Zhelna Kodi ndi mtundu waukulu wamtundu wa nkhalango. Malo okhala ogwira ntchito m'nkhalango amakhala ku Eurasia konse: kuchokera ku French Alps kupita pachilumba cha Hokkaido chakum'mawa. Malire akumpoto akunyumba amakhala ochepa ndi tundra, akumwera - nkhalango.
Mbalameyi ilibe mbiri yabwino pakati pa anthu. Wosema mitengo yemwe wayenda pamsewu amabweretsa tsoka, ngati mphaka wakuda. Atakhala pakona la nyumbayo, amatha kuwonetsa moto, kapena choipa kwambiri, kutayika kwa wina wapafupi. Chiyambi cha zizindikirozi mwachiwonekere chikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa mbalameyo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Zhelna, wokhala ku kontinenti ya ku Europe, amalemera magalamu 250-350. Mukamapita kummawa, kulemera kwa mbalame kumawonjezeka. Kumbuyo kwa Urals, sizovuta kupeza mbalame yomwe yafika mpaka kulemera kwa magalamu 450. Mapiko a anthu akuluakulu amatha kutalika masentimita 80.
Nthenga za mbalameyi ndizakuda malasha, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wakuda wakuda. Mbalamezo zimakhala ndi nthenga zofiira pamutu pawo. Mwa amuna, imaphimba pamphumi, pamwamba pamutu, kumbuyo kwa mutu, mwa akazi - kumbuyo kokha kwa mutu. Mwa akazi achichepere, zisoti zimatha kupezeka.
Mlomo ndi chida chothandizira moyo. Mu nkhalango, ili ndi kuuma kwapadera komanso kukhathamira. Kapangidwe kodabwitsa, kamene kamakhala ndi nsagwada zakumtunda ndi zakumunsi (mulomo wokha), fupa la hyoid ndi chigaza cha nkhwangwa, zimathandizira kugunda kwamphamvu.
Kukula kwa milomo ndi masentimita 5 mpaka 6. Kutalika kwake ndikokulirapo kuposa lilime lokakamira, lomwe limagwira ntchito yayikulu posonkhanitsa tizilombo. Lililonse, lilime m'njira yovuta limakwanira mutu wa wopondera - limatembenukira mozungulira chigaza. Mlomo ndi wachikuda bulauni ndi wachikaso. Maso ang'onoang'ono ozungulira okhala ndi utoto wachikaso wotumbululuka, womwe uli patsogolo pa chigaza, ndi ogwirizana nawo.
Mutu wonsewo ukuwoneka kuti watalikitsidwa, wotambasula, ngati mpira wa rugby. Izi zimachitika osati chifukwa cha milomo yokha, komanso mizere ya occipital ndi mafupa. N'zotheka kuti amapereka malo ofanana a chigaza panthawi ya zotsatira ndi kutembenuka.
Miyendo ndi yakuda imvi, mawoko ake ali ndi zala zinayi, zala zakuthambo ndizosiyanasiyana: awiri abwerera, awiri ali patsogolo. Pali zikhadabo zolimba zala zawo, zimasunga woponda matabwa pamtengo akamazipweteka kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zimathandiza kuti mchira ukhale wowongoka. Zhelna nthawi zambiri samakhala pama nthambi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtengo.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimafanana ndi achikulire, koma zilibe nthenga zowirira, mwina chifukwa chake utoto umawoneka wochepa thupi osawala komanso kusefukira. Khosi la ana omwe amakondana nawo silimera koma lakuda. Khadi labizinesi la mbalame - chovala chofiira - chimawoneka chofufumitsa, mwina sichingakhaleko.
Monga mitundu yambiri yofananira, woponda matabwa wakuda ndiwaphokoso. Mawu ndiolandilidwa sangatchulidwe konse. Koma pali kamvekedwe kena kamvekedwe kamene kamatulutsidwa. "Kyu" yokoka imabwerezedwa ndikupumira kangapo, pambuyo pake mndandanda wa "kli-kli ..." kapena "kr-kr ..." ungatsatire. Kufuula kumatha kukhala kwachipongwe.
Anthu otchedwa Woodpeckers si akatswiri pa nkhondoyi. Kuuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi sikuthamanga kwambiri komanso kosangalatsa kwenikweni. Wokankhira wakuda nthawi zambiri amauluka, ndikufuula, ndikupanga mapiko ake mokweza. Amasunga mutu.
Kwa mbalame yakutchire, kuthamangitsidwa kothamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwakanthawi sikofunikira. Wogwiritsira ntchito nkhuni samva bwino mumlengalenga mokha - samangotsikira pansi. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri kuwononga nyerere ndikudzaza m'mimba mwanu ndi tizilombo.
Mitundu
Zhelna, dzina lamtundu wa wopopera matabwa Dryocopus martius limaphatikizidwanso pamtundu womwewo, Dryocopus. Kuphatikiza pa nkhwangwa wakuda, pali mitundu ina 6 mmenemo:
- Ndulu yamphete - amakhala kumadera otentha ku South America. Amapulumutsa nkhalango za Brazil ndi Argentina ku tizilombo.
- Wosema matabwa ndiwokonda nkhuni wochokera ku Trinidad, kumpoto kwa Argentina ndi kumwera kwa Mexico.
- Crested Yellow - amakhala m'nkhalango kum'mawa kwa North America, pafupi ndi Great Lakes, ku Canada.
- Mdima wakuda wachikaso - amakhala m'nkhalango ku Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay.
- Zachikasu zoyera - zopezeka kumadera otentha aku Asia, ku Indian subcontinent.
- Matenda a Andaman amapezeka ku India ndi zilumba za Andaman.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yofananira, mchikaso, pakusintha, subspecies zawonekera. Pali awiri a iwo:
- Ma subspecies osankhidwa, ndiye chikasu chakuda kapena wamba amakhala ndi dzina la makina - Dryocopus martius martius.
- Subpecies achi Tibet kapena achi China. Zimaswana m'nkhalango chakum'mawa kwa Tibet. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kuposa mbalame zonse. Kudziwitsidwa m'gulu lachilengedwe lomwe limatchedwa Dryocopus martius khamensis.
Makhalidwe a mtundu wa subspecies amasiyana pang'ono. Ma subspecies achi China amakhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino kwambiri, wowala komanso wowala ndipo umaposa kukula kwa woponda nkhuni wamba wakuda.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Woponda matabwa - sakhala mbalame. Amakhala munkhalango zamitundumitundu: coniferous, mixed, wide -aved. Anthu otchedwa Woodpecker amakhala okha kapena awiriawiri; samasokera m'magulu komanso gulu la nkhosa. Podyetsa, tsamba lokhala ndi mitengo yakale ndi thunthu lowola limasankhidwa. Kukula kwa nkhalango yomwe imatha kudyetsa nkhalango zosachepera 3-4 mita yayikulu. Km.
Zhelna nthawi zambiri amakhala kutali ndi malo okhala anthu. Ngati mzinda kapena mudzi wazunguliridwa ndi mapaki akale, okhomerera mitengo amatha kukhalamo. Malo ena okhalapo matabwa akuda akuda ndi anthu. Mitengo ndi zitsa zomwe zimatsalira m'nyanjazi nthawi zambiri zimadzaza ndi kafadala - chakudya cha opangira nkhuni.
Monga mbalame zonse, iwo molt. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe, pomwe nkhawa zakubadwa kwatsopano kwa nkhalango zakuda zimatha. Mbalame zimasungunuka pang'onopang'ono, choyamba pamakhala kusintha kwa nthenga zazikulu zazikulu, kenako nthenga za mchira. M'dzinja, kutembenuka kumabwera nthenga zazing'ono.
Pamalo pomwe anapiye aswedwa ndikudyetsedwa, nkhwangwa ziwiri zitha kukhala zochepa, palibe chakudya chokwanira. Pankhaniyi, mbalame zomwe zidapulumuka nthenga zimayamba kufunafuna malo atsopano odyetsera. Kuphatikiza pa malo athyathyathya, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuti moyo usankhe nkhalango zazitali. Wogula mitengo wakuda amatha kuwona ndikumva kumtunda mpaka 4000 m.
Moyo m'dera latsopanoli umayamba ndikumanga nyumba yopanda pake. Chaka chonse, mbalameyi imabowola malo angapo okhalamo. Zelna pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amalandidwa pafupi ndi dzenje. Pogona lomwe limapangidwa mchaka limakhala chisa, ena onse amakhala opumula usiku.
Mitengo yakuda ilibe adani achilengedwe ambiri. Kuchokera kuzilombo zakutchire, ma martens amatha kufikira zisa za nkhwangwa zakuda. Amatha kutenga mazira ndi anapiye. Pambuyo pa zochitika zowononga, a marten amatha kukhala mnyumba.
Kuphatikiza pa ma martens, nthumwi za ma corvids zitha kukhala zisa za zisa: akhwangwala, magpies. Ku Far East, njoka ya Ussuri imafikira zisa za nkhwangwa. Si mbalame zonse zodya nyama zomwe zimatha kusaka m'nkhalango. Ziwombankhanga zazitali, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, goshaws, buzzards, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakhala zoopsa kwa nkhwangwa zakuda.
Kuphatikiza pa adani apadziko lapansi ndi nthenga, mbalame zimagwidwa ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ta mitundu yonse. Izi ndi ntchentche zoyamwa magazi, utitiri, masika, nkhupakupa ndi zina. Palibe bile imodzi yomwe imatha kuthawa tiziromboti m'matumbo. Pofuna kuthana ndi onyamula matenda ndi tiziromboti, opangira matabwa amathandizidwa ndi moyo wosagawanika m'nkhalango.
Choopseza chachikulu pamitunduyi ndikupanga mafakitale, kudula nkhalango. Izi zimamana omata matabwa osati chakudya chochuluka mofanana ndi malo okhala zisa. Mitengo yamitengo yakuda siyachilendo kwenikweni, koma imazindikira kusintha kwa malo okhala mbalamezo.
Mphamvu ya otema mitengo yakuda m'moyo wa nkhalango ndi okhala m'nkhalango ndiyopindulitsa. Tizilombo ta Xylophagous timawonongedwa mwanjira zambiri. Chisa ndi chosiririka, yomwe idakwaniritsa cholinga chake ndikusiyidwa ndi mbalameyi, imakhala ngati kwawo kwa mbalame ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana. Kwa clintuchs ndi kadzidzi, mapanga a mitengo ndi malo okhawo oyenera kukaikira mazira.
Zakudya zabwino
Gwero lalikulu la michere ndi ndulu ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya zomera zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa khungwa kapena mkati mwa thunthu lamtengo: ziphuphu, makungwa a khungwa, ntchentche ndi mphutsi zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamakazi iliyonse yomwe imakhala kapena mwangozi pamtengo imadyedwa.
Mitengo yamitengo yakuda nthawi zambiri imawombera mbozi mumitengo yolimba komanso yathanzi. Amakonda kuwonongeka kwa khungwa lakufa, kukonza nkhuni zakale, zowola, zitsa, zomwe zakhala pothawirapo ma xylophages ambiri, kutanthauza omwe amadya nkhuni.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito thunthu lake, mbalameyi imakhazikika pamtengowu pafupifupi mita 2. Choyamba, imaswetsa tizilombo pamwamba pamtengo. Kenako amang'amba khungwa. Macheke mwayi wopindula ndi kafadala ndi nyerere zomwe zakhala pansi pa khungwa. Pa gawo lachitatu, imakoka ndime zomwe zimayikidwa ndi mphutsi. Ngati mtengo uli ndi chidwi cha chakudya, umazungulira thunthu, pang'onopang'ono kukwera ndi kukwera.
Zizolowezi zodyetsa amitengo zimabweretsa phindu losakayika m'nkhalango. Makungwa a khungwa ndi amodzi mwa tizirombo tangozi m'nkhalango. Nankafumbwe amakhala pansi pa khungwa, pomwe odulira mitengo amatha kuwafikira. Mphutsi za makungwa kafadala zimapezeka mchaka ndipo zimapanga mphutsi mumtengo wa mitengo. Woodpeckers kumapeto kwa nyengo samangodalira chakudya chawo chokha, komanso kudyetsa anapiye awo, chifukwa chake amasaka ndikudya mphutsi zambiri.
Nyerere za mitundu yonse nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pazakudya za wakuda wakuda. Chifukwa chobowola, kapena kuti kunyambita, mbalamezo zimakhala pansi pomwepo pa nyerere. Pofika pagulu la tizirombo ndi mphutsi zawo, ziboliboli zimapanga ngalande mu nyerere zokhala mpaka 0.5 mita Kutolera nyerere ndi mphutsi zawo ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa cha lilime lolimba, lolimba.
Njira yopezera chakudya kuchokera kwa odula mitengo ndi yovuta kwambiri. Pofuna kudzaza mphamvu zamagetsi, bile imayenera kudya tizilombo tambiri. Mtengo wopanda pake, wochepera 3% ya kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa chakudya chosakanikirana, ndiwo chakudya chomera - zipatso, mbewu, mbewu.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, kagawo kakang'ono kamawomba ngati ndodo yampanda m'nkhalango. Amuna ndi akazi awa, omwe nthawi zambiri amamenyedwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu, amadziwitsa nkhalango zakudzuka chidwi chawo pamoyo. Kuwonjezeka kugogoda pang'ono kukuwa ndi kofunika... Amawoneka ngati phokoso loseketsa, ma trill apolisi.
Amuna amathamangitsa opikisana nawo ndi akazi. Oyamba kuthamangitsidwa, chachiwiri amalimbikitsa kuti apange awiri. Palibe nkhondo yapadera pakati pa amuna, koma opangira matabwa amapanga phokoso lalikulu.
Mu Epulo-Marichi, awiriawiri amapangidwa omwe azikhala osachepera nyengo imodzi. Awiriwa ali ndi gawo lalikulu pomwe pamakhala mtengo wamtali, wosalala. Nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala aspen kapena paini, osakhala spruce, birch, ndi mitundu ina ya mitengo. Mitengo ya mtengo wosankhidwa nthawi zambiri imadwala, imatha kuuma.
Kusankha nyumba yakale, chaka chatha ndizosiyana ndi lamuloli. Kawirikawiri mbalame ndi zofunika imabowola kabowo katsopano, kamangidwe kake kamatenga milungu iwiri. Kulipirira ntchito sikulepheretsa mbalame, ndipo nkhwangwa zakuda zimakumba malo angapo pamalo awo. Osakhala pansi pogona, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito kupumula.
Bowo la chisa lili pamtunda wa mamita 3 mpaka 15. Pakhomo la nyumba ya mbalame ndi lalikulu mokwanira, lofanana ndi mawonekedwe a elliptical. Osapitilira masentimita 15, kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Pansi pa nyumba yopanda pogona. Amakulitsidwa ndi taphole masentimita 40-60. Udindo wovala zokutira umaseweredwa ndi tchipisi tating'onoting'ono - zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa pomanga chisa chopanda pake.
Kukwapula kumawonekera mu Epulo-Meyi. Nthawi zambiri awa amakhala mazira 4-5, osasungidwa tsiku limodzi. Makulitsidwe akuyamba popanda kuyembekezera kutha kwa zowalamulira. Wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amasinthana kutentha mwana wamtsogolo.
Mitengoyi ipsa msanga. Pambuyo masiku 14-15, anapiye amayamba kumasuka ku chipolopolo. Anapiye ndi achikasuwoyamba kuwonekera nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkulu kwambiri. Kaini, kufalikira kwa mbalame - kupha anapiye ofooka ndi anapiye olimba - sikuwoneka mumitengo yakuda. Koma anapiye akulu nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka.
Anapiye akukuwa amafuna chakudya. Mumdima, samadyetsa odulira mitengo omwe akukula. Pafupifupi mphindi 15-20 zilizonse, m'modzi mwa makolo amauluka kupita ku chisa ndi tizilombo tomwe timatulutsa. Makolo amabweretsa chakudya osati pakamwa kokha, komanso m'mimbamo. Mwanjira imeneyi ndizotheka kupereka gawo lomwe limalemera 20 g nthawi imodzi.
Mitengo yachinyamata yamatabwa imasiya chisa m'masiku 20-25. Samapatukana ndi makolo awo nthawi yomweyo. Amawathamangitsa pafupifupi sabata limodzi, akufuna kuti awonjezere chakudya. Popeza akhala odziyimira pawokha, amangogwira tsamba la makolo kwakanthawi.
Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, achinyamata otema mitengo amabalalika kufunafuna malo odyetserako ziweto. Mbalamezi zimatha kubereka ana awo masika wotsatira. Ndipo bwerezaninso kayendetsedwe kake kasanu ndi kawiri - awa ndi omwe amakhala akuda akuda, ngakhale akatswiri azakudya amati mbalameyo ili ndi zaka 14.
