Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kwa nthawi yayitali, pakati pa anthu, kafadalawa adatchedwa Khrushches. Nthawi zina, panali zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti zidagwa mochuluka mwachindunji pansi ndikugwa pansi pa mapazi a anthu odutsa. Anthu adawapondereza, pomwe phokoso lamveka lidamveka.
Palinso mtundu wina wazifukwa zakutchulidwira dzina ili: akuganiza kuti zolengedwa izi ndizosusuka kwambiri kotero kuti zimadzipukusa, zimadya masamba ang'onoang'ono ndi njala, ngakhale ndi ochepa omwe amva izi ndi makutu awo.
Pambuyo pake, asayansi, atasankha zamoyozi m'banja linalake kuchokera pagulu lalikulu - banja la lamellar, adawapatsa dzina lomwelo: kafadala. Adasankhidwa ngati ma arthropods, chifukwa miyendo ya kachikumbu momwe adapangidwira, ndizogwirizana ndi dzinali.
Izi zolengedwa zabweretsa zotayika zambiri kwa munthu. Gulu lachiwawa lotereli limawononga kwambiri minda kuposa kuwukira magulu ankhondo a adani. Akuti kachilombo kokha ka kachilomboka kamakhala ndi njala yayikulu kwambiri moti imatha kukukuta mizu yonse ya kamtengo kakang'ono, kakuwononga tsiku limodzi lokha.
Tizirombo tating'onoting'ono timadya mbali zofunika kwambiri za zomera: masamba, maluwa, zipatso, ngakhale singano, kuwonetsa nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu munthawi yochepa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuwonekera kwa zolengedwa izi pachiwopsezo chaumwini kumawopseza malo obiriwira omwe alipo kale komanso zowopsa kwa eni ake, omwe ali okonzeka kumenya nkhondo ndi "owukira" osapirira.
Koma pankhondo yotere, mbali zonse ziwiri zimavutika, chifukwa anthu akubwezera mwankhanza "ovutitsa" mavuto omwe abweretsa, popanda kuwamvera chisoni, kuwapaka mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zinthu zina zakupha. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti m'zaka za zana la 19 ku Saxony, pafupifupi 30,000 mwa anthu omwe amapezeka ndi tizilombo tinawonongedwa, zomwe, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosalekeza, zitsanzo za kachilombo ka 15 miliyoni.
Komanso, izi sizodabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa m'zaka zotsatira, ziphe zinayamba kukhala zangwiro, komanso ozunzidwa. Ndipo posachedwapa, pokhudzana ndi kuletsa zinthu zingapo zoyipa, kuzunzidwa kwakukulu kwachepa pang'ono.
Chifukwa cha nkhondoyi ya munthu yemwe ali ndi tizilombo tosusuka, kuchuluka kwa omaliza padziko lapansi nthawi imodzi kunachepa modetsa nkhawa. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho kuti tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi tomwe tili pano sitingathe kuzindikira kuti Sankhani Ndi cholengedwa chapadera, chosamvetsetseka m'malingaliro amunthu.
Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kafadala zimatha kuuluka. Koma asayansi, kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane njirayi, amangogwedeza mapewa awo, ndikulengeza kuti kuyenda koteroko mlengalenga kumatsutsana ndi malamulo onse omwe alipo kale, motero ndizosatheka. Ndipo ili sindilo mndandanda wonse wazinthu zapadera komanso zinsinsi za zolengedwa izi.
Nankafumbwe ndi wosusuka, koma wopanda vuto lililonse komanso wopanda vuto lililonse kwa anthu. Ambiri a ife timakumbukira komanso kukonda tizilomboti kuyambira ubwana. Amawoneka chaka chilichonse mu Meyi komanso kuyambira masiku amasiku ano, pomwe ma birch amakhala ndi ziphuphu - matumbo ofiira, ndipo thundu limasungunula masamba awo, amayamba kugwira ntchito, kuphatikiza zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kafadala amatchedwa May kafadala.
Ndikosavuta kuwona moyo wawo ndi machitidwe awo, akangofika kutchire. Nankafumbwe samangovulaza kokha, komanso amathandizira pazachilengedwe, ndikusandulika chakudya chama protein ambiri mbalame, mahedgehogs, zokwawa ndi zamoyo zina.
Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri ntchito za kachikumbu m'zinthu zachilengedwe, chifukwa samangotenga, koma iyemwini amakhala chakudya. Awa ndi malamulo achilengedwe. Zamoyozi, monga zinthu zamoyo, zimakhala zothandiza ngakhale kwa anthu, zothandiza ngati nyambo za nsomba zazikulu, zomwe zimakondweretsa osowa. Mwa njira, kafadala amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochiritsira njira zina. Amachiza scrofula, khansa ya chiberekero, sciatica ndi matenda ena ambiri.
Khrushch si tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, nthawi zina timatha kukula mpaka masentimita atatu kapena kupitilira apo. Ili ndi thupi lopindika, lopindika, lolimba lomwe limatha kukhala lofiirira ndi utoto wofiyira kapena wakuda.
Mitundu yosiyaniranirako ndiyotheka. Mulole kachilomboka yomangidwa ndi magawo atatu akulu: mutu, chifuwa, komanso mimba yayikulu poyerekeza ndi izo. Tizilombo timatetezedwa ndi zida zabwino kwambiri - chipolopolo cha chitinous.
Ndiwofanana ngati chowulungika, nthawi zina amakhala ndi chodetsa, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi sikelo. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono, kosalala, kosalimba. Kumbuyo kwa kachilomboka kumatchedwa pygidium. Amapangidwa makamaka mwa amuna ndipo amatha kukhala otsetsereka kapena oblique, obisika kapena amitundu itatu, kutengera mitundu.
Kapangidwe
Ngati munthu atha kuchepa ngati kachilomboka, kapena ngati iye, ngati kuti ndi matsenga, achulukitsa kuchuluka kwake, ndiye kuti opunduka angadabwe ndi zilombo zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimakhala padzikoli.
Sikuti Khrushchev ndi thanki yoyenda yankhondo, komanso ndi cholengedwa chaubweya kwambiri. Zomera zowonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa mamba ngati tsitsi la utali ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri: wachikaso, imvi, yoyera.
Ponena za kuchuluka kwake, muzinthu zina za kafadala kukula kwake kumakhala kothina kwambiri kotero kuti nkosatheka kuwona utoto waukulu kumbuyo kwake. Tsitsi loterolo limakhala pamutu ngati kotenga, mikwingwirima yamakwinya.
Zomera zazitali zokha zomwe zilipo pa elytra. Chifuwa cha kachilomboka chimayalanso ndi zikwangwani zazitali zachikuda. Tsitsi lamitundu yosiyanasiyana, utali ndi utoto limapezeka mbali zina za thupi lake.
Kapangidwe kakunja ka kachilomboka ka Meyi zachilendo komanso zachilendo. Koma tiyeni tiyambe ndi mutu. Ili ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la thupi, pafupifupi mawonekedwe ozungulira, limabwereranso mu elytra, nthawi zambiri mdima, nthawi zina obiriwira. Kumbali zonse ziwiri zake kuli ziwalo zotsogola zamasomphenya, zomwe zimaloleza kuwona zinthu zozungulira mozungulira.
Maso a kachilomboka ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, omwe chiwerengero chawo chimafika zikwi zingapo. Kutsogolo kwake kumamangirizidwa tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tinyanga, tokhala ndi magawo khumi ndi mawonekedwe a fan kumapeto.
Mbali yofunika ya kachilomboka kameneka ndi zida za pakamwa, zomwe zimapezeka pamutu. Kuchokera pamwamba pake pamaphimbidwa ndi mlomo wapamwamba ngati kansalu kakang'ono. Dera lake lodziwika bwino ndizoyenera kuchita, zomwe zimathandizira kuyamwa ndikupera chakudya.
Iwo alidi nsagwada zakumtunda, ndipo yakumunsi imakhala ndi ma palps okhwima okhala ndi zolandilira. Awa ndiwo magulu awiri oyamba apakamwa. Chachitatu ndi mlomo wapansi wokhala ndi ziwalo zofananira zofananira. Kawirikawiri, palps imakhalapo kuti isunthire chakudya, ndipo nyama zoterezi zimagwiritsa ntchito nsagwada kuti zidye.
Chifuwacho chimamangidwa kuchokera m'malo atatu. Gawo lakumunsi ndilofunika chifukwa miyendo imamangiriridwa. Alipo asanu ndi m'modzi ndipo awiriwo amachoka pagawo limodzi. Miyendo imakhala ndimagulu ndipo imathera ndi zikhadabo ndi dzino lakuthwa.
Malo apamwamba amatchedwa prothorax. Hard elytra ili pafupi nayo. Amateteza mbali zosakhwima kumbuyo ndipo, koposa zonse, mapiko akumbuyo a tizilombo, omwe ali ndi utoto wofiyira wachikasu kapena wofiirira. Mimba ya kachilomboka ili ndi ziwalo zambiri zofunika kuchita ndipo yapangidwa ndi zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu.
Mpweya wa okosijeni umalowa m'thupi la tizilombo todutsamo - timabowo tating'ono. Pali 18 onse. Amapezeka osati pamimba kokha, komanso pachifuwa cha zolengedwa izi. Mpweya umadutsa mwa iwo kachilomboka pa trachea.
Izi ndi mtundu wa machubu opumira. Iwo, titero, amaphimba ziwalo zonse, motero mpweya wopatsa moyo umanyamulidwa mwa iwo kupita kudera lililonse la thupi. Khrushchev alibe mapapu. Ndipo chifukwa chake, monga zamoyo zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe zilibe, amatulutsa mpweya momwemo.
Kafadala amakhala ndi magazi. Komabe, makina ake oyendetsera zinthu sakupanga bwino ndipo amatseguka. Imakhudzidwa ndikunyamula michere, koma osati kupuma. Kupezeka kwa ziwalo zonse za thupi ndi mpweya, wofunika pamoyo, kumakhala Mayi kachilomboka kali ndi ntchito yama tracheal.
Chakudya cholowetsedwa ndi tizilombo tosautsa timalowa kupyola pakamwa kupita kummero, kenako m'mimba, ndipo zotsalira zake zimapita kunkhalango kudzera kumtundu.
Ubongo wa kachilomboka ndi mitsempha yambiri yomwe ili pamutu kakang'ono. Chifukwa chake, sizotheka konse kuziyika ngati tizilombo tanzeru, monga njuchi, mwachitsanzo.
Mitundu
Ponena za mitundu ingati ya kafadala yomwe ili pamndandanda wa okhala padziko lapansi, pali zambiri zotsutsana. Basi Kapangidwe ka Meyi kafadala, komanso kukula kwake ndi mitundu ya mitundu ndizosiyanasiyana. Ndipo sizikudziwika ngati mungazitchule kuti ndi zamakhalidwe abwino kapena kuziwona ngati mawonekedwe am'magulu athunthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, dziko la tizilombo ndilolemera kwambiri kotero kuti zambiri pazosinthidwa. Kusintha kwazinthu kumachitika mosiyanasiyana, mitundu yatsopano imawululidwa, ndipo mitundu ina ya kafadala imasowa pankhalapa kapena imangotengedwa kuti yatha chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ena a iwo amakhala ndi mitundu yambirimbiri ya kachilomboka. Ngakhale zina ndizocheperako.
Talingalirani zina mwa zitsanzo zomwe asayansi amafotokoza, zopezeka ku Eurasia.
1. Chikumbu chakumadzulo chimayimira banja lawo kwakanthawi, chimakula pafupifupi pafupifupi masentimita 3. Kumbuyo kwa thupi la kachilomboko kumafika kumapeto bwino bwino komanso pang'onopang'ono, osati mothamanga, monga mitundu yambiri. Tizilombo tomwe, poyerekeza ndi anzawo, timakhala ndi ma thermophilic, chifukwa chake timayamba ntchito yawo yofunika kumapeto kwa nyengo kuposa ena.
Thupi lawo limakhala lakuda kwambiri, kupatula elytra. Amathanso kukhala amdima, komanso amabulawuni ofiira ofiira kapena abulauni, ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndikosiyana kwambiri.
Nyongolotsi zoterezi zimakhala ku Europe. Makamaka, molingana ndi dzinalo, amafalikira makamaka kumadzulo. Ku Russia, nthawi zambiri sizimachitika kuposa Smolensk ndi Kharkov, ngati mungasunthire chakummawa.
2. Chikumbu chakum'mawa - chocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zam'mbuyomu mosiyanasiyana. Kafadala wamkulu nthawi zambiri amakhala wopitilira 2 cm. Zamoyo zotere ndizodziwika chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu, komabe, zofiirira-zofiira zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mthunzi waukulu.
Msana wokhuthala wa thupi, komanso miyendo ndi tinyanga, ndi utoto wakuda. Mutu wake umakutidwa ndi tsitsi lowoneka lachikaso komanso madontho. Zamoyo zoterezi zimapezeka pakatikati komanso kumpoto kwa Europe. Kuphatikiza apo, kufalikira kwawo kumafalikira chakum'mawa ku Siberia ndi madera aku Asia mpaka Beijing. Kum'mwera, malo okhala kachilomboka amafika ku Altai.
3. Marichi Khrushch. Thupi lake, poyerekeza ndi kubadwa kwake, silitali, koma lonse, limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndikuwonjezera koyera konyezimira. Gawo lakumbuyo ndilosalala. Dera lakunja limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda.
Elytra ndi ofiira ndi achikasu komanso mbali yakuda yakuda. Nyongolotsi zoterezi zimakhala kumadera akum'mawa a Uzbekistan. Ndipo chifukwa cha nyengo yofatsa ya madera amenewo, amayamba nyengo zina kumayambiriro kwa masika, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa Marichi.
4. Chikumbu cha Transcaucasus chimakhala chokhuthala powonekera, chokhala ndi thupi lotakata komanso lotakata kwambiri. Pafupipafupi, kutalika kwa zolengedwa zotere ndi masentimita 2.5. Mitu ndi zigawo zotsika ndizakuda, elytra ndi bulauni ndikuphatikiza mithunzi ya bulauni, yofiira, yakuda kapena yoyera. Nyongolotsi zoterezi zimapezeka ku Caucasus ndi kumwera kwa Europe.
Nthawi zambiri, limodzi ndi Meyi, anthu achilengedwe amakumana ndi kafadala wonyezimira wobiriwira. Amatchedwa bronze wamba. Koyamba, tizilombo timafanana, ngakhale biology yawo ndiyosiyana.
Bronzes, monga Khrushchev, alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu, chifukwa chake siowopsa kutenga nawo dzanja. Koma samakhala osusuka, ngakhale amakonda kudya zipatso zamaluwa ndi maluwa, chifukwa chake sagwera m'gulu la tizirombo todetsa nkhawa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mu chithunzi cha chikumbu cha Meyi mutha kuyang'anitsitsa mawonekedwe a wokhala padziko lapansi. Mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka yasankha madera a Palaearctic. Ndi m'chigawo cha biogeographic pomwe magulu ambiri azilomboti amakhala.
Eurasia ndi yolemera kwambiri mosiyanasiyana, koma osati gawo lozizira kwamuyaya, mbozi sizinakhazikike pamenepo. Mitundu ina, ngakhale ndi yocheperako, imakhala ku Africa komanso ku South America, koma imapezeka kokha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
Kuti tizilombo tipewe pansi, kuyandikira kwa posungira, komanso dothi lamchenga, ndikofunikira. Ndikofunikira osati kwa kafadala kokha, komanso kwa mbewu zomwe zikukula, monga chitsimikizo cha chakudya chochuluka.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngati dothi ndi loumbidwa, limalepheretsa kufalikira bwino ndipo Kukula kwa kachilomboka, popeza ndiosayenerera kukumba ma tunnel momwe kafadala amakhala ndi chizolowezi choikira mazira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyama izi ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri chifukwa chokhazikika mizu m'zigwa za mitsinje.
Pavuli paki, anthurumi ndiwu atamba kuwoneka. Ndipo patangotha sabata limodzi ndi theka, anzawo amaphatikizana ndi abambo awo kuti ayambe moyo wawo wachilimwe wa kachilomboka. Magawo a chitukuko cha zamoyo zotere ndizoti amatha kuwuluka masiku osapitirira makumi anayi pakukhalapo kwawo konse.
Koma ngati akula, amayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo mwachilengedwe. Mukamayenda mlengalenga, amathamangira ku 10 km / h ndipo amayenda ndi ndege zawo ndi phokoso laphokoso. Pofunafuna komwe kumapezeka chakudya, kafadala amatha kupitilira makilomita makumi awiri patsiku.
Zilombozi ndizovuta kuuma. Ndipo ngati adziyika okha cholinga, koma ndizovuta kwa gulu lakunja kuti liwachotse panjira. Ngakhale munthu wina wamatsenga akagwira munthu wouma mutu ndikuyesera kuti amusokoneze, pokhala womasuka, kachilomboka kakuwuluka mwamphamvu motsatira njira yomweyo.
Koma ngati kafadala adakwanitsa kupeza chakudya, ndiye kuti amakonda kugwira ntchito molimbika ndi nsagwada zawo. Ndipo pafupi ndi zinthu zokulirapo zomwe asankha, ndikosavuta kupeza zochuluka zamataya a masamba ndi zimbudzi zambiri. Amatha kudya masana komanso pakati pausiku.
Masheya azakudya zabwino zikatha, kafadala amapitanso kukafunafuna chakudya. Zochita zawo, kutengera mitundu, zitha kuchitika m'mawa kapena madzulo. Mulole kachilomboka usiku amathanso kuwuluka, ndipo akawona nyali zoyaka kapena mababu oyatsa, amathamangira komwe kumayatsa.
Zakudya zabwino
Zokwanira zanenedwa kale pazokhumba za tizilombo timeneti, komanso chomwe chimakopa kachilomboka kokha pamenyu ya masamba. Yakwana nthawi yoti mufotokozere zomwe mumakonda.
Mwina nyongolotsi zitha kuonedwa ngati zopatsa chidwi, chifukwa zimakonda kudya mphukira zatsopano komanso masamba amadyera. Zotsatira zake, mbewu zakutchire ndi mbewu zimakhudzidwa. Mwa omaliza, otchuka kwambiri ndi: apulo, maula, chitumbuwa chokoma, chitumbuwa.
Komabe, popeza kafadala amakhala ovuta kudya pankhani yazakudya zamasamba, zonse zomwe wolima mundawu amatha kudwala chifukwa cha kususuka kwawo: ma currants, gooseberries, sea buckthorn ndi ena.
Kuchokera m'nkhalango zowopsa ndi izi: birch, thundu, aspen, popula ndi ena, ena, ena, komanso osowa kwambiri: hazel, chestnut ndi ena. Makamaka, zizolowezi zodyetsa makamaka zimadalira mtundu wa kachilomboka, komanso malo ake okhala ndi zomera zomwe zimamera pamenepo.
Mafadala amawononga magawo osiyanasiyana azomera: thumba losunga mazira, maluwa, masamba, mizu. Kaya ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali, tchire kapena udzu zimadalira kwambiri gawo la kukula kwa nyama zolimba izi.
Mwachitsanzo, mbozi, yomwe imayamba ntchito yake m'nthaka, mchaka choyamba cha kukhalako ilibe mphamvu zowononga. Amadya ma rhizomes a zitsamba ndi humus.
Koma pakatha chaka, imadya kale mizu ya mitengo ya m'nkhalango, mabulosi ndi mbewu za zipatso. Momwemonso, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumayambitsidwa ndi sitiroberi, mbatata, kaloti ndi ena. Nyongolotsi zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka pamwambapa zimakonda nsonga za zitsamba ndi maluwa. Momwe zonse zimathera ndizodziwika kale.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Ngati mwana wamwamuna, wobwera padziko lino lapansi, ngakhale samakopera kunja kwa achikulire, komabe amafanana ndi oimira mtundu wa anthu mofanana ndi ziwalo za thupi, sizili choncho ndi tizilombo.
Mwachitsanzo, Khrushchev, yemwe amawoneka mwachilengedwe kuchokera kumazira oyera oyera, ofanana ndi mikanda, sizomwe amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni. Ndipo pokha pokha pochitika magawo ena amasinthidwe ndi pomwe amapsa ziwalo za kachikumbu ndipo wamkulu amabadwa mu mawonekedwe omwe afotokozedwa kale.
Ndipo zonse zimayamba motere. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi, mkaziyo amadyetsa kwambiri komanso okwatirana, amakumba ngalande m'nthaka ndikuyika mazira mmenemo. Kenako imadzazanso ndipo imabwereza kubereka, kuimaliza katatu, kapena kanayi pachaka, ikamwalira. Mazira onse omwe amatha kuyikira amafikira zidutswa 70.
Patadutsa mwezi umodzi kapena kupitilira apo, mphutsi, zotchedwanso ma grooves, zimaswa kuchokera pachiwopsezo. Zikuwoneka ngati "china" chosasangalatsa, chofanana ndi mbozi zoyera zokhala ndi tsitsi lochepa, lopindika komanso lakuda, lokhala ndi miyendo itatu ndi nsagwada zamphamvu. Zolengedwa izi zimayenera kukhala zaka zitatu, ndipo nthawi zina zaka zinayi kumanda.
M'nyengo yozizira, mzere, pobowola nthaka, umapita pansi kwambiri, ndipo pofika masika umakwera kwambiri kuti ukhale wodzaza ndi mizu yazomera chilimwe chonse. Pofunafuna chakudya, mboziyo imatha kuyenda tsiku limodzi patali ndi gawo limodzi ndikukula kwakanthawi mpaka masentimita asanu kapena kupitilira apo. Kuphatikiza apo, kumapeto kwa chilimwe chachitatu, imasanduka pupa, wofanana ndi kachilomboka mdziko lino, wokhala ndi mpanda m'chipinda chodabwitsa.
Mpaka masika otsatira, cholengedwa ichi chimakhalabe mobisa, chimasinthasintha pang'ono ndipo pang'onopang'ono chimadzimasula kuzinyalala zake za chidole. Ndipo mu Epulo kapena Meyi wa nyengo yotsatira, wopangidwayo (imago) amapanga njira yopita kumoyo watsopano.
Kamodzi mdziko la supermundane, lotengeka ndi njala, poyamba amangokhalira kufunafuna chakudya ndipo amayesetsa kupeza mphukira zazing'ono, masamba, masamba. Pakukula kwa achikulire, kachilomboka kamafunika kupulumuka kwa chaka chimodzi, mpaka kumwalira. Ndipo moyo wathunthu wa kachilomboka satha zaka zisanu.
