Wokongoletsedwa ndi chisa. Umu ndi momwe Podiceps cristatus amatanthauzidwira kuchokera ku Chilatini - dzina la sayansi la mbalame zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka m'matupi am'madzi pafupifupi konsekonse ku Eurasia.
Dzina la mbalame
Ku Russia, mbalameyi imatchedwa grebe wamkulu. Ndi a banja la toadstool. Zaka zana zapitazo, Dahl akamalemba dikishonare, grebe wamkulu anali wam'banja la loon. Mawu oti chomga ndi ochokera ku Chituruki.
M'chilankhulo cha Uzbek pali mawu akuti sho'ng'in, omwe amatanthauza kutsika, kumira. Mu Chitata - schomgan - idamira, idamira. Chimbudzi chachikulu chotchedwanso bakha chotchedwa crested bakha. Toadstool ankatchulidwanso chifukwa cha nyama yake yopanda pake, yonunkhira, yopereka nsomba zowola. Pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri mu banja la a Pogankov.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ngakhale lili ndi dzina losasangalatsa (toadstool), grebe - mbalameyi ndi yokongola. Mimba yoyera ngati chipale chofewa imasandulika mbali zofiira. Kuchokera mkatimo, mapikowo amakhalanso oyera ngati chipale, zomwe zimawonekera mbalame ija ikapepesa mapiko ake. Kumbuyo ndi scallop pamutu ndikuda.
Mutuwu umakhala pakhosi lalitali, locheperako. Mosiyana ndi abakha, grbe ili ndi mlomo wokulungika, wosongoka, womwe umagwira nsomba. Maso ndi ofiira ofiira. Amapitirizabe kuyenda mwaulemu, wina amatha kunena kuti - ndikofunikira.
Koma chidwi ndi chidwi. Kupatula apo, Grebe wonyezimira ndikuwona nsomba yosambira mumtsinje, ndipo nthawi yomweyo siyikhala chakudya cha mphamba. Kukula kwakukulu kumakhala kokongola makamaka m'nyengo yokwatirana. Khola lakuda la chitumbuwa limapezeka pakhosi pake, komanso zisa pamutu pake. Mbalamezi zimawathandiza kudziwa kuti ndi okonzeka kuswana.
Mapazi a grebe yodzaza ndi maolivi obiriwira, ofupikira, olimba, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mchira. Ndi kapangidwe kamene kamamuloleza kutenga chithunzi choimirira ataimirira pamadzi. Mapazi opanda nsalu, chomwe chimadziwika kwambiri ndi mbalame zam'madzi.
M'malo mwake, pali zikopa zolimba m'mbali mwa chala chilichonse. Zala zitatu zikuloza kutsogolo, ndipo chotsiriza chimayang'ana kumbuyo. Mapazi a Crerested Grebe sagwira ntchito ngati bakha kapena mphalapala. Amawakoka, ndipo amangogwira ntchito ndi gawo loyenda m'miyendo, lofanana ndi masamba othamangitsira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti miyendo ya toadstool ndiyabwino kwambiri komanso ndi pulasitiki. Makoko a chomga akakhala ozizira, amawakweza pamwamba pamadzi, ndikuwayala mbali, ngati ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi atapota.
Wokongola komanso wothamanga, miyendo ya Grebe yodabwitsayo siyabwino kwenikweni kukhala pamtunda. Chopondera chinyama chimayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mopepuka m'mbali mwa nyanja. Thupi, likuyenda pansi, limayimirira ndikuwoneka ngati penguin.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti panthawi yovina pamadzi, amathamanga kwambiri, ndikuthyola zala zake mwachangu, ndikusangalala ndi izi. Chimbudzi chimadutsa m'madzi chikayesera kunyamuka, kapena pamasewera olimbirana. Mbalame yotchedwa crested grebe ndi yaying'ono kuposa bakha. Amalemera makilogalamu 6 mpaka 1.5. Mkaziyo amasiyana pang'ono ndi mnzake muutoto, koma ndi wocheperako.
Mwa njira, m'mabanja ambiri a mbalame ndi m'badwo, amuna amadziwika ndi mitundu yowala, yokongola, mosiyana ndi akazi, omwe nthenga zawo zimakhala ndi mitundu yofananira. Kutalika kwa phiko lopindika la drake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 20. Mapiko othawirako amafikira masentimita 85. Kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi theka la mita.
Mitundu
Mwachilengedwe, pafupifupi mitundu 15-18 ya ma grebes amadziwika. Mbalame yayikulu, - tulo todziwika kwambiri tomwe timakhala ku Russia. Dal mudikishonale yake adatchula za grebe yotchedwa crested grebe, kuphatikiza chinyontho chanyanga, rudneck tored. M'magulu amakono, ma Grebes amatchulidwa mosiyana.
Adasinthidwa mayina, kapena adamwalira m'zaka zana ndi theka. Mwa njira, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mbalamezi kwatsikiradi mzaka zapitazi. Izi ndichifukwa cha zochitika zachuma za anthu. Tebulo likuwonetsa mitundu yamoyo ya ma grebes, mawonekedwe ake apadera.
Ziphuphu zomwe zimadyetsa nsomba ndizazikulu ndipo zimakhala ndi khosi lalitali kuposa zomwe zimadya tizilombo kapena molluscs.
| Mitundu ya zimbudzi | Chikhalidwe | Mitundu yakunja kusiyanasiyana | Kukula, kulemera | Zomwe zimadya |
| Zosiyanasiyana, kapena Caroline | Makontinenti onse aku America, ochokera kumwera kwa Canada. Mbalameyi kulibe kudera la Arctic kumpoto kwa Canada komanso ku Alaska. | M'chilimwe, malire akuda amawonekera pakamwa pamtali, choloza, pomwe amatchedwa. Mtundu waukulu wa nthengawo ndi wofiirira. | Thupi limakulitsidwa masentimita 31-38, kulemera 300-600 g. Wingspan mpaka 60 cm. | Tizilombo tambiri ta m'madzi |
| Zing'onozing'ono | Gawo lakumwera kwa Eurasia komanso pafupifupi kontinenti yonse ya Africa. | Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, pafupifupi wakuda, nthenga zam'mimba ndizosilirika. Mlomo ndi chokoleti chakuda ndi nsonga yopepuka. M'chilimwe, gawo lina la mutu ndi khosi limapangidwa ndi mabokosi amtundu wokhala ndi utoto wamkuwa. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nthenga za mabokosi zimawonongeka. | Pafupifupi kulemera 100-350 gr. Kutalika kwa mapiko 9-11 cm. Kukula kwa dzira - 38-26 mm. | Tizilombo, mphutsi zawo, molluscs, pambuyo pake zimamira pansi pamadzi, nsomba zazing'ono |
| Wotuwa masaya. Ku Russia ndi Belarus, ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma, chophatikizidwa mu Red Book. | Amakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse akummwera kwa dziko lapansi, posankha nkhalango. Pofuna kumanga mazira, imakonda nkhokwe zokhala ndi masamba owundana pafupi ndi gombe. | Kumbuyo kwa khosi, kumbuyo, gawo lina lamapiko ndi bulauni yakuda. Nthenga pamimba ndi masaya pamutu zimakhala zoyera. Kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli kotentha ndi lalanje. | Thupi ndilotalika masentimita 42-50. Kulemera makilogalamu 0.9-1. Kutalika kwa mapiko pothawa ndi masentimita 80 -85. Mazirawo ndi 50x34 mm. | Amadyetsa tizilombo, roach, mwachangu. |
| Khosi lofiira, kapena nyanga | Ku Eurasia ndi North America. Anthu okhala kum'mwera chakummwera chakummwera komanso kotentha kumpoto amasamuka. | M'dzinja ndi dzinja imakhala ndi imvi yoyera ngakhale utoto. Pamutu pokha pali chipewa chakuda ndipo kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli koyera. M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, kakhosi kofiira kansalu kofiira kumasintha: nthenga zofiira kwambiri zimawonekera pamutu, pakhosi komanso mbali. | Kutalika kwa thupi - 20-22 cm. Kulemera -310-560 gr. Kukula kwa dzira ndi 48 × 30 mm. | Amadyetsa tizilombo, m'nyengo yozizira - nsomba zazing'ono. |
| Khosi lakuda, kapena lakuthwa | Amakhala m'makontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto zimauluka kumwera nthawi yotentha. | M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, mutu ndi khosi ndi zakuda ndimakala amakala. Pafupi ndi maso, monga cilia wa coquette, pali nthenga zagolide, zowoneka bwino motsutsana ndi maziko amakala. Pofika nthawi yophukira, nthenga zimazilala, zimayamba kulocha. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira wakuda, mbali zake ndi dzimbiri, pamimba pamakhala mopepuka. | Kutalika kwa thupi - 28-34 mm; Amalemera 300-600 gr. Kukula kwa mazira ndi 46x30 mm. | Makamaka nyamakazi. |
| Chophimba cha Clark | Amakhala makamaka kugombe lakumadzulo kwa North America | Grbe ya Clark ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa yaku Russia grebe crested grebe. Anapiye amaswa mwamtundu woyera, womwe umawasiyanitsanso ndi ziphuphu zina. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi msana wofiirira komanso mimba yoyera ngati chipale. | Chimodzi mwazinyalala zazikulu kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa thupi 55-75 cm, kulemera kwa magalamu 700-1700. Mapiko ake ndi 90 cm. | Imaboola nyama ndi mlomo wake, ngati lupanga. Amadyetsa nsomba. |
Komwe grebe amakhala
Chomga adakhazikika pafupifupi konsekonse ku Eurasia. Zimapezekanso:
- ku Australia,
- New Zealand,
- m'mphepete mwa East ndi South Africa.
Anthu akumpoto amakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka, Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha zimakhala moyo wongokhala. Grebe ndi nthumwi zina za grebe samangokhala kumpoto chakutali ndi ku Antarctica.
Zikopa zazikuluzikulu zimakhala m'madzi ndi m'mayiwe, sankhani madzi abwino. Miyendo yayifupi ya chimbudzi sichimasinthidwa bwino poyenda pansi. Nthawi zambiri samauluka, koma bwino kwambiri komanso mwachangu. Kutha kwa maulendo ataliatali.
Asananyamuke, amwazika pamadzi, ndikudzithandiza ndi mapiko ake olimba. Komabe, amakonda madzi, komwe akumva bwino. Amatsuka ndikuthira nthenga za Greene Wamkulu, komanso pamadzi, atagona mbali imodzi kapena inayo. Nthenga za mbalameyi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zothamangitsira madzi.
Pofuna kumanga mazira, Great Grecoe amasankha malo okhala ndi zomera zambiri: bango, bango. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, ndikofunikira kwa chimbudzi kuti pali pang'onopang'ono padziwe. Ndipo ndibwino kuti kulibe konse.
Zomwe zimadya
Zidole zazikuluzikulu zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba, ndipo monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi, ndizochepa kwambiri. Zowonjezera zakudyazo ndi achule, ma molluscs, tizilombo ta m'madzi, komanso ndere pang'ono. Grebe amatha kuona bwino, amazindikira nsomba m'madzi.
Amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi akuya mamita 4, kukanikiza mapikowo mthupi ndikugwira ntchito ndi miyendo yokha. Mitengoyi imadumphira pansi mwamphamvu ndi kudumpha mofulumira. Poterepa, thupi limakwera pamwamba pamadzi ndi kandulo ndipo nthawi yomweyo limapita pansi pamadzi molunjika, kapena mozungulira pamwamba pamadzi. Zinaonedwa kuti grebe amadya nthenga zake.
Izi zingawoneke zachilendo ngati simukudziwa chifukwa chake. Chomga imameza nsomba zonse. Ndipo kuti mafupa akuthwa a nsomba asawononge matumbo a mbalameyo, nthenga zofewa zimakhala ngati chotchinjiriza chomwe chimateteza thupi la mbalameyo kuti isavulale. Mwinanso, nyama yonyentchera idya nderezo chimodzimodzi. Pofuna kukonza chimbudzi cha chakudya cholimba, chovuta kupukusa, grebe imameza timiyala tating'onoting'ono.
Kubereka
- Nyengo yokwatirana
Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, Greyhound imawonetsa nthenga zowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa crereed grebe pachithunzicho makamaka wokongola. Ndiponso, nthenga zimakula mwa mkazi ndi chachimuna. Kamutu kakuwonekera pamutu.
Nthenga zolimba kwambiri ndizitali, zapakati ndizofupikitsa. Kuchokera pa zomwe scallop iyi imadziwika ngati nyanga. Khola labwino kwambiri la nthenga zakuda lalanje kapena chitumbuwa cha burgundy limapangidwa mozungulira khosi. Chifukwa cha scallop iyi ndi kolala, mbalameyi idalandira dzina ladzina loti crested.
Nthawi yokwanira ya ma grebes imayamba mu Epulo-Meyi. Akazi amafuula kwambiri. Phokoso lawo lamatumbo limamveka ngati "corr" "kua" kroah ". Mwanjira imeneyi, amakopa amuna - anzawo mtsogolo.
Amuna amabwera kwa akazi ali ndi nsomba yatsopano, yomwe nthawi yomweyo imadya. Pomwe chachikazi chimadya mphatso, chachimuna chimamukonzera iye nthenga ngati chotupitsa. Pazimbudzi zazing'onozing'ono zopatsa tizilombo, yamphongo imabweretsa unyinji wa ndere kwa mnzake, mwachidziwikire ngati chisonyezo chakukonzekera kwake kuyala maziko a chisa chamtsogolo.
Kusankha bwenzi kumapangidwa ndi mkazi nthawi yovina mwamwambo. Chomga dance - mawonekedwe osangalatsa. Choyamba, amachita zoyenda zingapo pamutu ndi m'khosi. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mnzakeyo amatsata ndendende mayendedwe achikazi. Kenako mbalame zonse ziwiri zimakwera pamwamba pamadzi, zitaima bwino.
Kutukula mapiko awo pang'ono, imayenda mofananamo pamadzi, ikutembenuka mwachangu ndi mawoko awo. Zachidziwikire, pakuvina, mnzake amafuna kutsimikizira kwa mkaziyo kuti alibe mphamvu kuposa iye ndipo adzakhala wokwatirana naye nthawi yonse yomwe adzalere ana awo. Pakusewera, mbalame zimatha "kubvomerezana", kuti zimvetsetsane.
Kenako zidole zimayamba kupanga chisa kuchokera kuzomera zomwe zidasungidwa. Amuna amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yomangayi. Amapereka zomangira zisa:
- zotsalira za mabango,
- nthambi za mitengo zomwe zimamera pagombe zomwe zagwera m'madzi.
- ndere, masamba.
- Bango limayambira.
Awiriwo amayesa kumanga chisa pafupi ndi mabango. Ndipo sichimagwira diso, ndipo sichimayandama ngati mphepo ikukwera. Mabango adzagwira kumbuyo. Nyumba yoyandama iyenera kukhala yayikulu mokwanira komanso yolimba. Ndi 30-60 masentimita m'mimba mwake ndikufika 85 masentimita kutalika.
Chisa chachikulu cha grebe womangirizidwa pa raft ya peat m'madzi, kapena mulu wa zomera zakufa zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa. Nthawi zina maziko ake amakhala pamadzi pakati pa zimayambira za zomera zam'madzi. Chisa chikakonzeka kuyikira mazira, Grebe imalola yamphongo kuti izakwerane. Zimachitika pamadzi pomwepo.
Ngati mabanja angapo azinyalala akhazikika m'shewa imodzi, amamanga zisa patali, osapitilira mamitala angapo. Mwachitsanzo, zisa za mbalame zina, zimatha kupezeka pafupi.
- Kutulutsa mazira ndi ana
Mkaziyo amaikira mazira 7 oyera ngati chipale. Popita nthawi, chipolopolocho chimayamba kuda, kukhala bulauni-lalanje, kapena bulauni wonyezimira. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbewu zimakhala pamadzi, ndipo zikawonongeka zimatulutsa kutentha, komwe kumafunikira machende pomwe mkazi amasambira kuti akadye.
Amuna amakhalabe pafupi ndi akazi nthawi yonse yosakaniza. Amateteza chisa, kuchenjeza alendo osayitanidwa ndi kulira. Makulitsidwe amatha masiku 24. Koma popeza ma grebe anali kuthamanga, kupereka 1, kawirikawiri mazira awiri tsiku lililonse, ankhandwe amatuluka posachedwa, koma patangopita masiku ochepa.
Ndipo pamene mayi wa chimbudzi amafungatira mazira otsalawo, bambo ake amachita nawo kudyetsa ndi kulera ana omwe abwera. Ana amabisala mu nthenga za abambo kuchokera ku ngozi ndikutenthedwa kumeneko ngati atakhala ndi nthawi yozizira m'madzi ozizira. Kuyambira tsiku loyamba kuwonekera, adazolowera kusambira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale kuti imakumba mazira, yamphongo imapitilizabe kukoka masamba ndi nthambi za zomera zam'madzi kuzisa. Mkazi akatuluka m'mazira kuti ayambe kudya ndikudya, amaphimba mazirawo ndi mbewu zomwe zilipo. Izi zimachitika kuti mazirawo asapezeke ndi zilombo zolusa kumaso kwa akhwangwala osaya kapena zotchinga.
Chilengedwe chasamalira anapiye a chomga. Amabadwa amizere, yomwe imawathandiza kuphatikiza ndi bango. Ndipo kuchokera kumwamba amakhala osawoneka kwa adani. Anapiye aswedwa ali okonzeka kusambira, kumira. Masiku oyamba amakhala nthawi yayitali, kubisala pamsana pawo, pansi pa mapiko a makolo awo.
Grebe akawona zoopsa, imadumphira pansi pamadzi limodzi ndi ana ang'onoang'ono, ndikuthawira kutali ndi malo omwe nyamayo inazungulira. Mapiko ophwanyidwa amalepheretsa anapiye kugwa misana yawo.
Madzi samalowa nthawi yomweyo pansi pamapiko; kwakanthawi, khushoni ya mpweya imatsalira pamenepo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mapapo a ana amalimba, ndipo amaphunzira kudzipukusa okha, kutha nthawi yayitali pansi pamadzi.
Mpaka ana ataphunzira kusaka, makolo awo amawadyetsa. Ngati m'modzi mwa makolo akusodza, akusambira kutali ndi chisa, winayo panthawiyi amateteza ana. Ana amasambira pafupi ndi abambo awo kapena amabisala kumbuyo kwawo.
Pakutha nyengo yachilimwe, ankhandwewo amakula ndikulimba. Nthenga zokhala ndi mizere imakhala mmenemo mpaka atakhwima. Nyama zazing'ono zikakhala ndi mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu, izi zimasonyeza kuti ali okonzeka kubereka ndi kuswana.
Utali wamoyo
Crested Grebe amakhala zaka pafupifupi 10-15. Pali milandu pamene mbalameyi idakhala zaka 25. Adani ake ndi mbalame zodya nyama, nyama zakutchire. Pansi pansi, ma grbe amakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani, chifukwa sichinganyamuke pansi, ndipo imathamanga kwambiri ndi miyendo yawo yayifupi.
Panthawi yopanga nyama yolira, khwangwala ndi bango lothamangitsa. Akazi akachotsedwa m'mazira kufunafuna chakudya, zolusa izi zimawononga zisa za zimbudzi ndi kuba mazirawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake drake amayenera kuteteza chisa pakalibe mnzake. Anapiye osambira nthawi zambiri amatengedwa ndi nsomba zodya nyama.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa zimbudzi kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro amunthu onyoza chilengedwe, chilengedwe. Kutaya zinyalala zowopsa m'mafakitale kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi zaka zakukhalapo zomwe zimatulutsidwa mwachilengedwe.
