Kwa ambiri a ife, mawu oti "anaconda" amawopsa. Mwa ichi tikutanthauza china chokwawa, chowopsa, ndi maso obiriwira owoneka bwino. Boa constrictor iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti imatha kumeza bwino nyama komanso munthu. Tamva kuyambira ubwana izi njoka yayikulu kwambiri - ndi anaconda... Chokwawa chosakhala chakupha m'madzi kuchokera kubanja la boa. Komabe, nkhani zambiri zowopsa za iye ndizokokomeza.
Njoka ya Anaconda chachikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake nthawi zina kumafika mamita 8.5, koma anthu asanu mita ndiofala kwambiri. Komabe, nthano ya njoka zamamita 12 komanso zazitali kwambiri ndizachinyengo. Munthu wotero amatha kutchedwa kuti wapadera wapadera. Chokwawa chachikulu komanso cholemetsa chotere chimakhala chovuta osati kungoyendayenda, komanso kusaka. Amatha kufa ndi njala.
Boa constrictor iyi sichiukira munthu. Komanso, amayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi anthu. Katswiri wodziwika bwino wazachilengedwe ku England, katswiri wazowona nyama komanso wolemba, Gerald Malcolm Darrell, adafotokoza momwe adakumana ndi cholengedwa ichi. Anamuwona ali m'nkhalango zowirira m'mbali mwa Amazon. Anali wamkulu mokwanira, pafupifupi 6 mita kutalika.
Wolemba anali mantha kwambiri, chibadwa anamupangitsa mokweza kupempha thandizo kwa wokhala m'deralo. Komabe, njokayo idachita modabwitsa. Poyamba, adachita zoopseza, atakwiya, ngati akukonzekera kudumpha.
Anayamba kulira moopseza, koma sanamenyane. Patapita kanthawi, mkokomo wake sunali wowopsa, koma wamantha. Ndipo operekeza atabwera akuthamanga, analibe nthawi yoti awone mchirawo ukubwerera mwachangu m'nkhalango. Boa adathawa, posafuna kuti asemphane ndi munthuyo.
Komabe, anaconda pachithunzipa nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa mwachinsinsi komanso wowopsa. Tsopano amenya nkhumba yakuthengo, kumudya kwathunthu, kenako ndikukulunga ng'ombe yonse kapena kumenya ndi ng'ona. Komabe, Amwenye amafotokozabe momwe maboti obiriwira am'madzi amaukira anthu.
Zowona, chiyambi chimakhala chimodzimodzi nthawi zonse. Wokhalamo amasaka mbalame kapena nsomba mumtsinje. Akumana ndi munthu wokulirapo ndipo akukakamizidwa kulowa mumtsinjewu kuti awukokere kumtunda. Apa ndipomwe chilombocho chikuwonekera, chomwe chikufulumira kuchotsa zotsatira zakusaka. Kenako imachita nkhondo ndi wosaka nyama. Njokayo imawona mwa munthu mnzake ngati mnzake. Ndi khungu lokwiya kokha komwe angamenyane ndi anthu.
Koma anthu, m'malo mwake, amatha kusaka nyama zokongola izi. Khungu la boa constrictor ndilabwino kwambiri kotero kuti ndi mpikisano wokongola. Zinthu zodula kwambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo: nsapato, masutikesi, nsapato, zofunda za akavalo, zovala. Ngakhale nyama ndi mafuta a ankhondazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, kufotokozera izi ndi phindu lake kwambiri. Amati mwa mafuko ena chakudyachi chimawerengedwa kuti ndi gwero lachitetezo cha chitetezo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chokwawa chachikuluchi ndi chokongola kwambiri. Ali ndi mamba owala kwambiri, ali ndi thupi lalikulu lokulungika. Amatchedwa "green boa constrictor". Mtundu wake ndi azitona, nthawi zina wopepuka, ndipo umatha kukhala wachikasu. Kungakhale bulauni wobiriwira kapena chithaphwi.
Mawanga akuda amapezeka pathupi lonse la mikwingwirima iwiri. M'mbali mwake pali mzere wazing'onozing'ono zomwe zazunguliridwa ndi zingwe zakuda. Mtundu uwu ndi wodzibisa bwino, umabisa mlenje m'madzi, kumamupangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati masamba.
Mimba ya anaconda ndi yopepuka kwambiri. Mutu ndi wawukulu, pali mphuno. Maso amapita kumtunda pang'ono kuti aone pamwamba pamadzi akusambira mumtsinje. Mkazi nthawi zonse amakhala wamkulu kuposa wamwamuna. Mano ake si akulu, koma zimakhala zopweteka kwambiri kuluma, popeza ali ndi minofu ya nsagwada. Malovu alibe poyizoni, koma amatha kukhala ndi mabakiteriya owopsa ndi ziphe zakupha.
Mafupa a chigaza ndi othamanga kwambiri, olumikizidwa ndi mitsempha yolimba. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi wotambasula pakamwa pake, kumeza nyama yonse. Kulemera kwake kwa reptile ya mita zisanu ndi pafupifupi 90-95 kg.
Anaconda Ndi wosambira wabwino komanso wosambira. Amakhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa chakuti mphuno zake zimakhala ndi mavavu apadera komanso otseka, ngati kuli kofunikira. Maso amawoneka modekha pansi pamadzi, chifukwa amakhala ndi sikelo yoteteza. Lilime lake loyenda limakhala ngati chiwalo cha kununkhiza ndi kulawa.
Onani kuti kutalika kwa ankhonda ndi kofupikirako poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa nsato yayikulu, njoka yayikulu. Koma, polemera, ndiyokulirapo. Anaconda aliyense amalemera kawiri komanso mwamphamvu kuposa m'bale wake. Mphete imodzi ya "kukumbatirana kwake koopsa" ndikofanana mwamphamvu motsatana ndi boa constrictor.
Chifukwa chake, nthano yoti njoka iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndiyowona. Komabe, ndiye wolemera kwambiri komanso wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa onse. Polemera pamthupi, boa constrictor ndi wachiwiri kwa chinjoka cha Komodo. Mwinamwake izi zimamupangitsa kukhala ndi moyo ndikusaka m'madzi, kulemera koteroko kumafuna kuthandizira gawo lamadzi.
Nthawi zambiri, ofotokozera, pofotokoza kukula kwakukulu kwa mbalameyi, amayesa kukokomeza ukadaulo wawo kuti aigwire. Chachikulu kwambiri njoka anaconda adawonedwa ku Colombia mu 1944.
Malinga ndi nkhani, kutalika kwake kunali mamita 11.5. Koma palibe zithunzi za cholengedwa chodabwitsa ichi. Ndizovuta kulingalira kuti zingalemera bwanji. Njoka yayikulu kwambiri idagwidwa ku Venezuela. Kutalika kwake kunali 5.2 mita ndipo imalemera 97.5 kg.
Mitundu
Dziko la njoka za anacondas akuyimiridwa ndi mitundu 4:
- Chimphona. Ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu. Zinali iye amene anayambitsa kufalitsa nthano za kukula kwa zokwawa. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira 8 m, koma nthawi zambiri mpaka 5-7 m. Mumakhala malo onse amadzi ku South America, kum'mawa kwa phiri la Andes. Amakhala ku Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, kum'mawa kwa Paraguay. Amapezeka kumpoto kwa Bolivia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Peru, French Guiana, Guyana ndi chilumba cha Trinidad.
- Paraguay. Amabereka ku Bolivia, Uruguay, kumadzulo kwa Brazil ndi Argentina. Kutalika kwake kumafika mamita 4. Mtunduwo ndi wachikasu kwambiri kuposa wa chimphona cha anaconda, ngakhale pali mitundu yobiriwira komanso imvi yamtunduwo.
- Anaconda de Chauency (Deschauensie) amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, kutalika kwake ndikotsika kuposa awiri am'mbuyomu. Wamkulu amafika 2 mita.
- Ndipo pali gawo lina lachinayi, lomwe silinafotokozeredwe bwino. Ikuphunziridwa, Eunectes beniensis, yomwe idapezeka mu 2002, yofanana ndi anaconda waku Paraguay, koma imapezeka ku Bolivia kokha. Mwinanso, patapita nthawi, adzadziwika ndi zokwawa pamwambapa, ngakhale malo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ma boa akuluakuluwa amakhala pafupi ndi madzi, amakhala moyo wamadzi ochepa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi osayenda kapena oyenda pang'onopang'ono. Mayiwe oterewa, mitsinje kapena nyanja zamatchire nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinyama ndi zinyama zambiri. Ndikosavuta kubisala pamenepo, ndikudzibisa ngati maluwa.
Amakhala nthawi yayitali mumtsinje, nthawi zina amapita pamwamba. Amakwawa kuti adziwotche pamalo opanda dzuwa, amatha kukwera nthambi za mitengo pafupi ndi madzi. Amakhalanso, kusaka ndi kukwatirana komweko.
Malo awo okhala ndi mitsinje. Amazon ndiye gawo lalikulu lamadzi m'miyoyo yawo. Boa constrictor amakhala kulikonse komwe ikupita. Amakhala m'misewu ya Orinoco, Paraguay, Parana, Rio Negro. Amakhalanso pachilumba cha Trinidad.
Ngati malo osungira madziwo auma, amasamukira kumalo ena kapena amatsikira mumtsinje. M'chilala chomwe chimagwira madera ena a njoka nthawi yotentha, imatha kubisalira kutentha kwa nyanjayo pansi ndikubisalira kumeneko. Uwu ndi mtundu wopusa momwe iye alili mvula isanayambe. Zimamuthandiza kupulumuka.
Anthu ena amakhala ndi anaconda mu terrarium, chifukwa imawoneka bwino kwambiri. Chokwawa ndi chopanda ulemu komanso chosankha zakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kumalo osungira nyama. Akuluakulu amakhala odekha komanso aulesi. Achichepere amayenda kwambiri komanso ndewu. Zimaswana bwino ukapolo.
Amatsanuliranso m'madzi. Poona chokwawa mu terrarium, munthu akhoza kuwona momwe, kumizidwa mu chidebecho, kuzipaka pansi pa dziwe, pang'onopang'ono kutaya khungu lakale, monga malo osangalatsa.
Anaconda amalimbikira kwambiri. Kusaka nyama nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwa kugwira ndi malupu, omwe amaikidwa pafupi ndi pomwe nyama imakhalapo. Pogwira njoka, chingwecho chimamangika kwambiri, pafupifupi osalola cholengedwa chomwe chagwidwa kupuma. Komabe, samabanika konse. Amatulukanso pamkhalidwewo, ndipo amagwa.
Amanena kuti ankhondowa, omwe amaoneka ngati opanda moyo kwa maola angapo, kenako adatsitsimuka mwadzidzidzi. Ndipo zinali zothandiza kwambiri pankhaniyi kunali kusamala kuti amange bwino njokayo. Anakhala moyo mwadzidzidzi, ndipo amatha kuvulaza ena.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mulibe nthawi yozindikiritsa nyamayo kuti muberekere, kuchipinda chachikulu, chitha kugwa poyesa kudzimasula, ndipo chitha kuchita bwino. Pakhala pali zochitika pamene njoka idakwanitsa kudzimasula kuzingwe. Kenako amayenera kuphedwa.
Palinso chitsanzo china cha mphamvu yodabwitsa ya chokwawa. Akuti mu imodzi ya malo osungira nyama ku Ulaya, anaconda anadwala. Anasiya kusuntha ndikudya. Ankawoneka wakufa. Mlondayo ataona zoterezi, adaganiza zochotsa mtembo wa njokayo, kuwopa kuti angayesedwe kuti ndi amene adamupha.
Anamuponyera mumtsinje. Ndipo mu khola, adagawana mipiringidzo, akunama kuti njokayo idafinya ndikuthawa. Mwini wake anayamba kufunafuna nguluwe, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Zoo zasamukira kumalo ena. Anapitiliza kufunafuna njokayo. Pomaliza, aliyense adaganiza kuti wamwalira kapena wazizira.
Ndipo nyamayo idapulumuka, idachira, ndikukhala nthawi yayitali mumtsinje, momwe mlondayo adaponya. Iye ankasambira pamwamba pausiku wotentha, mboni zowona ndi maso. Zima zinafika. Nyamayo idasowanso, ndipo aliyense adasankha kuti idafa.
Komabe, nthawi yachilimwe, zokwawa zija zinawonekeranso mumtsinjewu, zomwe zidadabwitsa anthu. Izi zidachitika kwa zaka zingapo. Nkhani yodabwitsa iyi ikutsimikizira kuti ankhonda ali olimba mtima ufulu, pamene ali mu ukapolo muyenera kusamalira malo awo. Alimbikitseni kuzizira, sinthani madzi, ndi zina zambiri.
Zakudya zabwino
Nyama zodabwitsa izi zimadya nsomba, amphibiya, iguana yaying'ono, akamba komanso njoka zina. Amagwira mbalame, zinkhwe, mphalapala, abakha, nyama zam'madzi monga capybaras ndi otter. Titha kumenyana ndi tapir, agwape, ophika buledi, agouti yemwe wabwera kudzamwa. Amawatenga pafupi ndi mtsinje ndikuwakokera kumadzi. Silimaphwanya mafupa, monga njoka zina zazikulu, koma silola wovulalayo kupuma.
Popeza kuti wapinimbira nyamayo ndi kukumbatirana mwamphamvu, imameza chonsecho. Pakadali pano, khosi lake ndi nsagwada zake ndizolimba kwambiri. Ndipo boa constrictor amagona pansi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, kukumba chakudya. Ndi zachilendo kuti, kukhala m'chigawo cha madzi, amakonda kudya okhala padziko lapansi.
Mukakhala mfulu, njokayo imangodya nyama yatsopano. Ndipo mu ukapolo akhoza kuphunzitsidwa kugwa. Milandu yakudya anthu ena yawonedwa mwa zokwawa izi. Nkhanza komanso kufunitsitsa kupulumuka ndiye mfundo zawo zazikulu pakusaka. Ankhonda achikulire alibe adani achilengedwe, kupatula anthu. Amawasaka chifukwa cha chikopa chawo chokongola komanso chakuda.
Ndipo anangula achichepere atha kukhala ndi adani ngati ng'ona, ma caimans, omwe amapikisana nawo m'derali. Atha kuukiridwa ndi ma jaguar, ma cougars. Njoka yovulala imatha kutenga ma piranhas.
Mitundu ya Amazonia ili ndi nthano zonena za odyetsa ena. Amanena kuti chokwawa chomwe chimagwidwa kuyambira ali aang'ono chimatha kuyandikira pafupi ndi munthu. Kenako amamuthandiza, kuteteza nyumbayo kuzinyama zazing'ono, ndi zipinda zothandiza - malo osungira ndi nkhokwe - kuchokera ku makoswe ndi mbewa.
Pachifukwa chomwechi, nthawi zina ankalowetsedwa mkati mwa sitimayo. Posakhalitsa, nyamayo idathandizira kumasula sitimayo kwa alendo omwe sanaitanidwe. M'mbuyomu, zokwawa zoterezi zimanyamulidwa m'mabokosi okhala ndi mabowo, chifukwa amatha kudya popanda kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka miyezi ingapo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Za anacondas a njoka tikhoza kunena kuti ali ndi mitala. Amathera nthawi yawo yambiri ali okha. Koma, pakufika nyengo yoswana, amayamba kudziunjikira m'magulu. Mkazi amatha kukwatirana nthawi imodzi ndi amuna angapo.
Nthawi yokwanira ndi mu Epulo-Meyi. Ndipo panthawiyi, njokazo zili ndi njala makamaka. Ngati sangadye kwa nthawi yayitali, koma munyengo yokhwima, njala imakhala yovuta kwa iwo. Zokwawa zimafunikira kudya mwachangu ndikupeza mnzake. Anaconda wamkazi wodyetsedwa bwino yekha ndi amene amabereka ana bwinobwino.
Amuna amapeza chachikazi panjira yonunkhira yomwe amasiya pansi. Amatulutsa ma pheromones. Pali lingaliro lakuti njokayo imatulutsanso zinthu zonunkhira mumlengalenga, koma chiphunzitsochi sichinafufuzidwe. Amuna onse omwe adatha kulandira "mayitanidwe onunkhira" kuchokera kwa iye amatenga nawo mbali pamasewera olimbirana.
Pa nthawi yokwanira, kuwaonera kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri. Amuna amasangalala kwambiri, amatha kumenya aliyense ali wokwiya. Ophunzira nawo mwambowo amasonkhana m'mipira, amaphatikizana. Amamangirirana modekha komanso mwamphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito mwendo wa mwendo. Ali ndi machitidwe otero pathupi lawo, mwendo wabodza. Ntchito yonseyi imatsagana ndi kugaya komanso mawu ena ovuta.
Sizikudziwika kuti pamapeto pake bambo wa anawo ndi ndani. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala njoka anaconda, yomwe idakhala yowala kwambiri komanso yokonda kwambiri. Amuna angapo amatha kunena kuti amagonana ndi akazi. Mulimonsemo, atakwatirana, ophunzira onse akukwawa mosiyanasiyana.
Mkazi amabereka anawo kwa miyezi 6-7. Samadya pakadali pano. Kuti apulumuke, ayenera kupeza rookery yokhayokha. Chilichonse chimavuta chifukwa chakuti kunyamula kumachitika chilala. Njokayo imakwawa kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita kumalo ena posaka ngodya yonyowa kwambiri.
Akasiyidwa padzuwa lotentha, adzafa. Chokwawa chimachepa kwambiri panthawiyi, pafupifupi kawiri. Amapereka mphamvu zake zonse kwa ana amtsogolo. Pomaliza, atakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri ali ndi pakati, mayesero opulumuka achikazi monga chilala ndi njala awulula ana ake okondedwa padziko lapansi.
Nyama izi ndi ovoviviparous. Nthawi zambiri njoka imabala ana 28 mpaka 42, nthawi zina mpaka 100. Koma, nthawi zina imaikira mazira. Mwana aliyense wobadwa ali pafupifupi 70 cm m'litali. Kokha mwa kubala ana kumene mphangayo pamapeto pake imadya mpaka kukhuta.
Atangobadwa, makanda amakhala okha. Amayi sasamala za iwo. Iwo iwonso amaphunzira dziko lowazungulira. Kukhoza kukhala opanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali kumawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo.
Pakadali pano, amatha kukhala nyama yosavuta kwa ena ndikufa m'manja mwa mbalame, mkamwa mwa nyama ndi zokwawa zina. Koma mpaka atakula. Ndiyeno iwo akufunafuna nyama yawoyawo mwa iwo okha. Mwachilengedwe, chokwawa chimakhala zaka 5-7. Ndipo mu terrarium, moyo wake umakhala wautali kwambiri, mpaka zaka 28.
Timaopa zokongola izi, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikutiopa. Komabe, nyama zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nyama yoopsa imeneyi ili ndi udindo wapadera.
Iye, monga chilombo aliyense, amapha nyama odwala ndi ovulala, amene ayeretse chilengedwe. Ndipo ngati titaiwala za mantha athu a anacondas ndikungowayang'ana mu terrarium, tiwona momwe alili okoma, okongola komanso okongola.
