Sungani - nsomba yaying'ono yophunzirira, nthumwi ya kalasi yolipidwa ndi ray, banja la smelt Amapezeka munyanja zozizira za World Ocean, m'mitsinje, m'madzi, ndi m'madzi ozungulira kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
Tchuthi chaperekedwa kuti chisungunuke. Zimachitika mu Meyi ku St. Petersburg ndipo zimawonetsa chikondi cha anthu am'mudzimo chifukwa cha nsombazi. Fungo lokoma lotsitsimutsa, la nkhaka limagwirizana ndi dzuwa la Meyi ndikutsimikizira kubwera komaliza kwa masika.
Smelt amakonda osati anthu a Russia. Ku South Korea, m'chigawo cha Gangwon, pali tchuthi chokhudzana ndi kubala. Ku Finland, anthu okhala mdera la Kainuu amachita chikondwerero chofananacho pakati pa Meyi. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Meyi, m'tawuni ya Lewiston, New York, anthu amakhala patchuthi ziwiri chifukwa chazomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisungunuka.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Smelt ndi nsomba yopyapyala komanso ya silvery. Mitundu yokhwima kwambiri, yachikulire imakhala yotalika mpaka 17-21 cm.Pali akatswiri omwe amakula mpaka 30 cm ndikufika kulemera kwa 300 g. Predator. Izi zimatsimikizika ndi kamwa ya mano.
Nthawi zambiri moyo umasungidwa m'malo a pelagic moyandikira malo omwe mitsinje imadutsa munyanja. Amadyetsa kwambiri chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira. Pofika nyengo yozizira, kukula kwa zhora kumachepa. Nsombazi zimakokedwa kufikira pakamwa pa mitsinje.
Kugonana kwamakhalidwe oyipa sikungatchulidwe. Ndi capelin yekha, nsomba yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi banja losungunuka, yomwe imawonetsa zikhalidwe zakugonana. Amuna a Capelin amakhala akulu kuposa 10% azimayi, zomwe sizachilendo kusungunuka. Ali ndi zipsepse zotukuka kwambiri. Kumbali yake pali mikwingwirima yoyera.
Mitundu
M'mabukuwa, pali malingaliro awiri okhudzana ndi dongosolo lomwe kununkhiza. Ndi banja liti la nsomba chikuyimira sichinafotokozeredwe nthawi zonse. Mfundo zachikale za ma salmonids zitha kuchotsedwa ntchito. Smelt ndi gawo la banja lomwe adapangira makamaka: smelt.
Mtundu wa smelt (Latin Osmerus) umaphatikizapo mitundu 4.
- Osmerus eperlanus aka European smelt. Nsomba yaying'ono yomwe imapezeka ku Baltic ndi North Seas. Si zachilendo m'madzi amkati mwa Scandinavia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Pokhala ndi moyo wotsekedwa m'madzi, idabadwanso mumtundu wina wotchedwa smelt.
- Osmerus mordax kapena smelt waku Asia. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo ma subspecies angapo. Amakhala kunyanja zakumpoto. Imayandikira kugombe la madera aku Europe ndi Siberia ku Russia. Kum'mawa, imasunthira kugombe la Korea Peninsula. Amapezeka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Alaska. Imalowa m'kamwa mwa mitsinje, imatha kukwera kumtunda ndikuwoneka ngati mtsinje unamveka.
- Kutentha kwa Osmerus kapena kamtengo kakang'ono. Ndilo kufanana kwa North America kwa smelt. Amakhala munyanja kum'mawa kwa Canada ndi United States, m'boma la New England.
- Osmerus dentex kapena toothy smelt. Amakhala m'nyanja ya Pacific. Amadziwa bwino nyanja za Arctic, madzi am'mbali mwa Siberia kuyambira Nyanja ya Bering mpaka Nyanja Yoyera. M'dzina ndi dera, ndizofanana ndi subspecies za Asia smelt, dzina la kachitidwe kake ndi Osmerus mordax dentex.
Wachibale wa smelt wamba ndiye kuti smallmouth smelt. Asodzi nthawi zambiri amamutcha mwachidule: zazing'ono. Dzinalo lamtunduwu ndi Hipomesus. Mulinso mitundu isanu. Awiri a iwo amadziwika.
- Sungunulani nyanja ang'ono.
- Mtsinje wa smallmouth unanunkhiza.
Dzinalo la nsombayo limawonetsa kusiyana kwake kwakukulu ndi kununkhira wamba: ili ndi kamwa yaying'ono. Nsagwada zakumapeto zimathera pakati pa mutu. Fupa la mandibular lili ndi notch yakuya.
Dziko lakwawo ndi Far East, Kuriles. Smallmouth smelt amakhala m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Alaska ndi Canada, amapezeka kumwera, ku Gulf of California. Mbali yapadera ya nyanja yaying'ono ndikubala m'madzi amchere. Mtsinje wake, m'malo mwake, sukusiya malo osungira madzi abwino.
Banja la smelt limaphatikizapo nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda - capelin. Kugawidwa kumpoto chakumtunda kwa World Ocean. Ili ndi kufanana kwakunja ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi smelt wamba. Imamera popanda kulowa mumitsinje, kunyanja. Sungani chithunzi ndipo capelin sadziwika.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Pokhudzana ndi njira zosamukira kununkhiza — nsomba nkhope zambiri. Kutanthauzira kwa "cheke" kumatanthauza mitundu yake yambiri. Nsomba zimasamuka chaka chilichonse kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumalo osungira: mitsinje. Kusinthaku kuli ndi vuto lalikulu - ndalama zamagetsi zambiri.
Koma zimapindulitsanso maubwino ena - kumasulidwa ku tiziromboti tomwe timafa madzi amchere akasintha. Chofunika koposa, malo amadzi oyera amakhala okhulupilika kwa caviar ndi achinyamata. The smelt ili ndi mitundu yomwe imakhala yotsekedwa m'madzi amkati.
Malo osungira malo amatha kupezeka mumitsinje yoyenda, koma atha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Chifukwa chake ndizovuta kunena ndi nsomba ziti zomwe zimanunkhiza: malo owunikira kapena okhala, okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina yamtunduwu imatha kukhala chifukwa cha nsomba zazing'ono-zowopsa. Amabala m'mitsinje.
M'zaka zapitazi, ku Soviet Union, fungo linasinthidwa m'madzi amkati. Achinyamata aku Europe akumva komanso akumva adayambitsidwa m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja. Kuyesaku kunachita bwino kwambiri. Ku Russia, kuyesera kumeneku kwaima.
Palibe chowopseza kukhalapo kwa mtundu wa smelt. Koma kusintha kwanyengo komanso chilengedwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa nsomba. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa smelt kumadziwika ndi asodzi, makamaka mdera la Leningrad.
Zakudya zabwino
Kumayambiriro kwa moyo wake, chakudyacho, monga mwachangu nsomba zonse zolusa, chimakhala ndi plankton. Kenako zopanda mafupa, tadpoles, crustaceans zimaphatikizidwanso muzakudya. Mitundu yayikulu ya smelt imatha kuwukira achinyamata ndi akulu amitundu ina.
Kudya anthu wamba siachilendo kunsomba iyi. Chifukwa cha chizolowezi chodya caviar, kulikonse, kumene kununkhira kumapezeka, pali chiwopsezo chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nsomba. Kutentha, kudya nyama zonse zazing'ono, palokha ndikulumikizana kofunikira pagulu lazakudya zonse.
Caviar yake ndi chithandizo chopatsa thanzi osati kwa okhala m'madzi okha, komanso mbalame ndi tizilombo. Achinyamata akumva kusaka ndi nyama zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo fungo lokha. Nsomba zazikulu zimathandizira kwambiri pakudya bwino. Amadyetsa pamlingo waukulu: cod, bass sea, nyama zam'nyanja, kuphatikizapo anamgumi.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, nsomba zimayamba. Njira zosunthira anthu omwe amasungunuka zimasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo. Pa Yenisei, nsombazi zimayenda ulendo wamakilomita 1000. Zimatengera miyezi 3-4 kuti fungo kuti ligonjetse mtunda uwu.
Popitiliza ana, nsomba zimasambira makilomita 190-200 m'mbali mwa Lena. Ayenera kupita ulendo womwewo akakhala ku Amur. Nsombazi zimakwera makilomita 100 m'mbali mwa Elbe. Makilomita khumi ndi awiri okha ndi awiri okha mseuwo umadutsa m'malo opangira mitsinje ya Primorye. Kununkhiza kwa White Sea sikumayenda m'mitsinje kuposa ma kilomita 5-10.
Smelt, amatsanzira machitidwe a mchimwene wake wamkulu. Mwa chifuniro cha tsogolo lake, amakhala nthawi yayitali mnyanjayo, ndipo amathamangira kukasambira m'mitsinje ngakhale mitsinje yomwe imadutsa mnyanjayo. Njira yopita kumalo osungunuka kuti isungunuke ndi yaifupi: ikuyerekeza mamitala mazana. Nthawi zina malo oberekera amagwirizana ndi malo okhalamo okhazikika, kudyetsa.
Kutulutsa kumatha kuyamba pa + 4 ° C. Imasinthira gawo logwira ntchito pa + 8 ... + 10 ° C. Kutentha kwamadzi makamaka kumatsimikizira nthawi yobereka. Ku Western Europe, kubereka kumayamba mu February-Marichi. Kusintha pamwezi ku North America ndi Europe. Nthawi yomweyo, mu Marichi-Epulo, zimachitika ku Russia. Mu Nyanja Yoyera, kubala kumachitika mu Meyi. M'mitsinje ya Siberia - mu Juni-Julayi.
Akazi amatulutsa mazira onse nthawi imodzi. Zimatenga maola angapo. Amuna amalumikizidwa motsatana ndi akazi angapo, akutaya mkaka m'magawo. Chifukwa cha izi, amakhala nthawi yochulukirapo kuposa akazi. Zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimachitika usiku.
Nsombazo zimayandikira malo obalirako m'magulu, ziboliboli. M'mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje, madzi amayamba "kuwira" ndi nsomba. Zowononga zambiri, kuphatikizapo akhwangwala, amadikirira nthawi ino kuti atenge nyama zosavuta. Koma chakudya chochuluka sichichedwa kutha. Pakapita masiku angapo, kubereka kumatha.
Pakubala, smelt amapeza chovala chapadera. Gill amakwirira ndikumenyetsa gawo lamutu kukhala lakuda. Nsagwada zam'munsi zakuthwa. Ziphuphu zimawoneka pa thupi. Mwa akazi, kusintha kumeneku sikutchulidwa kwenikweni.
Zikuganiziridwa kuti ma tubercles amatheketsa kuzindikira kugonana nsomba zikagwirizana. Pakukhudza, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, nsomba zimasokera mbali. Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachita zochitika zina zogonana.
Kusamba kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Kumalo komwe kuli algae, miyala, mitengo yolowerera. Ndiye kuti, chilichonse chomwe caviar imatha kumamatira. Pali zambiri. Imakhala pansi. Madzi akatsika, mazira ena amauma. Zina zimadyedwa ndi nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo fungo lokha.
Kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe abala kumadalira mtundu ndi msinkhu wa nsombazo. Smelt imapanga mazira 2,000. Mitundu ikuluikulu - makumi masauzande. Akazi amtundu womwewo, pamwamba pakukula kwawo, afikira kukula kwake - mpaka mazira 100 zikwi.
Pambuyo milungu iwiri kapena itatu, mwachangu amaswa. Amapita kutsika. Amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Kusuta mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo kumatha kupitiliza kuthamanga. Mu mitundu ina, kukhwima pang'onopang'ono kumachepetsa. Posachedwa, anthu aku Siberia aku Europe ali okonzeka kubereka. Izi zimamutengera zaka 7.
Mtengo
Kutentha kwatsopano ndi chinthu chakomweko. Chifukwa chake, mitengo yake kumadera osiyanasiyana imatha kusiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku St. mtengo pa kg ya smelt, Ogwidwa lero kapena dzulo, amafikira ma ruble 700. Zomwe zimamasulira m'gulu lazinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Nsomba zazing'ono zimagulitsidwa zotsika mtengo: ma ruble 300-500 pa kilogalamu.
Kuphatikiza pa nyengo yatsopano, mutha kugula mazira, owuma, osuta. Zakudya zamzitini zimapangidwa. Kumayiko opangika, okonzeka komanso zamzitini, Far East imagulitsidwa, ndiye kuti pakamwa pakangunuka. Kwa nsomba zachisanu, mutha kuyembekezera mtengo wa ma ruble 200-300 pa kilogalamu. Chidebe cha 150 magalamu amafuta amzitini chitha kugulira wogula ma ruble 100-120.
Tanthauzo la dzina lanu, chiyambi, kugwirizana kwa dzina lanu Capelin. sungunuka nsomba ndi abale ake enieni - nthawi zambiri amaligulitsa achisanu ndikusuta. Zakudya zamzitini zimapangidwa ndi nsomba iyi. Ubale ndi kusungunuka kumatsimikiziridwa osati kungofanana ndi ma morphological, koma ndi kufanana kwamtengo. Ndiye kuti, mitengo ya capelin ndiyofanana ndi smelt.
Kusodza komanso kuphika
Mitundu yonse ya smelt imakopa chidwi cha asodzi a masewera. Izi zimachitika makamaka panthawi yomwe nsomba zimaswana. Smelt amasonkhana m'magulu ndikuyandikira gombe madzi oundana asanasungunuke.
Imasewera m'manja mwa onse okonda kusaka ayezi kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Far East ndi Japan. Mwachitsanzo, ku North America, m'boma la New England, kuli mchitidwe wofanana nawo wosodza kuti madzi asungunuke.
Chingwecho ndi ndodo yosodza m'nyengo yozizira yokhala ndi ma jig omwe amamangiriridwa pa leashes. Chiwerengero cha mbedza pa msodzi aliyense sayenera kupitirira zidutswa 10. Potengera izi, asodzi omvera malamulo nthawi zambiri amaika ndodo zitatu zokhala ndi zotsogola zitatu.
Madzi oundana akasungunuka, asodzi amaiwala za mabowo komanso zolowera m'nyengo yozizira, kutola maukonde abwino, maukonde, kukweza. Amayesa zolinga zawo motsutsana ndi lamulo: amapeza ziphaso zofunika pakusodza kwamtunduwu. Ndipo amatenga fungo dzuwa likamalowa, kuchokera pamilatho ndi zigonja.
Zokolola zazing'ono zimamveka bwino pamalonda. Nsomba zawo ndizochepa. Koma bizinesi iyi sidzatha chifukwa sungunulani nsomba zokoma. Pali chidwi chowonjezeka cha gastronomic mmenemo. Kuchokera pagulu la chakudya cha anthu osauka, nsomba zikuyenda pang'onopang'ono.
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri amakonza chakudya chosavuta kuchokera pamenepo. Nsombazo zimachotsedwa m'matumbo, kusendedwa, n kuthiridwa mu ufa ndi kukazinga. Kuwonjezeka kwa mkhalidwe wa smelt kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yosavuta. Kuchokera kukhitchini wamba, kukonzekera kwa nsombayi kudapita m'manja mwa ophika odyera.
Smelt imatha kutumizidwa mu vinyo woyera ndi paprika wophika ndi shallots. Kapenanso nsombayo amasuta, yokazinga mu mkate wa mtedza, yoperekedwa ndi msuzi wa tkemali. Zakudya zambiri zofananira, zawoneka. Kuphatikiza ma roll aku Japan, terrine komanso mafashoni smorrebrod.
Ubwino wa nsomba zonunkhira osati kokha mwa kukoma kwake kodabwitsa ndi fungo lapadera. Ichi ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Pali ma kilocalories 100 mumagalamu 100. Lili ndi mchere wambiri: potaziyamu, magnesium, yomwe imathandizira ma cores, calcium, yomwe imalimbitsa mafupa, chitsulo, phosphorous, ndi zina zambiri. Pali magalamu 13.4 a mapuloteni mu magalamu 100 a nsomba. Mafuta - 4.5 magalamu.
