Fulonda (Platichthys stellatus) ndi nsomba yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo. Ili m'gulu lazachinyengo komanso la banja lopukutidwa ndi ray. Kwa anthu amakono, amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba yotchuka komanso yotsika mtengo, komanso yokoma kwambiri. Maonekedwe ake sangakhale osangalatsa, koma izi sizimapangitsa kuti asakhale odziwika pakati pa asodzi komanso akatswiri odziwika bwino.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu za nsomba iyi, yomwe ngakhale msodzi wosadziwa amatha kusiyanitsa ndi enawo, ndi maso. Amapezeka kumanja kwa thupi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ili ndi dzina "Kumanja koyenera". Koma, ngakhale zili choncho, mutha kupeza munthu m'maso momwe amakhala kumanzere kwa thupi kapena wogawana. Izi ndizosowa kwambiri.
Kwa asodzi odziwa zambiri, komanso makamaka kwa anthu wamba, nsomba zikuuluka pachithunzichi samawoneka okongola. Tikukulangizani kuti muziyang'anitsitsa mawonekedwe apadera a cholengedwa cham'nyanja ichi:
- Zipsepse za pelvic. Zili zofananira modabwitsa komanso zimakhala ndizopapatiza. Izi zimathandiza kuti nsombazi zisavutike, zizithamanga komanso kuti zisamavutike kugwira ntchito.
- Lathyathyathya thupi. Chifukwa cha izi, nsombazi zimatha kubisala pansi pa mwala kapena kudzibisa zokha, ndikuphatikizana ndi kunyanja kapena mwala.
- Zipsepse zam'mbuyo ndi zam'mbuyo ndizitali poyerekeza ndi anthu ena okhala m'madzi. Limakupatsani kusuntha mofulumira.
- Mutu womwe samagwirizana ndi mfundo zoyanjana. Mwanjira ina, kumaliza asymmetry.
- Pakamwa poterera ndi mano owongoka. Zimathandizira kumugwira wovulalayo akamasambira kuchokera mbali.
- Gawo lachiwiri la thupi lomwe lilibe maso (nthawi zambiri kumanzere) limatchedwa "malo akhungu". Kumeneko khungu limakhala lolimba, lolimba, lolimba komanso lolimba kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mdani amenyane ndi flounder pomwe samawona.
- Mzere wotsatira womwe umayenda pakati pa maso kuwalekanitsa. Amalola kuti maso azidziyimira pawokha komanso kuti azigwira ntchito mosiyana.
- Maso otseguka, otuluka. Amatha kuyang'ana mbali zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala tcheru nthawi zonse.
- Mchira waufupi. Amathandizira kuyenda mwachangu.
Njira yoikira mazira wokhala m'nyanjayi ndiyosiyananso pang'ono ndi ena onse. Caviar ilibe m'malovu amafuta, omwe mwa nsomba zina amateteza chitetezo mwachangu mtsogolo.
Mazira sagona pamalo amodzi, amatha kuyandama. Mosasamala kanthu za mitundu, chowotcha chimayikira mazira pansi, ndipo pakukula, imatha kupita kumalo ena kapena kusambira kumtunda.
Mitundu
Flounder - nsomba, yomwe, mosasamala kanthu za subspecies yake, nthawi zonse imakhala pansi. Mitundu yake yonse ili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana - thupi lathyathyathya, lomwe limathandiza kuyenda bwino pansi, lomwe nthawi iliyonse limathandizira kubisala kwa adani.
Mitundu ya nsomba imayamba kuchepa agawika pawiri: mtsinje ndi nyanja. Iliyonse yagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo. Gawoli limadalira malo okhalamo, komanso mawonekedwe amthupi.
Nsomba zamtsinje - amakhala m'madzi amadzi oyera, mitsinje, nyanja. Silola madzi amchere amchere chifukwa cha khungu loyera. Pali ma subspecies atatu:
- Kukula kwa polar... Mitundu yomwe imakonda madzi ozizira imatha kupirira kutentha pang'ono komanso singalekerere kutentha kopitilira zero digiri Celsius. Zimasiyana ndi thupi lokulirapo, komanso mtundu. Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi bulauni, nthawi zina wokhala ndi zigamba zofiira kapena zoyera. Zipsepsezo ndi zofiira njerwa kapena zofiira.
- Kutulutsa nyenyezi... Chofunikira kwambiri ndikupezeka kwa maso kumanzere kwa thupi. Monga tanenera kale, izi ndizosowa kwambiri. Mitundu iwiri yokha mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nsombayi ndiyomwe imakonzekera. Mtunduwo ukhoza kukhala wobiriwira wakuda, chithaphwi kapena bulauni, monga mitundu ya polar.
Komanso, gawo lalikulu la subspecies ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo ndi kumapeto kwa zipsepse. Nsombazo zidatchedwa ma spikes ngati nyenyezi zazing'ono kumanzere kwa thupi. Kukula kwake ndi 50-60 masentimita m'litali ndi thupi mpaka 5 kg.
- Nyanja Yakuda Kalkan... Mitundu yosowa kwambiri yomwe yatchulidwa mu Red Book. Ili ndi mawonekedwe amaso amanzere, thupi lozungulira. Mtundu waukulu ndi bulauni wokhala ndi maolivi owala bwino. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa mitsempha yambiri yakuthwa, yomwe imwazika padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mu "zone yakhungu". Kutalika kwake, nsomba yayikulu imafika mpaka 100 cm, ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 20 kg.
Nsomba zamphepete mwanyanja - amakhala bwino m'madzi amchere amchere. Amasiyana ndi mitundu yamitsinje kukula kwake, mawonekedwe amthupi, utoto ndi zipsepse. Pali magawo anayi a izi:
- Kutuluka kwa Yellowfin... Mitundu yokonda kuzizira, osati madzi okha, komanso njira yamoyo. Imasaka magazi ozizira a nsomba zazing'ono komanso anthu ena okhala munyanja yakuya. Zimasiyanasiyana muthupi lozungulira, minyewa yakuthwa ndi masikelo mthupi lonse. Mtunduwo ndi wabuluu wobiriwira, pafupi ndi mtundu wachithaphwi, wokhala ndi zipsepse zowala zagolide. Nsomba yayikulu imatha kutalika masentimita 50, ndipo kulemera kwake sikuposa 1 kg.
- Amadzi wamba. Iyi ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri ya nsombayi, yomwe imakhala yakuda kwambiri ndi mabala a lalanje komanso ofiira. Chofunikira kwambiri pamtunduwu ndimakedzedwe otukuka kwambiri (kutha kubisa). Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lake lobisala, wopondaponda sali wotsika kwa bilimankhwe. Msodzi wamkulu amafika mita imodzi kutalika ndi 7 kg kulemera.
- Kumpoto ndi Kummwera zoyera-zamiyendo zoyenda... Dzinali limadzilankhulira lokha. Nsombayi ili ndi zipsepse zoyera m'chiuno, mthunzi wamkaka wakhungu. Ndipo gawo lachiwiri la thupi, pomwe maso amakhala, lili ndi mtundu wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira. Imakhala nthawi zambiri pansi, osakwera mita imodzi pamwamba panthaka. Nsomba wamkulu imakula mpaka masentimita 50. Kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala kosiyana, kuyambira 4 mpaka 12 kg.
- Nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere. Chosowa kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri kuzindikira mitundu. Amagawidwa m'mitundu ina isanu, yomwe imasiyana kulemera ndi kukula kwa thupi. Nsomba yayikulu kwambiri imalemera makilogalamu 450 ndi thupi lokulirapo mamita 5. Woyimira yaying'ono kwambiri ndi arrowtooth halibut. Kulemera kwake sikufikira makilogalamu oposa 8 ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 80 cm.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mtundu wina womwe uli ndi dzina logwirizana - uwu ndi "Kum'maŵa kwa Faround". Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu yotsatirayi: yellowfin, kumwera kwa mzungu woyera, stellate, komanso halibut, longnose, proboscis ndi ena.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Wokhalamo panyanja amasankha moyo wokhala payekha. Amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yopuma akusangalala pansi panyanja. Amatha kungogona pansi, kapena kudzikwilira mumchenga m'maso mwake kuti awone momwe zinthu ziliri. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuwona phazi likuuluka mtunda wopitilira mita imodzi kuchokera kunyanja.
Ndi za nsomba - gwero la moyo, nyumba ndi njira yopulumukira kwa adani. Chifukwa cha kutsanzira (kutha kubisa mwachangu pansi pa chilengedwe, makamaka pansi pamiyala ndi pansi), amatha kuwukira omwe amamuzunza kapena kubisalira adani mwachangu.
Chinthu china chofunikira ndikuchedwa kuzindikira. Zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa cha thupi lake losawerengeka komanso losazolowereka la nsomba yabwinobwino, chotumphuka chimasambira pang'onopang'ono. Asodzi osadziŵa zambiri amati kugwira nyama zam'madzi izi ndi kophweka, ndipo njira yake yokha yopulumukira ndiyobisa. Komabe, ayi.
Flounder ikamamva kuti ndiyotetezeka, imasambira pang'onopang'ono, imamva ngati ikungonyamulidwa ndi pano. Kusuntha kwake kumafanana ndimayendedwe onga owala, ndipo kuthamanga kwake sikupitilira mamita 10 pa ola limodzi.
Koma nyama yolusa ikagwidwa nsomba kumbuyo kwake, imathamanga kwambiri. Ndi mchira wake waufupi, zipsepse zam'chiuno mozungulira, ndi mapiko otambalala otambalala ndi kumbuyo kwake, zimatha kubisala kwa omwe akuwatsata.
Pakachitika zadzidzidzi, wopondaponda amatha kuyenda mosavuta kwa mamita angapo nthawi imodzi, ndikusiya ndege yamadzi yamphamvu, yomwe imalowera pansi. Izi ndichifukwa cha operculum m'mapangidwe am'madzi.
Ili pamalo akhungu a torso. Ndege yamphamvu idzasokoneza pansi, yomwe idzasokoneza nyamayo kapena kusokoneza wovulalayo. Chifukwa chake, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi omwe akuvulala kapena kuti athawe nsomba yayikulu komanso yowopsa.
Flounder amakhala m'madzi a Pacific Ocean okha. Mitundu yamitsinje imakhala pansi pamitsinje yozizira, malo. Titha kukumana m'mitsinje ya Dnieper, Bug, Dniester. Moyo wam'madzi umapezeka makamaka munyanja zakuda, Japan, Baltic, Bering, ndi Mediterranean.
M'nyanja ya Azov, nsomba zamtunduwu sizodziwika kwenikweni. Pakati pa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov pali pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Don, pomwe mitundu yonse yamadzi am'madzi ndi zam'madzi zimamveka bwino.
Ngakhale mchere uli wabwino, ndizosowa kwambiri kuwapeza pamenepo. Opha nyama zamakono masiku ano amakonda kugwira nsomba zimenezi kuti azigulitsa kapena kugulitsa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ntchito zoterezi zimawapatsa ndalama zambiri.
Malo ozizira ozungulira kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera, omwe amakonda madzi ozizira, amakhala m'nyanja za Kara, Okhotsk, Bering ndi White. Ndizochepa kwambiri kuzipeza mumitsinje ya Ob, Kara, Tugur ndi Yenisei. Nsombazo zimakonda dothi losalala komanso lofewa, momwe mungabisalire mosavuta, ndipamene mitsinjeyi imakhala nayo.
Yellowfin taxon ndiye nsomba zofewa kwambiri flounder banja amakhala m'madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri mpaka wapakati. Nthawi zambiri, amasambira mozama osachepera mamita mazana atatu.
Nsombazi ndizodziwika kwambiri pamsika. Amakhala ku White, Baltic, Mediterranean ndi madzi ena a Atlantic. Mtsinje wakumwera wamiyala yoyera nthawi zambiri umapezeka pagombe la Japan ndi Red Seas.
Zakudya zabwino
Subpecies iliyonse yamphepo imadyetsa nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana. Wina masana, wina usiku. Zimatengera malo komanso malo okhala. Kwenikweni, oimira nyama izi amadyetsa nyama, koma ngati palibe chomwe chidagwidwa, amadya zomera mosangalala.
Komanso chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa chimadalira msinkhu wake. Mwachitsanzo, anyamata achichepere amadya caviar ya nsomba zina, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, amphipods, benthos, nyongolotsi, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo ta m'madzi.
Okalamba amakonda kupindula ndi nsomba zachangu ndi zazing'ono, nyongolotsi ndi mamembala ena a banja la echinoderm, nyama zazing'ono zochokera m'mabanja opanda mafupa, ophiura, crustaceans. Zakudya zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi ma shrimp, komanso capelin.
Chifukwa chakumutu kwachilendo, komwe kumayikidwa pathupi, nsomba zimatha kumatenga timagulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pamadzi.
Mano akuthwa amamuthandizanso kuti azikoka. Flounder imakhalanso ndi nsagwada zolimba. Amatha kupha zipolopolo za nkhanu kapena zipolopolo za oyster, ziphuphu ndi ena. Pofuna kuti nsomba zamtunduwu zizigwira bwino ntchito, pamafunika kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zoyenda pansi, pansi pazabwino, zitha kukhala zaka zopitilira makumi atatu. Komabe, m'moyo weniweni, nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo. Kuopseza kumakhala kwamphamvu makamaka ngati nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakakamizidwa kusambira kutali ndi adani awo kapena kuvutika ndi zakudya zosasinthika. Chifukwa chake imamwalira kale kwambiri, ndipo ndi anthu ena okha omwe amatha kukhala zaka 25-30. Chimodzi mwa zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwawo ndikusodza ndi anthu.
Kusiyanitsa mkazi ndi wonenepa wamwamuna, ndikwanira kufananiza kukula kwawo. Otsatirawa nthawi zonse amakhala okulirapo m'litali ndi kulemera, amakhalanso ndi mtunda wokulirapo pakati pamaso ndi zipsepse zazitali zam'mbali ndi m'chiuno. Maonekedwe a torso yawo ndi rhombus kapena chowulungika. Mwa akazi, nthawi zonse imakhala yozungulira.
Nthawi yoberekera taxon iliyonse (flatfish, pankhaniyi kumangoyenda yokha) ndimachitidwe ake. Zimatengera zinthu zambiri, makamaka chilengedwe.
Zomwe zili: malo okhalamo, nyengo yoyambira masika, nyengo, kusintha kwakuthwa kwamadzi, kutenthetsa madzi mpaka kutentha kwa mazira, kukhalapo kwa akazi pafupi, kupezeka kwa zakudya zabwino pobereka, ndi zina zambiri.
Koma ngati titenga zowerengera zowerengera, ndiye kuti nthawi yoyikira mazira azitsamba imalingaliridwa kuyambira zaka khumi zoyambirira za Disembala mpaka Meyi. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi siyothandiza mitundu yonse. Palinso zosiyana. Izi ndi, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a Turbot ndi Big rhombus. Kwa iwo, nthawi yabwino yoswana kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti.
Mitundu yam'madzi yam'banja la ray fin imapita ku Baltic, Japan, Black ndi North Seas kukaswana. Kwa mitundu yakumtunda, nthawi yabwino kwambiri ndiyoyambira Januware mpaka February pansi pamadzi okutidwa ndi ayezi a Nyanja za Kara ndi Barents.
Kuti muyambe kubereka, muyenera kufikira msinkhu. Amuna a m'banja lino ali okonzeka kubereka kuyambira chaka chachitatu kapena chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha moyo wawo. Izi zimatengera mitundu ndi malo okhala. Amayi amatha msinkhu msinkhu kwambiri.
Amakhalanso achonde kwambiri. Pakubala kamodzi, mkazi amatha kusiya mazira 0,5 mpaka 2 miliyoni. Poganizira kuti amatha kusambira pawokha, mazira am'banjali amatha kupezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha izi, opitilira theka lawo samapulumuka, popeza caviar ya nsomba zam'madzi zimatha kukhala m'malo amadzi abwino.
Adani achilengedwe
Zodabwitsa, koma mdani wamkulu wazomwe akuchita ndi munthu. Tsiku lililonse padziko lonse lapansi asodzi amapeza nsomba imodzi iyi. Koma kupatula anthu, pansi pa nyanja, kumangoyenda kumatha kuopanso oimira nyama, makamaka ma eel ndi halibut.
Ndi woyamba, zonse zikuwonekera, koma chachiwiri ndikusocheretsa. Asayansi agawanika. Ena amakhulupirira kuti halibut ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wamphepete ndipo sangakhale mdani wake mwanjira iliyonse. Ena amamuganizira nsomba zonga flounder... M'malo mwake, si subspecies yake, kotero amatha kupikisana wina ndi mnzake.
Chaka chilichonse pamakhala oimira ochepa m'banjamo. Ngakhale kubereka kwakukulu kwa akazi, theka la mazira awo silikhala ndi moyo. Nsomba iyi imagwidwa matani tsiku lililonse, kuphatikiza zonsezi imasakidwa ndi oimira nyama.
Vutoli silinathetsedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira anthu, nyanja zambiri ndi mitsinje zawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimafera - chakudya chokhazikika. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kubereka kwake. Izi zikapitilira, chiwerengerochi chidzachepa kwambiri.
