Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimaphatikizaponso kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa masinthidwe. Mbalame ya Chipembere izi zikutsimikizira. Pali nyama zochepa m'chilengedwe zomwe zimawoneka zopanda tanthauzo. Komanso, uwu si mtundu umodzi, koma banja lonse. Dzinalo la sayansi Bucerotidae limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek loti buceri (ng'ombe kapena nyanga yamphongo).
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame za banja lino zimakhala kumadera otentha a ku Africa, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kuzilumba za Melanesia, ndiko kuti, gawo lawo ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko lonse lapansi. Mbalame zonse m'banjali zili ndi mawonekedwe awiri komanso ofanana:
- Mlomo waukulu, wopindika. Nthawi zambiri pamutu ndi pakamwa pamakhala phokoso lochititsa chidwi lofanana ndi chisoti.
Pali mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a mlomo ndi chisoti. Koma palibe m'modzi wosatsutsika.
- Mgwirizano woyamba ndi wachiwiri wa chiberekero umasakanikirana.
Kuphatikizika kwa ma vertebrae awiri mwina kumachitika chifukwa chofuna kulipirira nthenga za mulomo. Zina zonse zomwe mbalamezo zimakhala nazo m'banjamo ndizofanana ndi kukula kwake ndipo sizapadera. Kulemera kwapakati pa magalamu 100 mpaka makilogalamu 6. Kutalika - kuchokera pa 30 sentimita mpaka mita 1.2.
Wingspan kuyambira 40 sentimita mpaka 1.6 mita. Thupi ndilolimba, zikhomo ndizolimba. Zala zakuphazi zimaphatikizika mumitundu yonse kupatula khwangwala wamanyanga waku Africa. Thupi lolimba limayamba chifukwa cha nsagwada zakumtunda komanso m'munsi, ndiye kuti mulomo.
Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Mlomo wamphongo ungakhale wokulira gawo limodzi mwa atatu kuposa milomo ya zibwenzi. Masayizi ena onse amasiyana mosiyana kwambiri ndi 17-20% yokha. Mitunduyi imasiyananso.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga kutengera mtundu. Koma pali kwathunthu chipembere chakuda chakuda... Amuna ndi akazi a mtundu uwu amasiyana kokha ndi mtundu wa mlomo.
Mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri. Zimauluka bwino, koma sizimasinthidwa maulendo ataliatali komanso othamanga kwambiri. Pakuthawa, nthenga zoyambilira zimapanga phokoso kwambiri.
Mitundu
Banja la mbalamezi ndizosiyana komanso zochuluka. Mulinso mibadwo 14, yomwe imaphatikizapo mitundu 57. Magulu a ma hornbill nthawi zambiri asintha chifukwa chovuta kuphunzira kwawo, ndipo posachedwapa, pokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chatsopano chopezeka m'maphunziro amtundu. Southeast Asia, kuphatikiza India, kumwera kwa China, Indonesia, Malay Archipelago ndi Melanesia kumakhala anthu:
- Aceros ndi kalao waku Asia.
Calao ndi Chisipanishi cha chipembere. Dzina lina: chipembere chaku India... Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ya mbalame zochititsa chidwi. Amakhala ku Indian subcontinent komanso ku Southeast Asia. Mlomo, mutu, gawo la khosi ndi loyera kwambiri. Kupanda kutero, mitundu yakuda imagunda. Mchira ndi woyera.
- Anorrhinus ndi kalao wamiyendo yayifupi.
Mitundu itatu ili m'gulu ili. Izi ndi mbalame zapakatikati. Kulemera kwakukulu kukuyandikira kilogalamu. Chisoti chakuda chimavalidwa pamutu ndi pakamwa. Magawo awo ali kumalire akumpoto komwe kumakhala malo okhala ma hornbills onse. Amayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India mpaka kumadzulo kwa Thailand komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Vietnam.
- Anthracoceros - Chipembere kapena chipembere chakuda.
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 7. Chodziwikiratu chawo ndi chakuti chisoti, kukula kwake, sichotsika kwenikweni pamlomo ndipo chimakhala chofanana nacho. Mtundu wa mtunduwu udayamba kuchokera ku India kupita ku Philippines. Mitundu yomwe imakhala kuzilumba za Malay (mbalame za Suluan) imapezeka paliponse.
- Berenicornis - kalao yoyera-yoyera kapena kalao yovekedwa korona, kapena kalao yoyera-yoyera, kapena kalao wokhazikika.
Mtundu wa Monotypic. Amakhala mdera la Asia-Pacific. M'nkhalango zotentha za Brunei, Myanmar, Thailand. Osati mbalame yaying'ono, kulemera kwake kumafika 1.5 kilogalamu.
- Buceros - Gomrai, kapena kalao wanyanga ziwiri.
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu itatu. Amaswana makamaka ku India ndi Nepal. Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha iwo mbalame: chipembere chachikulu kapena kalao wamkulu wamwenye.
- Ocyceros ndi mafunde aku Asia.
Mtunduwo umagwirizanitsa mitundu itatu yomwe ikukhala ku Indian subcontinent.
- Penelopides ndi nyanga yaku Philippines.
Mitundu 6 ya chisa ichi ku Philippines ndi chilumba cha Sulawesi ku Indonesia. Nthenga zazing'ono. Amadyetsa zipatso za mitengo yotentha. Mbali yapadera ndi nthiti ya mlomoyo.
- Rhinoplax - Kalao wolipira chisoti
Mtundu wa Monotypic. Amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Indochina, Sumatra ndi Borneo. Mbalame yolemera. Kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu atatu. Kulemera kwa chisoti chamlomo ndi 12% ya kulemera konse. Mlomo ndi chisoti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zankhondo pakati pa amuna. Anthu akumaloko amakhulupirira kuti dziko la amoyo ndi akufa lagawidwa ndi mtsinje, womwe umatetezedwa ndi mbalameyi.
- Ma Rhyticeros ndi zipembere zopindidwa.
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ya mbalame zapakatikati komanso zazikulu. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa khola pachipewa cha mulomo. Zimaswana m'nkhalango zotentha za Indochina Peninsula ndi Solomon ndi zilumba zina za Pacific.
Ma Hornbill akuchepa mwachangu. Nthambi yaku Asia yamtunduwu imakhudzidwa kwambiri. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kusaka kumachepetsa mwayi wawo wopulumuka. Mwachitsanzo, Asia Kalao, sapezeka kale ku India ndipo asowa kwathunthu ku Nepal. Chiwerengero chawo chonse chikuyembekezeka kukhala anthu zikwi 10 okha.
Mafunde aku Asia adasinthidwa kuti azikhala pafupi ndi anthu: amapezeka m'mizinda ya India, komwe amakhala m'mapanga a mitengo yakale. Kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, mibadwo isanu ya chisa cha zipembere chamoto:
- Bucorvus ndi khwangwala wamanyanga.
Zilibe kanthu kochita ndi khwangwala. Mbalame ya Chipembere - kotero adaganiza kale. Tsopano asayansi amati izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mbalame za chipembere.
Ichi ndi cholemera cholemera cholemera mpaka 6 kilogalamu, mpaka 110 masentimita kutalika, ndi mapiko otalika mpaka 1.2 mita. Chofunika kwambiri pa mbalamezi: amakonda kuyenda pansi. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri.
- Bycanistes - calao waku Africa.
Mtunduwo uli ndi mitundu isanu. Nthawi zina mtundu wonsewo umatchedwa dzina la mtundu umodzi - kalao yamapiko siliva. Izi ndi mbalame zazing'ono mpaka masentimita 80 m'litali, zolemera mpaka 1.5 kilogalamu. Monga kalao ambiri amadyedwa, makamaka, zipatso za zomera zotentha.
- Ceratogymna ndi kalao yonyamula chisoti.
M'gulu ili, pali mitundu itatu ya mbalame zomwe zimadya tizilombo ndi zipatso. Kumakhala nkhalango zamvula zakuda Africa. Pali mtundu winawake, kalao wokhala ndi chipewa chakuda, womwe umadyetsa zipatso za kanjedza chamafuta zokha.
- Tockus - mitsinje (kapena toko).
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 14. Yemwe amaimira mtunduwu ndi chipembere mbalame zotentha kukula pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 30-50, kulemera kwa magalamu 100-500.
- Tropicranus ndi nyanga yotuwa yoyera.
Mtunduwu umaphatikizanso ma subspecies atatu, osiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa nthenga zoyera pamutu ndi m'khosi. Mbalame za zipembere zomwe zakhazikika ku Africa zimakonda nkhalango zam'madera otentha komanso zotentha, ndizovuta kuwerengera. Sakhulupirira kuti ali pangozi yotha.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Maonekedwe, mitundu ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana amathera pankhani yamoyo. Pachifukwachi, achibale ndi ofanana kwambiri. Gulu lachitukuko ndi losavuta: amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena awiriawiri. Mbalamezi zimapanga magulu awiri okhazikika. M'mitundu yambiri, mabungwewa amapitilizabe pamoyo wawo wonse.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi chisa m'nkhalango zowirira, zosadutsika komanso zotentha. Koma mafunde ndi akhwangwala anyanga amadyetsa ndikumanga zisa m'nkhalango, tchire, savannah. Kuphatikiza apo, akhwangwala anyanga sakonda kuuluka konse ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi akusaka chakudya wapansi.
Zakudya zabwino
Mbalamezi ndi zamphongo. Zinyama zazing'ono ndi tizilombo timagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha nyama. Zipatso za mitengo yam'malo otentha ndizofunikira kwambiri pachakudya chomera. Maluwa a mitengo ndi zipatso amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kudya zipatso zambiri, mbalame mosafunikira zimafalitsa mbewu m'nkhalango. Ndiye kuti, amathandizira kulima mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Mbalame zomwe zimakonda chakudya cha nyama zimamangiriridwa kudera linalake ndipo zimateteza kwa anzawo. Mitundu yomwe idasankha zakudya zamasamba nthawi zonse imayendayenda pofunafuna zipatso zakupsa, nthawi zina pamitunda yayitali.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nthawi yokometsera mbalame imayamba mchaka, ndikutha kwa nyengo yamvula. Amuna akufuna malo oyenera kukaikira mazira. Awa ndi mabowo achilengedwe mkati mwa mitengo yakale, malo osiyidwa a mbalame zina. Nthawi zina zimapangidwa ndi dothi komanso miyala. Malo okwanira mbalame ndi abwino.
Mwamuna amasankha ichi kapena munthuyo ngati chibwenzi. Ndipo akuyamba kupereka mphatso. Izi ndi zipatso, zipatso kapena nyama zazing'ono. Akazi amakana zopereka. Koma wamwamuna ndi wodekha komanso wolimbikira. Akupitiliza kupereka wosankhidwa. Ndipo pamapeto pake amapambana mkazi.
Pakadali pano, malo oti chisa cha mtsogolo ayenera kukhala okonzeka. Yaimuna imamuwonetsa mnzake. Kuyendera chisa kumatsagana ndi kuwonetsa mphatso. Ngati mumakonda chithandizo ndi malo oti chisa, mbalame zonse zimamanga chisa ndi ziberekero zimachitika. Mkazi amakhala m chisa ndikutsekera khomo lokha. Amuna amapereka zinthu zoyenera izi: nthaka yonyowa, dongo, nthambi, udzu wouma.
Zotsatira zake ndi malo otsekedwa ndi kabowo kakang'ono kolowera, kamene kamangolowetsedwa milomo. Ma hornbill onse amachita izi, kupatula makwangwala okhala ndi nyanga. Samatseka polowera pakhomo. Chotsatira chake, nthawi yokometsera anapiye, akazi amatha kuchoka pachisa kwakanthawi.
Patatha masiku asanu agwidwa ukapolo, mkaziyo amaikira mazira. Zipembere zamitengo, zokulirapo, zimaikira dzira limodzi kapena awiri. Mitundu yaying'ono monga toki imatha kuikira mazira asanu ndi atatu.
Nthawi yosungunulira imatenga masiku 23 mpaka 45, pomwe azimayi amatha kusungunuka kwathunthu. Anapiyewo atawonekera, khomo lisawo lathyoledwa. Mbalame ziwiri zimayamba kudyetsa anawo, pomwe nthenga zoyambirira zimakula m'masiku ochepa.
Pakatha miyezi itatu kapena isanu, anapiyewo amakhala okonzeka kuuluka koyamba ndikusiya chisa. Amatenga mawonekedwe achikulire ali ndi zaka chimodzi. Zipembere zazing'ono zakonzeka kubereka m'zaka ziwiri, zolemetsa m'zaka 4. Ma Hornbill ndi mbalame zapadera. Amafuna chisamaliro chapadera, kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane komanso chitetezo chofalikira.
