokayikitsa komanso mbalame.
Ngati pali zizindikiro zochenjeza: kusowa kwa njala ndi chopondapo, ulesi ndi zina, nkhuku (tambala) iyenera kukhala yokhayokha ndikuwonetsedwa kwa akatswiri. Pofuna kuteteza ziweto kuti zisasokonezeke ndi tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m'thupi, nthawi zambiri amaika bokosi ndi phulusa ndi mchenga m'chipinda chawo, momwe nkhuku zimasankhira "kusamba" kuti zithetse tizirombo tating'onoting'ono.
Sikuti zolengedwa zamapiko zokha zimakhala ndi mwayi woyeretsa nthenga zawo ku dothi ndi mafuta owonjezera motere, apa zida zapadera za phulusa zimawathandiza kukhala ndi ukhondo wofunikira kwambiri womwe umapewa matenda ambiri pasadakhale.
Zakudya zabwino
Bentamka – mtundu kakang'ono, ndipo izi zimathandiza eni akewo kusunga kwambiri chakudya chamawadi awo, chifukwa nkhuku zoterezi zimafunikira chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Ndipo mndandanda wonse wazinyama zazing'ono sizimasiyana ndi zakudya za achibale akuluakulu a nkhuku.
Komabe, potengera kukula kwake, chakudya chachikulu (mwachitsanzo, masamba omwe ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa mbalame) amaperekedwa bwino powadula tating'ono ting'ono. Chakudya chachikulu komanso chokondedwa kwambiri cha bantams, komanso nkhuku zina, ndi njere za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Zitha kukhala oat, tirigu wokha ndi chimanga china. Komanso balere ndi buckwheat ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zakudyazi ziyenera kupindula ndi chinangwa, masamba ndi zinyenyeswazi za mbatata, keke, ziphuphu, whey, kanyumba tchizi.
Mkate wakuda uyenera kupatsidwa stale, koma woviikidwa m'madzi. Zitsamba zokonzedwera nkhuku zisanaumitsidwe. Zinyalala za nsomba zimamasulidwa m'mafupa kuti zisawonongeke. Kuchokera pamavalidwe amchere ndikofunikira: nsomba ndi chakudya cha mafupa, choko, thanthwe la chipolopolo.
Chiwerengero cha chakudya cha wamkulu sayenera kupitirira katatu patsiku. Nthawi ya kadzutsa (mwachitsanzo, chakudya choyamba) imadalira nyengo yake ngati chakudya chimaperekedwa m'mawa. Chifukwa chake pakatentha nthawi yayitali ndi maola 5, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amayamba kubzala nkhuku pasanathe maola 8.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Tambala bantamngakhale ndi kuchepa kwake, nthawi zambiri imatha kusangalatsa ndi kulimba mtima kwake. Uyu ndiye wotetezera wolimba wa chiwembu chake, nkhuku ndi nkhuku. Ndiwopanda mantha kotero kuti amatha kumenya ngakhale mdani wamkulu, mwachitsanzo, kaiti kapena nkhandwe, osazengereza.
Nkhuku zamtunduwu zimadziwika chifukwa cha chibadwa cha amayi. Awa ndi nkhuku zabwino kwambiri, osamalira ana awo okha, komanso, ngati kuli kofunikira, anapiye a anthu ena. Ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amatha kuikira mazira ndikutulutsa nkhuku.
Cholepheretsa pantchito yabwinoyi, amakhala ochepa kukula, chifukwa mayi wovutikayo sangathe kuberekera mazira opitilira asanu ndi awiri nthawi imodzi. Koma m'nyengo yachilimwe, popanga ana atatu, imapatsa eni ake ana ambiri, pafupifupi nkhuku 20 komanso tambala.
Nthawi zambiri amabadwa mofanana, koma tiana timasiyidwa pamiyendo yamphongo imodzi pafupifupi ya akazi asanu ndi mmodzi kapena asanu ndi awiri. Komanso, kupulumuka anapiye bantam ma subspecies ambiri amawerengedwa kuti ndi okwera kwambiri (pafupifupi 90%). Anapiye amakhala athanzi ndipo mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira kumatenda, amathamanga ndikukula.
Nthawi yosakaniza ndi pafupi masabata atatu. Ndipo anapiyewo atawonekera, amawaika m'bokosi laling'ono, pamwamba pake nthawi zambiri chimayikapo nyali yamagetsi pamtunda wosakwana theka la mita. Iyenera kukhalabe ndi kutentha pafupifupi 34 ° C mchofungatira chaching'ono chotere.
Masiku oyambirira a ana amadyetsedwa ndi kanyumba kofewa ndi mazira owiritsa, akupatsa chakudya kasanu ndi kawiri kapena kupitilira apo patsiku. Pang`onopang`ono, chiwerengero cha chakudya akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi zakudya zatsopano m'gulu zakudya: akanadulidwa amadyera, chimanga, mapira.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame zoweta kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mtundu wa chakudya ndi chisamaliro. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amtunduwu amasungidwa kwa zaka zopitilira zitatu. Koma kuchokera pakuwona kwenikweni, bantams amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 8.
Dzira la Bantam ali ndi kununkhira kwapadera kuposa nkhuku zina. Ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa cholesterol ndi zina zapadera, mwachitsanzo, yolk ndi zoyera sizimasakanikirana.
Mazirawo ndi ang'onoang'ono kukula kwake ndipo amalemera osapitirira magalamu 45. Ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuchokera ku nkhuku imodzi yodyetsa yokhala ndi chakudya chabwino komanso chisamaliro choyenera chimatha kufikira zidutswa 130 pachaka. Nyama yamtunduwu imadziwikanso kuti ndiyabwino kwambiri, ngakhale kulemera kwa nyama za nkhukuzi, monga anthuwo, ndizochepa.
Mtengo
Kwa alimi odziwa bwino ntchito, zimakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kugula mazira kuchokera kwa omwe akuyimira mtunduwu, ndipo kwa iwo amapeza nkhuku zofunikira kuti ziswane. Koma ngati zingafunike, nyama zazing'ono zingagulidwe m'malo opangira ma bandi.
Izi zilipo, kuphatikiza mdera la Russia. Apa ndikofunikira kulabadira kusankha wobereketsa, kuti asakhale achinyengo komanso m'malo mwa anthu oyera kuti asagule mtundu wosadziwika. Mtengo wa Bantam pafupifupi 7000 rubles. Apa ndiye pankhani yogula wamkulu. Koma nkhuku ndi zotchipa, mtengo wake pafupifupi chidutswa chilichonse ndi ma ruble 2,000.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mtunduwo
Zambiri zanenedwa kale pazabwino za mtundu uwu.
Mwa iwo:
- kupanga dzira lokwera komanso mtundu wazogulitsa;
- kukhudza chibadwa cha makolo cha nkhuku ndi tambala kusamalira chitetezo chawo;
- umoyo wa nkhuku ndi thanzi;
- nyama yokoma ya nkhuku;
- mawonekedwe osangalatsa,
- kudzichepetsa kwa mamembala,
- kusafuna kuchuluka ndi chakudya chambiri.
Kuti mukhale ndi zabwino, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti nkhuku za bantam nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokoma komanso zodabwitsa chifukwa cha kukoma mtima kwawo, komanso ma cockerels amadziwika ndi mawu awo osangalatsa. Zoyipa za mtunduwu zimaphatikizapo kukwera mtengo kwa nkhuku ndi nkhuku, anthu okonda kutentha komanso kusakhazikika kwa atambala a subspecies zina.
