Zander Kawirikawiri ndi nsomba yaing'ono yopangidwa ndi ray. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya banja la nsomba. Asodzi - monga chinthu chowedza njuga. Ophika ndi amayi - monga maziko a nsomba.
Pike nsomba ndizofala m'mitsinje yayikulu komanso yayikulu ku Eurasia. Kumpoto, amapezeka mkamwa mwa mitsinje ya Siberia. Ku Far East, imatha kugwidwa m'madzi a Lake Hanko. Kum'mwera, adziwa mitsinje ndi nyanja za Anatolia. Kumadzulo, pike perch amakhala ndi madera onse amchere ku Europe.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Zander — nsomba wodya nyama. Imafanana ndi nyama ziwiri zamadzi, nyama zodziwika bwino komanso zolusa: nsombazi ndi pike. Thupi la pike-perch ndilofanana ndi pike, lophatikizika, lopindika pang'ono. Imayamba ndi mphuno yosongoka, yojambulidwa.
Pakamwa, monga momwe zimakhalira nyama yolusa, ndi yayikulu. Nsagwada zonse ziwiri zili ndi mitsempha yambiri, iwiri kumisasa yakumunsi ndipo iwiri kumtunda. Mano ang'onoang'ono, akuthwa, omata ali kumbuyo ndi pakati pa mayini. Zachidziwikire, zida zotere za maxillofacial zimatha kugwira ndikugwira nsomba zowoneka bwino kwambiri.
Kuti mugwire nyama, muyenera kuwona ndikuyamba kumva. Makina owonera ndiye mtundu woyamba wazidziwitso zomwe pikeperch imadalira. Maso a nsombazo ndi zazikulu, kuzungulira, ndi utoto wofiirira. Mumitsinje ndi nyanja, madzi samakhala omveka bwino nthawi zonse. Koma masomphenya a pike perch samalephera.
Pamtsetse kutsogolo kwa mutu wa zander, mphuno zili: mabowo awiri kutsogolo kwa diso lililonse. Kuchokera kwa iwo pali magawo amkati opita ku ziwalo za kununkhiza. Mosiyana ndi ziwalo zodziwira fungo, thandizo la pike perch lilibe zowonjezera zakunja. Phokoso limafalikira kudzera m'mafupa a chigaza kumanzere ndikumverera kwa masensa omvera. Pike pch ali ndi kumva kwabwino. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti nsombazi zimamva phokoso lomwe limatuluka pagombe, mwachitsanzo, mapazi aanthu.
Mosiyana ndi kumva, ziwalo za kukoma kwa pike perch sizinayesedwe. Koma iwo ali. Ndiwo magulu amanjenje ozindikira obalalika mkamwa ndi mthupi lonse. Maselo ozindikira amachita kugwira ntchito. Sakhala malo enaake. Pike perch "akumva ndi khungu" amakhudza.
Chiwalo chapadera kwambiri cha nsomba ndi mzere wotsatira. Amayenda mthupi lonse. Gawo la subcutaneous la mzere ndi kanjira kokhala ndi maselo ofunikira. Amalumikizidwa ndi dziko lakunja kudzera m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Imatumiza deta kuubongo wa nsomba za mayendedwe ndi mphamvu yamadzi. Nsomba yomwe yawonongeka imatha kupulumuka kutengera chidziwitso chazomwe zili mbali.
Pike-perch, mzere wotsatira umawonekera kutalika kwake konse. Iyamba kuchokera pa operculums. Amakonzedwa ngati mkate wouma: choyamba pali zomangira, kenako zokutira, kenako zokutira, ndipo pamapeto pake zimaphimba. Kapangidwe kameneka kumapereka kutseguka ndi kutseka kodalirika kwa ma gill.
Mbalame yam'mbuyo imayamba pamlingo womwe chimakwirira chimathera. Imakhala pafupifupi mzere wonse wamthupi ndipo imagawika magawo awiri. Yoyamba imakhala ndi mitsempha 12-15. Gawo lachiwiri lakumapeto kwa dorsal limakhazikitsidwa ndi cheza pafupifupi 20. Mukatsegulidwa, chikho cham'mimbamo, makamaka theka lake loyamba, chimafanana ndi chimaliziro cha nsombayo ndipo sichotsika poyerekeza.
Komwe kumapeto kwake kumatha kumapeto, mchira umayamba. Iyenso imakhala ndi mphalapala yofanana, yokhala ndi mphamba wamphamvu. Kukula ndi kapangidwe kake komaliza kumawonetsa kuti ndi ya nsomba yofulumira.
Monga dorsal fin, mchira kumapeto, apo ayi kumapeto kwa pike perch sikulumikizidwa. Ndili ndi ma spikes atatu, okutidwa pang'ono ndi chikopa. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi la piki lili ndi zotulutsa zina ziwiri: zipsepse zam'mimba ndi m'chiuno. Ziwalo zonse zosambira ndizophatikizika, zofanana.
Kufanana kwa thupi, tsatanetsatane wa matomedwe, mphamvu zake zimayang'ana kumalo okhalapo ena. Chikhalidwe chachilengedwe cha pike ndi kumeza nyama yonse. Nthawi zina amakhala nsomba zazinkhanira, achule, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala nsomba. Wogwidwa akhoza kukhala wamkulu kapena wocheperako, koma nthawi zonse amakhala wovuta kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, pharynx ndi kum'mero ​​kwa pike perch ndizolimba komanso zotanuka. Mimba imakhalanso yotanuka. Ziwalo zonse zamkati zazingwe zimayikidwa bwino kumtunda kwa thupi ndipo zili pafupi ndi mutu momwe zingathere. Pang'ono pitani pansi pa mitsempha.
Gawo lam'mimba ndilopanda. Amadzaza pamene zander ameza nsomba. Mimba yosokonekera imatenga malo opanda kanthu. Atameza nsombayo, nsomba ya pike imadikirira kuti idyeke, pokhapokha ikayambiranso kusaka.
Mitundu
Pike perch ali ndi abale ochepa. Onsewo ndi a banja la a Percidae, dzina lodziwika bwino la banjali ndi nsomba. Mtundu womwe mumakhala mitundu yambiri ya pike-perch umakhala ndi dzina la sayansi Sander. Mulinso mitundu 9.
- Pike wamba. Mtundu wofala kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino. Dzinalo lake ndi Sander lucioperca.
- Chikopa chachikaso chachikaso. Chogwiritsira ntchito chophatikizidwacho chimaphatikizidwa ndi dzina la Sander vitreus. Kwa utoto wonyezimira wa zipsepse, mitunduyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa chinsalu chopepuka chowala.
- Mitundu yaku North America ndiye malo okhala ku Canada. Amapezeka mumtsinje wa St. Lawrence, adziwa mitsinje ndi nyanja zomwe zili gawo lamadzi. Sander canadensis ndi dzina lasayansi la wokhala ku New World.
- Nyanja yolowera panyanja - mitundu yokhayo yomwe yasinthanitsa madzi amtsinje ndi nyanja yayikulu munyanja. Amakhala kumadera a Caspian ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Black Sea. Dzina lachi Latin ndi Sander marinus.
- Wofala ku Russia ndiye nsanja ya Volga pike. Asodzi ndi anthu akumaloko amatcha bersh. Nsombazi siziwoneka ngati nsomba, koma imadziwika ngati mtundu wina wa nsomba zowononga. Ngakhale bersh ndi mtundu wa pike perch wokhala ndi dzina la Sander olgensis.
Pike perch ali ndi mayina ambiri ofanana. Anthu okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo amadziwa malo okhala ndi Ladoga, asodzi aku Novgorod amagwira nsomba za Ilmen, okhala ku Karelia asodza nsomba za Chelmuzh. Pali mayina ena akumaloko: Syrdarya pike perch, Ural pike perch, Amudarya pike perch, Kuban pike perch, Don pike perch, mtsinje wa pike... Akamayankhula za pike perch ambiri, amatchula dzinali popanda ziyeneretso ndi zomasulira, amatanthauza piki wamba. Iye moyenerera angaoneke ngati mutu wa mtundu wa pike nsomba.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Pike nsomba wamba ndi nsomba yamadzi amchere, koma imapezeka m'njira ziwiri: wokhalamo, wokhalamo kapena wothira, komanso theka-anadromous. Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imaganiza zodyetsa m'malo omwe mitsinje imalumikiza mitsinje yawo yatsopano ndi madzi amchere am'nyanja ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yopulumukira. Kuti apitirize mtunduwu, amapita kumtunda kwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Zander-anadromous zander imachitanso.
Malo ake okhazikika amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyanja. Titha kukhala, mwachitsanzo, malo amchere amchere amchere a Azov kapena Caspian. Apa amadyetsa sprat, gobies, sabrefish. Pobzala, timadzi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono timalowa m'mitsinje ndikutuluka mumtsinje. Nthawi zambiri kubereka kumachitika patali ndi nyanja, mu Volga kapena Ural delta.
Semi-anadromous pike perch amapezeka m'mitundu yambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic. Imasunga pakamwa pa mitsinje ku Gulf of Riga ndi Finland. Mpweya, pamodzi ndi unyinji wa madzi abwino, amanyamula nsomba m'mbali mwa doko. Pike perch amakonda malo oterewa ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi madamu, malo opumulira, nyumba zomwe zidasefukira.
Semi-anadromous pike perch nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa okhala. Izi mwina ndichifukwa choti pikoko, yemwe samatsikira kunyanja kuti akadye, ali ndi nyama yaying'ono ngati chakudya. Mitundu yogona ya zander imasankha mitsinje, nyanja, ndi malo osungira osiyanasiyana ngati malo omwe amapezeka nthawi zonse. Zinthu zazikulu: muyenera madzi ambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ayenera kukhala okwera.
M'dziwe losankhidwa kwa moyo, pike perch amapeza malo ozama. Pansi, kupezeka kwa ma snag ndi miyala ndikofunikira. Pike nsomba amafuna kwambiri pa nthaka pansi. Ndi woipa m'malo omwe amadzaza ndere. Amakonda malo amiyala, amchenga.
Pamwala woterewu, "mchenga" wamchenga pikoko amapita kukasaka. Imachita izi nthawi iliyonse masana. Pike perch amasankha maola angapo patsiku kuti apumule. Imene amathera pakati pa miyala ndikuwomba m'madziwe.
Kusodza nsomba za pike
Zander amagwidwa nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Imodzi mwa nyengo zabwino kwambiri izi ndi nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri supuni imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana. Anasinthidwa ndi balancer. Ichi ndi mtundu wamakono kwambiri wamagiya. Komanso m'madzi otseguka, zander imatha kutengedwa ndi tulle.
Pamsodzi wamtunduwu, nsomba za tulka zimagulidwa pasadakhale. Amasungidwa m'firiji mpaka kukawedza. Pa ayezi mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba 20-25 patsiku. Ndizosatheka kunena kuti zingabweretse zingati.
Kuti mupeze nsomba zowoneka bwino, palibe zokwanira zokwanira, muyenera kudziwa dziwe, malo omwe pakhonde lalikulu lingayimilire. Ndiye kuti, mabowo, ma burrows okhala ndi ziboda pansi. Zima, kuwedza mozungulira kumapereka mwayi wocheperako.
Pakufika masika, kupezeka kwa nsomba za pike kumatha kuchepa. Ndi kusungunuka kwa ayezi, chisanu, madzi amayamba kufika. Pakadali pano, muyenera kutenga ndodo yopota. Kupeza malo omwe piketi yakhazikika sikovuta kwenikweni. Masika, imagwirizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala pafupi ndi maenje achisanu.
Mawaya oyenda pansi ndi imodzi mwanjira zopezera nsomba za pike. Chojambula chimodzi chogwidwa chikuwonetsa kuti jigging iyenera kupitilizidwa m'malo ano. Malingaliro osavuta awa amatilola kuti tigwire bwino kasupe.
Kubwera kwa kasupe kumagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yobala: mbalame ya pike imayamba kulemera isanakwane. Pakadali pano, ndodo yopota imakupatsani mwayi wogwira nsomba ndi nyambo yosiyana kwambiri: supuni kapena sprat yomweyo. Pakati pa nthawi yobereka komanso kwakanthawi pambuyo pake, nsomba za pike sizigwirizana ndi zomwe msodzi amachita.
Pochoka pachisangalalo chomwe chimabweretsa, nsomba imayambitsanso zhor. Nsombazi nthawi ndi nthawi zimawonetsa kufuna kwake: imayamba kusiya nyambo zomwe kale zinkakhala zopanda vuto. Mwambiri, masika ndi nthawi yovuta ya nsomba. Kuti apeze njira yolowera, msodzi amayenera kuyang'ana malo abwino komanso nyambo zabwino.
Trolling ndi njira yosodza posachedwapa. Ikhoza kuonedwa ngati njira yachikale yakusodza panjira. Zolemba motere zimagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse pachaka, makamaka masika.
Ma spinner osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo yopondaponda. Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi otchuka. Nyambo yoyenera ndi kuya komwe amaponyedwako ndi zinthu ziwiri zopitilira muyeso wa zander. Izi zikutsimikizira zazikulu zander pachithunzicho.
Asodzi okonda njira zachikhalidwe amasankha nyambo zamoyo. M'mawonekedwe awa, zimatengera mphamvu, kuyenda kwa nsomba zam'mlengalenga. Ma girders nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa ngati zida wamba. Izi ndizotsimikizika zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino mchilimwe komanso nthawi yozizira.
Zakudya zabwino
Zander wongobadwa kumene amadyetsa zooplankton, mitundu yonse ya ma diaptomus, ma cyclops. Kukula, imadutsa ku mphutsi za tizilombo, nsomba zina, nyama zopanda mafupa a benthic. Kenako tadpoles ndi tinsomba tating'ono timaphatikizidwa pazakudya.
Mitundu yogona komanso theka-anadromous imadyanso chimodzimodzi. Koma piki-pch wokhala kumadera komwe mitsinje imadutsa munyanja ali ndi chisankho chachikulu. Nyama zomwe amakumana nazo ndizokulirapo, motero zimakula msanga. Kuphatikiza apo, amafunikira mafuta owonjezera kuti athe kupita kumalo komwe kutulutsa zander.
Mukapeza chakudya kuchokera ku pike pch, chinthu chodziwika chokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo zake zamkati chimapezeka. Pambuyo pomeza nyama yochulukirapo, mbalameyi imayimirira pamalo obisalapo pafupi ndi mwala kapena nkhuni ndipo imadikirira kutha kwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa. Kenako amabwerera kumalo ake osaka.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
M'madera ake onse, pike perch imayamba kukonzekera kubereka mu February-Epulo. Zander-anadromous zander amalowa mumtsinje wa delta. Imatha kubala kuchokera kutsetsereka kotsika kupita kumalo omwe ali pamtunda wamakilomita angapo kumtunda.
Kubala ku Volga ndi Ural delta kumatenga masabata 2-3, kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka Meyi 5-10. Mu Kura yotentha, pike perch imabala masabata awiri omwewo, koma zomwe zimachitika zimayamba kumapeto kwa February.
Pofuna kubzala, misonkho, nyanja, kusefukira kwa mitsinje, malo osungira ofooka amasankhidwa. Zinyama zodziwika bwino zimakonda kuyikira mazira patali ndi gombe. Zinthu zilizonse zam'madzi ndizoyenera kuyika caviar: nkhuni, mizu, miyala.
Njira yoberekera ndiyachilendo. Asanabadwe, yamphongo imatsuka malo okhala. Ndiye awiri amapangidwa. Wamphongo amabweretsa wosankhidwayo kumalo oyenera kuberekera. Mkazi amatsitsa mutu wake, akukweza mchira wake, nkupeza kuti ali pafupi kuwongoka.
Njira yotulutsira caviar iyamba. Nthawi yomweyo, mkazi samayenda mwadzidzidzi. Kutuluka kwa mazira kumalimbikitsidwa ndikusunthira mchira. Mahalkas, monga asodzi amawatcha, amawoneka pamwamba pamadzi. Amawonedwa mochulukira m'malo opangira nsomba za pike.
Mbalame yamphongo imayenda pafupi ndi mkaziyo ndipo imatulutsa mkaka. Pike nsomba caviar amatsikira ku chisa. Mazira asanagwirizane kuti akhale mululu wamba, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi umuna. Dzira lililonse la nsomba siliposa 1-1.5 mm m'mimba mwake. Mkazi akhoza kubereka kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 300 zikwi zikwi zamtsogolo.
Chipolopolo cha caviar chimakhala chomata, chifukwa chake mazira onse amakhala mwamphamvu mu "chisa". Pambuyo poyikira mazira, yamphongo imateteza ana amtsogolo - kudzikundikira kwa mazira. Amathamangitsa anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kudya. Kuphatikiza apo, ikugwira ntchito ndi zipsepse, imakonza njira yolowera madzi zowonjezerapo, yopatsa mazira a oxygen. Pamwamba pa "chisa" pike perch imayimirira mphutsi zisanatuluke.
Mbalame yachikazi, yomwe inabereka, imachoka kumalo okhalamo. Semi-anadromous pike perch akutsikira kunyanja. Maofesi okhalamo amapita kumalo oyera, malo ozama mumtsinje, posungira, nyanja. Masabata 1.5-2 atabadwa ana, piki wamphongo wamphongo amatsata njira yomweyo ngati wamkazi.
Mtengo
Masitolo ogulitsa nsomba amapereka nsomba zowuma kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana ku Russia. Nsomba zosadulidwa zimagulitsidwa pa 250-350 rubles. pa kg. Mtengo wotsika mtengo kwambiri ndi pike perch fillet: 300-400 rubles. M'madera akutali ndi malo omwe nsomba za pike zimagwidwa ndikuberekana, mitengo ikhoza kukhala yokwera.
Pike nsomba akhoza wachinsinsi monga nsomba ndi mtengo pafupifupi. Mu mbale zina, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndendende pike nsomba... Mwachitsanzo, aspic. Chosangalatsachi chimaperekedwa chaka chatsopano, chikondwerero, chikondwerero. Pakhoza kukhala china chosangalatsa chokhudzana ndi pike palokha.
Chakudya "Royal Pike perch" chimafanana ndi izi. Chinsinsicho chimaphatikizapo bowa, makamaka porcini. Nsombazo zimayendetsedwa kwa mphindi 20-25 posakaniza msuzi wa soya ndi mandimu. Kenako ndi yokazinga. Zidutswa za piki zimathandizidwa ndi bowa wokazinga, masamba, zitsamba komanso tchizi.
Zakudya zambiri za pike perch sizovuta kwenikweni. Amakhala ndi zosakaniza zochepa. Zander — nsomba, kuphika zomwe sizifuna luso lapadera. Koma chakudya chokoma, chopatsa thanzi komanso chachilengedwe cha pike perch chimapezeka nthawi zonse.
