Oyimira ma hawkish aku Old World amatchedwanso kuti miphona. Nthenga zazitali za zimphona zakhala zikukopa alenje kwanthawi yayitali, omwe amakongoletsa zidole zawo zamtengo wapatali, nyumba zawo. Vulture - mbalame wokhala ndi mawonekedwe achinyengo a nyama yoopsa. M'malo mwake, palibe chowopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ziwombankhanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri kulemera ndi kukula kwake. Mbalame zing'onozing'ono zimangolemera 1.5 kg yokha, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 65. Zikuluzikulu zimalemera makilogalamu 12-14, mapiko otalika pafupifupi mamita 3. Ziwombankhanga zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikuluzikulu, kuthupi, zopindika, mapiko otambalala, mlomo wamphamvu wopindidwa.
Mchira ndi waufupi, wozungulira pang'ono. Mutu ndi khosi mulibe nthenga. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amaliseche, okhala ndi makola, kapena okutidwa pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Thupi lolimba, m'malo mwake, ndi lopepuka chifukwa cha nthenga zambiri komanso pansi. Chodabwitsa ndi mapiko akulu a mbalame, kutalika kwake kumakhala 2-2.5 kuposa kutalika kwa thupi.
Pakhosi la mbalameyi, pali nthenga zotuluka mozungulira ngati mwanjira yapadera. Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe chimasamalira mankhwala aukhondo omwe salola kuti chiwombankhanga chidetsedwe podula nyamayo. Mphete ya nthenga imagwira magazi oyenda a nyama.
Mtunduwo sumasiyana mowala, ndi kuphatikiza kwa imvi, yakuda, yoyera, yofiirira. Zinyama zazing'ono zimawoneka bwino, zakale - zamtundu wakuda. Ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa mbalame zamtundu wina ndi utoto kapena kukula; palibe chiwonetsero chapadera chazithunzi zakugonana.
Zapadera za mbalame zimaphatikizapo mawoko ofooka, omwe chiwombankhanga osatha kusunga nyama. Chifukwa chake, samenya mdani. Koma mlomo wa chilombo ndi wolimba, kulola kudula mitembo ikuluikulu. Chotupa chachikulu, m'mimba mwawombankhanga chimadya kamodzi mpaka 4-5 kg. Physiology imawonetsa kuti chiwombankhanga chimakonda kudya nyama.
Mitundu
Ziwombankhanga za Hawk siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi oimira aku America, omwe amatchedwa ziwombankhanga za New World. Kufanana kwa mawonekedwe sikutsimikiziridwa ndiubwenzi wapamtima. Ziwombankhanga zimatha kutchedwa achibale a ziwombankhanga.Vulture waku America pafupi ndi kholo la condors.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi mitundu 15 ya ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Aliyense chiwombankhanga pachithunzichi imasiyanitsidwa ndi diso lakuthwa, mawonekedwe achilendo. Sizodabwitsa kuti mbalame zimawerengedwa ngati zolengedwa za totem, zopatsidwa zinthu zapadera.
Mbalame ya Bengal. Nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi nthenga yakuda mpaka yakuda, mawanga oyera pamapiko ake, amayenda. Bulu la nthenga pakhosi. Zidikha, madambo, madera oyandikana ndi malo okhalamo anthu amakopa chiwombankhanga cha Bengal. Wodyetsa nthenga amapezeka ku India, Afghanistan, Vietnam.
Mphungu ya ku Africa. Mtundu wa Kirimu wokhala ndi mithunzi yakuda. Khola loyera pakhosi. Okhala m'nkhalango, nkhalango zowonda zimakhala moyo wongokhala. Mbalame yaying'ono imadziwika kwambiri m'maiko aku Africa. Kumalo okhala kumapiri, kumapiri ataliatali mpaka 1500 m.
Mphungu ya Griffon. Okhala m'malo athanthwe kumwera kwa Europe, madera a steppe a Asia, madera ouma a chipululu ku Africa. Kutalika kwa 3000 m kwa griffon vulture siko malire. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu, ndi mapiko otambalala. Nthenga zimakhala zofiirira, m'malo ofiira. Mapikowo ndi amtundu umodzi wakuda. Mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mlomo wa mbedza umakutidwa ndi zoyera pansi.
Mphungu yaku Cape. Wokhala m'malo amiyala m'chigawo cha Cape. Mbalamezi zimapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa South Africa. Mtundu wake ndi siliva wokhala ndi mitsinje yofiira pachifuwa. Pamapiko, nthenga zimakhala zakuda. Unyinji wa anthu akulu uposa makilogalamu 12.
Chiwombankhanga cha Himalayan (chipale chofewa). Amakhala kumapiri a Himalaya, Tibet, Pamir. Kukula kwakukulu kwa chiwombankhanga ndichopatsa chidwi - kukula kwake kwa mapikowo mpaka masentimita 300. Pali kolala yamphongo yayikulu pakhosi. Mtundu wonyezimira wonyezimira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zakuda. Kugonjetsa mapiri okwana 5000 km pamwamba pamadzi.
Mbalame yaku India. Mitunduyi ili pangozi. Kukula kwa mbalameyi ndiyambiri, thupi limakhala lofiirira, mapiko ake ndi obiriwira, "mathalauza" owala. Amakhala ku Pakistan, India.
Khosi la Rüppel. Mbalame yaying'ono, mpaka 80 cm kutalika, yolemera pafupifupi 4.5 kg. Vulture waku Africa amatchedwa ndi a Eduard Rüppel, katswiri wazopanga ku Germany. Mutu, khosi, chifuwa ndimatani owala, mapikowo ali ngati akuda. Khola loyera, kugula pansi, nthenga zam'munsi. Amakhala kumadera akumwera kwa Sahara, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Khosi lakuda. Padziko lonse nyama ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa chimphona ndi 1-1.2 m, mapiko a mapiko ndi mamita 3. Ku Russia, iyi ndiye nthumwi yamphamvu kwambiri ya mbalame. Mutu waphimbidwa ndi pansi, pakhosi pali nthenga ya nthenga, yofanana ndi mkanda. Mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu ndi zofiirira, zazing'ono zakuda wakuda.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kugawidwa kwakukulu kwa mbalame kumachitika kumayiko onse, kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica. Mimbulu yambiri ili ku Africa. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi malo otseguka - malo akulu, mapiri otsetsereka, nkhalango zochepa ndi matupi amadzi pafupi.
Mbalame yolusa Ntchentche bwino, zimauluka kwambiri. Nkhani yamsonkhano womvetsa chisoni wamphongo waku Africa wokhala ndi ndege yowuluka kumtunda kwa 11.3 km idalembedwa. Kuthamanga kwa bala ndikofika 60 km / h, ndipo kutsikira mwachangu kumathamanga kawiri. Nyama zolusa zimathamanga kwambiri pansi. Pazinthu zaukhondo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pama nthambi, otambasula mapiko awo pansi pa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
Mbalame zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala m'malo osatha. Yankho la funso, chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yosamukira kapena yozizira, - kungokhala. Nthawi zina, olusa omwe amafunafuna chakudya amalowa m'malo ena. Ndimakhala ndekha, nthawi zina ndimakhala awiriawiri.
Chikhalidwe cha mbalamezi chimakhala chodekha, choletsa. Zochita zawo zatsiku ndi tsiku zimalumikizidwa ndi gawo lodyetsa - owononga omwe amakhala ngati kuwononga mitembo ya nyama. Zinyama zakutchire sizisangalala nazo, chifukwa chake, ziwombankhanga sizikhala pachiwopsezo chilichonse kwa anthu kapena nyama.
Zinyama zimayenda mchigwa kwa maola ambiri kufunafuna chakudya. Gwiritsani ntchito mafunde okwera kuti musawononge mphamvu. Kuyang'anira kwakanthawi kwamasamba ndikofunikira kwa mbalame zoleza mtima, zolimbikira.
Maso akuthwa amatheketsa kuyang'ana mitembo ya nyama zazing'ono ngakhale zazitali, amatha kusiyanitsa zinthu zamoyo ndi zomwe zagwa. Mbalame zimayang'anitsitsa zochita za anzawo. Ngati mbalame imodzi yawona nyama, ndiye kuti zonsezo zimathamangira pambuyo pake.
Zimphona za nthenga sizidziwika ndi mikangano. Siziwonetsanso mbalame zina. Ziwombankhanga zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pa nyamayo zimatha kuthamangitsa oyandikana nawo mopanikizana ndi mapiko awo, koma samalimbana. Pamadyerero, mutha kumva kulira kwa mbalame, nthawi zambiri kumakhala chete. Amalira, kukwapula, kuchita mawondo, ngati kuti amalira.
Nyama zolusa zili ndi njira zingapo zosakira - kulondera kuchokera kutalika, kutsatira nyama zazikuluzikulu zikudikirira chakudya, kutsatira nyama zodwala. Ziwombankhanga siziyesa kubweretsa imfa ya zinthu zamoyo pafupi.
Ngati zizindikilo zamoyo wanyama zotopa zikuwonedwa, ndiye amapatuka. Kuyenda mozungulira m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi nthawi zonse kumakhala bwino kwa ziwombankhanga. Apa amapeza nsomba zakufa, mazira osweka. Ziwombankhanga sizimalowa pankhondo yolimbana ndi nyama zina. Kuchuluka kwa m'mimba kumawalola kuti adye kwambiri, ndi malire.
Zakudya zabwino
Pofunafuna nyama, mbalamezi zimathandizidwa ndi afisi, ena obalalitsa, omwe anali oyamba kupeza nyama. Ziwombankhanga zimayang'anitsitsa machitidwe a nyama, zimawatsata. Mwa ziwombankhanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, pali luso la chakudya pocheka mitembo yayikulu.
Mitundu ina imadya minofu yofewa, viscera, ina - ulusi wowoneka ngati khungu, mafupa, tendon, chichereŵechereŵe. Nyama yakufa ikakhala ndi khungu lakuda, ena mwa mimbulu imadikirira kuti ithandizidwe ndi achibale akulu kuti ayambe kuwapha.
Pazonse, mbalame zambirimbiri zimasonkhana mozungulira nyama imodzi, yokhoza kukukuta mafupa m'mphindi 10. Zakudya zamphongo zimakhala makamaka ndi zotsalira za ungulates:
- nyumbu;
- nkhosa zamapiri;
- ng'ona;
- njovu;
- mbuzi;
- mazira a mbalame;
- akamba ndi nsomba;
- tizilombo.
Mitembo ya nyama zakufa sikuti nthawi zonse imakhala yatsopano, koma mbalame zimadya ngakhale nyama zowola. Msuzi wam'mimba kwambiri wa acidic, mabakiteriya apadera omwe amalimbana ndi poizoni, amateteza kumatenda.
Mbalame zimadziwika kuti ndizazinsinsi, amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zosayera. Koma zolusa zimayang'anitsitsa mawonekedwe awo. Akamaliza kudya, amatsuka nthenga zawo, amamwa kwambiri, ndikusambira. Masiku omveka bwino, amasamba ma ultraviolet kuti ateteze ku mabakiteriya, ndikutambasula mapiko awo pansi pa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nyengo yakukhwimitsa ziwombankhanga imayamba mu Januware ndipo imatha mpaka Julayi. Mbalame zimakhala ndi chibwenzi chimodzi. Kusankha bwenzi kumachitika mosamala, chibwenzi chimadzazidwa ndi miyambo, kupereka chidwi chowonjezeka, chisamaliro. Ntchito yayikulu imachitika masika, mu Marichi, Epulo. Maulendo apandege, magule am'mlengalenga, kutsetsereka kukuwonetsa kuti banjali lakula.
Mbalame zimasankha malo okhala ndi zisa pakati pa ming'alu, pansi pa miyala, m'mphepete mwa thanthwe. Chofunikira ndi malo okwera osafikapo nyama zolusa. Monga lamulo, uwu ndiye pamwamba pamtengo wofalikira kapena malo omwe ali pakati pa miyala yosafikika.
Ziwombankhanga sizowopa anthu - milandu yovundikira pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu yalembedwa. Mbalame zimasankha nyumba zosiyidwa kapena zibowo za nyumba zakale.
Zitsulo za Fretboard ndi mbale yanthambi zazikulu, mkatimo pansi pake pamadzaza ndi udzu wofewa. Nyumbayi yakhala ikugwira banjali kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka chimodzi. Pofundira pali mazira akulu 1-3 a beige okhala ndi zipsyera zakuda. Onse makolo amachita nawo makulitsidwe. Nthawi yosakaniza ndi masiku 55.
Mimbulu imadyetsa anapiye oswedwa ndi chakudya, yomwe imabweretsedwa ndi chotupacho ndikumangirira pomwepo. Ana obadwa kumene amakhala miyezi isanu ndi itatu m'chisa mpaka atakwanira. Kenako gawo lodziwa bwino padziko lonse lapansi limayamba.
Wokhwima pogonana anapiye a ziwombankhanga Amangokhala ndi zaka 5-7, kuswana kwa awiriawiri kumachitika pakadutsa zaka 1-2. Ngakhale kubereka kocheperako, mbalame zimatha kusamalira anthu chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo:
- kupirira kwa mbalame mukamadya mosakhazikika;
- kukula kwakukulu kwa mitundu yambiri, kuwopseza nyama zamiyendo inayi.
Zochita za anthu zimabweretsa kusintha kosayenera kwa ziwombankhanga zambiri. Chakudya cha mbalame chikuchepa chifukwa chakukula kwa malo aulere ndi anthu, kuwononga nyama zambiri zamtchire. Ziphe, kukonzekera ziweto zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi veterinarians, makamaka diclofenac, zimapha mbalame.
Moyo wachiwombankhanga m'chilengedwe umatha zaka 40. M'mikhalidwe ya ukapolo, ziwombankhanga zazitali za nthenga zinali ndi zaka 50-55. Kuyandikira kwa munthu kunapangitsa kuti athe kuphunzira za ziwombankhanga, kuti azigwiritse ntchito posaka mpweya wotuluka.
Kupeza dzenje panjira yayikulu yakutali ndi mzindawu kumatenga nthawi yambiri ndi zothandiza anthu. Chifukwa chake, chinthu china chidawonjezeredwa pakupanga kwa gasi, womwe umakopa mbalame tcheru ndi fungo. Kusonkhanitsa kwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu pamalo otayikira ndi chizindikiro cha gulu lokonzanso.
Mbalame zamakedzana zidakopa anthu kwakanthawi ndi njira yawo yamoyo, mawonekedwe azakudya. Ziwombankhanga zidabweretsa malingaliro otsutsana mwa anthu, kuphatikiza kupembedza kwa olamulira adziko lina.
