Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwa mbalame zam'madzi zomwe zikukhala padziko lapansi, banja la bakha limadziwika kuti ndilochulukirapo. Gulu la mbalamezi ndilonso lakale. Ndipo izi ndi umboni wosatsutsika - zotsalira zakale za makolo akale.
Zina mwazopezeka zoyambirira ndi, mwina, North America, yomwe ili ndi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni. Mitundu yamasiku ano, yomwe ili pafupifupi zana ndi theka, yaphatikizidwa kukhala makumi anayi (ndipo malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina). Kuyambira kale, ambiri aiwo adayamwitsidwa ndi anthu ndipo amaweta bwino kuti apeze mazira, nyama yokoma, ndi mtundu wofewa.
Koma nkhani yathu si yokhudza zoweta zokha, koma za oimira banja zakutchire, kapena makamaka zachilendo mbalame ya turpanyomwe imapezeka ku Eurasia, komanso kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kontinenti yaku America.
Kuchokera kwa abakha anzawo, zolengedwa zoterezi zimawoneka zazikulu kwambiri; Amatchuka chifukwa chapadera, ngakhale atakhala ndi kununkhira kwa nsomba, nyama, mafuta ochulukitsa a lalanje, komanso amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino omwe amatha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali.
Koma zonsezi si kanthu poyerekeza ndi wapadera wa zolengedwa zachilengedwe, monga oimira mitundu ya nyama zomwe zili pangozi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera zaka khumi zapitazo, samangoposa ma 4,5 zikwi, koma masiku ano amachepa.
Kusaka mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwazo, kuwonjezera pa kufa mwangozi kwa anthu osazindikira m'miseche ya asodzi, kunakhala chifukwa chotsatsira kuchuluka kwawo. Chifukwa chake, mdziko lathu, kuwombera ndi kugwira bakha wamtchireyu ndi chinthu choletsedwa. Ndipo m'masamba a Red Book, dzina la mtundu uwu wamfumu yamizeremizere lidalembedwa kale, ngati lazimiririka komanso lopezeka mwachilengedwe.
Zolemba wamba amafika mpaka masentimita 58. Zidole zazikulu (zazikulu), zopangidwa mwamphamvu (zamphongo), zopakidwa utoto wakuda ndi malata obisika abuluu, zolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Koma "madona", ndiye kuti, abakha, ali ndi zokoma pang'ono, ndipo ali ndi kulemera kwa magalamu mazana atatu.
Nthenga zazimayi zimakhala zofiirira kapena zofiirira. Mutu wa mbalame zotere umakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga oyera pamwamba pa mlomo komanso m'makutu, nthawi zambiri zizindikilozi zimadutsa m'maso. M'chilimwe, oimira amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala ndi mthunzi umodzi wofanana, nthawi zina abakha amapepuka kuposa amuna akuda, pomwe ali ndi maso akuda, koma mosiyana ndi iwo, irises ya drakes ndi buluu lowala.
Chifukwa cha maliro achisoni omwe chilengedwe chawawononga, mbalame zotere zalandira dzina loti "abakha achisoni." Mdima uwu ukuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kukongola koyera kwa maso, komwe kuyang'ana kwa mbalame zotere kumawoneka ngati kwachizizi.
Makhalidwe a zolengedwa izi ndi awa:
- chikwangwani choyera pamapiko mbali zonse, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "galasi" chopangidwa ndi utoto woyera wa nthenga zouluka;
- kapangidwe kapadera ka mulomo waukulu wokhala ndi chotupa cha pineal m'munsi;
- miyendo yomwe idasinthidwa idasunthidwa mmbuyo ndikukula mchira.
Ndi utoto wamiyendo, pakati pazizindikiro zina, ndikosavuta kudziwa mtundu wa mbalame. Akazi ali ndi lalanje-chikasu, ndipo okwera pamahatchi awo ali ndi miyendo yoyera yofiira, komanso, amakhala ndi zotupa zosambira bwino.
Liwu la Turpan osamveka kwambiri. Nyama zamapiko zotere nthawi zambiri zimangomva kulira, kukuwa, kukweza kapena kutsitsa, nthawi zina zimakumbutsa kulira kwa akhwangwala. Ma drakes amafuula, titero kunena kwake, ndikumangodina.
Abakha akuphulika ndikufuula mwamphamvu, makamaka mbali yawo imakhala mlengalenga. Mbalame zotere zimakhazikika makamaka kumpoto kwa Europe, komwe zimakhazikika m'malo ake ambiri, kuyambira ku Scandinavia mpaka ku Siberia.
Nthawi zambiri kuchokera m'malo osavomerezeka nthawi yozizira amakonda kusunthira kwinakwake kotentha, mwachitsanzo, amakhala nthawi yachisanu m'madzi a Caspian, Black ndi nyanja zina zadziko lapansi. Oimira nyamazi amakhala chaka chonse munyanja zamapiri ku Armenia ndi Georgia, komanso m'malo ena.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa turpan umagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo. Mbalame zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mgululi ndizofanana pamapangidwe ndi machitidwe, makamaka mogwirizana ndi malongosoledwe omwe aperekedwa pamwambapa, koma zimangosiyana ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso malo awo. Tiyeni tione zina mwa izo.
1. Njinga yamoto yovundikira Mtundu wa nthenga ndizoyenera kufotokozera za scooper wamba zomwe zaperekedwa pamwambapa. Zowona, mwa anthu ena, chovalacho chingakhale ndi utoto wofiirira kapena wobiriwira. Ndipo mawanga oyera pamutu nthawi zambiri amakhala "opanda pake" ndipo amafalikira kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi mphuno zazikulu, zomwe zimatuluka pamphuno, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwa scooter onse. Ndicho chifukwa chake zosiyanasiyana zimatchedwa hunchback.
Monga mwalamulo, malo obisalira mbalamezi ndi zigawo za taiga ku Russia, ndipo akapita kunyengo yozizira kukafunafuna malo otentha, ndiye kuti sali patali kwambiri. Nyanja za Yakut zimawerengedwa ngati kwawo koyambirira kwa mbalame zoterezi.
2. Njinga yamoto yovundikira poyerekeza ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu, ndi yaying'ono kukula, ndipo mbalame zotere zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndi chovala chofotokozedwa pamwambapa cha abale. Koma, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, mtundu wa mphuno ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri, womangidwa kuchokera kumalo oyera pamiyendo yakuda ndikuwonjezera kofiira, komwe nthawi zina kumapangitsa mitundu yoseketsa.
Mbalame zoterezi ndizachete, zimatulutsa phokoso komanso kuliza malikhweru. Amakhala ku Alaska, amakhala m'nkhalango za coniga, komanso nyanja zazikulu ku United States ndi Canada. Ndipo kumeneko kuli anthu ochepa.
Izi zimachitika kuti apaulendo amithenga amauluka kupita ku maiko aku Europe nthawi yozizira: nyanja za Norway ndi Scotland. Momwe iwo amapitilira mtunda wawutali chonchi, komanso momwe amakwanitsira kupulumuka mkuntho ndi mkuntho wanyanja, sizikudziwika.
3. Njinga yamoto yovundikira yakuda (xinga) mwamakhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe akunja amawoneka ngati scooper wamba m'njira zambiri, koma yaying'ono pang'ono (kukula kwa 1300 g), ndipo utoto wake ndi wosiyana pang'ono, makamaka malo ndi mthunzi wa mawanga.
Zina mwazomwe zimasiyanitsa: malo achikaso m'dera la mulomo wolimba, komanso kusapezeka kwa malo oyera pamapiko, otchedwa "galasi loyera". M'nyengo yozizira, amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala ofiira ofiira komanso amtundu wa imvi kumutu komanso kutsogolo kwawo kumachita imvi.
Pofika masika, ma drakes amawoneka mdima, amavala chovala chakuda chaukwati choyera pang'ono. Mchira wa mbalame ndi wolunjika, wautali. Mlomo wachikazi ulibe chifuwa chachikulu.
Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka m'malo ambiri ku Eurasia. Kuyambira kumadzulo, osiyanasiyana awo amayamba kuchokera ku Britain, ndipo, kudutsa Russia, amatambasula kupita ku Japan. Kumpoto, imachokera ku Scandinavia kumwera kupita ku Morocco.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mwa oyimira mabanja awo, ma scoopers amadziwika kuti ndi abakha akulu kwambiri. Koma potengera kulemera kwa thupi, sangathe kufanana ndi abale aulesi komanso odyetsedwa bwino. Kukhala kuthengo kwawapangitsa kukhala oyenda, okangalika, komanso achisomo.
Poyamba, awa ndi anthu akumpoto: zilumba zamiyala za gawo lino lapansi, mapiri ndi mapiri. Turpan amakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira, makamaka ndi abwino, koma nthawi zambiri ndi madzi amchere. Imayesetsa kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyanja zakuya zamapiri, zokutidwa ndi mphonje ndi bango lolimba, m'malo ang'onoang'ono, opanda phokoso otenthedwa ndi dzuwa, komanso m'malo am'mbali mwa nyanja.
Mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimachoka kumadera akumpoto kukaikira mazira mochedwa, koyambirira kwa Novembala, zikavuta - kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Amakonda kusunthira kumadera ozizira okhala ndi nyengo yabwino ndipo amapita kunyanja yakumwera nthawi zambiri mochedwa kuposa oyandikana nawo, ndiye kuti, oimira nyama zina zamapiko. Ndipo amabwerera chakumapeto kwa Meyi, pomwe nyanja zakumpoto zili kale zopanda ayezi.
Turpan mwachilengedwe, cholengedwacho chimakhala chodekha, koma anthu ndi amanyazi komanso opanda chifukwa. Popeza mbalamezi, monga abakha onse, ndi mbalame zam'madzi, mwachilengedwe zimagwira mwamphamvu ndikusuntha m'madzi, kwinaku zikugwedeza chifuwa chawo, zikutambasula makosi awo ndikukweza mitu yawo mmwamba.
Pokhala m'nyanja, amatha kuchoka kunyanja mtunda wautali. Potengeredwa ndi zilombo zolusa, zimadumphira m'madzi mozemba ndi kusowa nthawi yomweyo, zikubisala pansi penipeni, ngati kuti zigwera pansi. Koma sangatchedwe kuti virtuoso flyers. Amakwera mlengalenga mwamphamvu, pang'onopang'ono ndipo pandege zabwinobwino amayesetsa kukhala otsika mokwanira.
Zakudya zabwino
Bakha wotapira imayamba kusambira pafupifupi chibadwire, ikuyenda bwino lomwe m'madzi kuchokera pagombe m'madzi osaya. Madzi sindiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'moyo wake, komanso namwino. Ndipo mbalame zotere zimadya zomera zam'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono, mollusks, komanso timiyala tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timazungulira pafupi ndi nyanja ndi magombe. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti zolengedwa zamapikozi zimatha kudya ndikudya chakudya cha zomera ndi nyama, ngakhale chaching'ono, popanda mavuto.
Nthawi zambiri, kuti muzidyetsa mbalame yotereyi, muyenera kumiza mamita khumi pansi pamadzi. Koma ili si vuto kwa osiyanitsa abwino, omwe ma scoopers ali. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa mphindi zingapo kwathunthu popanda zovuta komanso kuvulaza thupi.
Amamva bwino ndipo amayenda pansi pamadzi, akuyenda ndi mapiko ndikuphwanya mapazi awo. Zowona, sipakhala chakudya chokwanira nthawi zonse m'malo osankhidwa, ndiye kuti akafunafuna mbalame zimayendayenda, ndikulota ndikupeza madera okhala ndi chakudya chambiri.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zisa za mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi: m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja muudzu wandiweyani, nthawi zina pakati pamagombe. Nthawi zina, awiriawiri amapangidwa ngakhale kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena nthawi yachisanu.
Chifukwa chake, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimabwerera kuchokera kumaulendo kupita kumayiko obadwira, iliyonse ili ndi mnzake. Koma nthawi zina njirayi imatha mpaka masika. Ndipo, pofika kunyumba, atayenda mokakamizidwa nyengo, owerengeka ambiri amatha kusonkhana mozungulira mkazi wina, kumangokhalira kufunafuna komwe amakhala.
Miyambo yakuswana kwa ma drakes okondana ndi atsikana awo imachitika pamadzi. Ndipo zimaphatikizapo kukopana, kudumphira m'madzi ndikuwoneka mosayembekezeka kuchokera kuzama. Zonsezi zimatsagana ndi kudekha, kufuula, ndi mawu opatsa chidwi.
Abakha nawonso amafuula, koma atakwatirana. Ndikumveka kumeneku, amapanga mabwalo otsika pamwamba panthaka, kenako amapita kumalo obisalira, komwe amakonza madengu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi anapiye, kudula makoma ndi pansi ndi pansi.
Posakhalitsa, amatenga tinthu tambirimbiri tokwana mazira 10 oyera tothira. Atakwaniritsa udindo wawo wachilengedwe komanso kuteteza malo okhala ndi zisa, ma drake amachoka, kusiya abwenzi awo okha kuti asamalire ana. Ndipo ndi amuna okhaokha omwe amakhala moyandikana ndi chiyembekezo chopeza mnzawo.
Kudula nthenga kuchokera kwa iwo nthawi yonse ya makulitsidwe, omwe amakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, chifukwa chake, "azimayi" amawoneka osawoneka bwino, koma zofunda zomveka bwino zimapezeka zisa.
Kuphatikiza pakukonza malo omanga, abakha amatenganso gawo loteteza malo omwe akukhalamo. Posakhalitsa ana anapiye amabadwa, osapitirira mag g 60. Amakutidwa ndi imvi-bulauni pansi, ngakhale ali oyera pamasaya ndi m'mimba.
Si abakha onse azimayi amtunduwu omwe ali ndi udindo. Ambiri, masiku angapo atabadwa, amasiya ana awo kwamuyaya, osafunanso kuwasamalira. Ndicho chifukwa chake ana amafa kwambiri.
Kuyesera kupulumuka, kusambira ndikupeza chakudya m'madzi, amaphunzira kuyambira masiku oyamba. Koma nthawi zambiri ana amafa ndi kuzizira, kuyesera kuti atenthe, akumakumbatirana. Koma ena ali ndi mwayi.
Amapeza zolimbikitsa, chifukwa si scooter onse omwe amanyalanyaza ngati mkazi. Pali ena omwe samangoyesera okha, komanso amzanga osazindikira, motero mpaka ana mazana azaka zosiyanasiyana amawatsata ndikuyembekeza kulandira chisamaliro cha makolo.
Pakutha masiku otentha, achichepere amakula ndipo posakhalitsa amakhala okhwima mokwanira paulendo wapaulendo wapa dzinja. Achinyamata sayenera kuyembekezera kuti achikulire adzawathandiza.
Pakadali pano, makolo ndi omwe amawasamalira adayiwala za kukhalapo kwawo, chifukwa chake, amathawira kutali asanakwanitse zaka, osafuna kukhala ndi vuto panjira. Ndipo osauka akuyenera kudzipulumutsa okha, chifukwa aliyense wa iwo amene sadzafika pokhala ndi chakudya chambiri, adzafa.
Mpaka chaka chimodzi, ma drakes achichepere amakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi wa akazi, ndiye kuti, wakuda bulauni, wodziwika ndi malo oyera oyera pansi pamlomo. Koma zonse zimasintha akakula ndikukhala akulu akulu.
Zomwe zolengedwa zamapikozi zimawoneka zimawoneka Turpan pa chithunzi... Ngati atha kupirira kulimbana kovuta ndi dziko lankhanza kukhalapo ndikufika pabwino mpaka munthu wamkulu, ndiye kuti mbalame zotere zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 13.
Kusaka kwa Turpan
Oimira nyama zam'madzi izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo samaphunzira kwenikweni. M'malo otseguka achi Russia, amakhulupirira kuti mitundu iwiri yokha ya mbalamezi imapezeka. Komanso, nthumwi za mtundu wina, malinga ndi zina, akungoyendayenda, amapezeka pothawirapo m'dera lathu.
Mtundu wa abakha amtchire amadziwika bwino kwa anthu akumpoto kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ndipo kuyambira pamenepo kusaka turpan ankaonedwa kuti ndi ntchito yolemekezeka, ndipo iwo omwe adakwanitsa kuchita zina zotere adanenedwa kuti ndi anthu odzidalira komanso ochita bwino.
Nyengoyi idayamba m'malo amenewo mozungulira Juni, pomwe mbalame, zomwe zimachokera kumayiko akunja, zimakhazikika m'malo awo. Mbalame zotere zimakonda kuwuluka m'magulu, zimayenda pamwamba pamtunda mwamtendere komanso mwamtendere, nthawi zambiri "zimalankhula" pakati pawo.
Zilombozi sizitchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo, ndipo osaka nthawi zonse amayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito khalidweli, chifukwa akapatsidwa kupusa komanso kunyengerera kwa zitsiru zamapikozi, ndizosavuta kukopa. Pochita izi, alenje akumpoto, mwachitsanzo, adawonetsa kulira kwa mwanawankhosa, komwe kunakopa mbalame.
Mbalame zina modzipereka zimakhala pansi ndi zopangidwa mwapadera modzaza turpan, akutenga ntchito yamanja yopangira abale awo. Mitembo ya mbalame zophedwa m'mphepete mwa chisanu chamuyaya nthawi zambiri imapindidwa pamiyala yozizira yamadzi ndikuphimbidwa ndi turf kapena moss. Ponyamula ndi kusunga, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito akaundana kwathunthu.
Lero, kusaka oimira nyama zamapikozi kuli ndi mlandu. Ndipo muyeso woterewo udabala zipatso, popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu, kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, koma kukhazikika.
