Kodi chowala chingakhale ndi mano ofanana ndi akambuku onenepa kwambiri? Musk nyama yamphongo - woimira nyama yazing'ono kwambiri yakumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - ndi mutu wa kangaroo ndi mano a kambuku. Ziphuphu za mphalapala zimagwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi mphalapala za mitundu ina ya mtunduwo. Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, limatanthauza "kunyamula musk".
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Deer musk agwape Ndi ya dongosolo la artiodactyls, banja ndi musk deer. Kukula kwakung'ono: kutalika pakufota kumangokhala masentimita 70 okha, pamphuno 80 cm, kulemera - 12-18 kilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 100. Maso ozungulira pamphuno amatha kusandulika pang'ono.
Mtunduwo ndi bulauni yakuda, mawanga ofiira owala amwazikana mthupi lonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosawoneka bwino m'nkhalango pakati pa mphepo, miyala yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yamdima. Mimba ndi yakuda imvi kapena yofiirira; mwa amuna, mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera imatsika kuchokera m'khosi kupita kutsogolo, ndikuwonjezera kusewera kwa kuwala ndi mthunzi, ndikuisungunula pakati pa spruce kapena mkungudza. Mwa ana ang'onoang'ono, mawanga amawoneka owala, mwa amuna amakhala osawoneka.
Chovala cholondera chimakhala 95 mm kutalika; m'nyengo yozizira, mpweya womwe umakhala mkati mwa tsitsi umakulira, kumatenthetsa bwino chisanu. Ndizabwino kuti chipale chofewa sichimasungunuka pansi pa nyama yabodza, koma chimasungunuka pansi pa mbawala zoweta ndi mphamba.
mbali yaikulu musk agwape - musky gland, zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kumufikitsa pomaliza kusowa. Chinsinsi chowuma chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndimankhwala achi China komanso makampani aku France onunkhira.
Mitundu
Mitundu yamabanja imasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'malo awo:
- Siberia musk nswala - Malo okhala Siberia kuchokera ku Yenisei kupita kunyanja ya Pacific, pamapiri akuluakulu, mapiri, mapiri amtambo,
- Sakhalin musk agwape m'mbali zonse ndizofanana ndi mtundu wake wonse, kokha zimawerengedwa kuti ndizocheperako m'banja;
- Himalayan - amakhala m'mapiri a Himalaya, okhala kumadera oyandikana;
- Zovala zofiira - zimakhala mdera la China moyandikana ndi Tibet;
- Nyama zazing'ono za Berezovsky, malo okhala - zigawo za Vietnam ndi China;
- Mdima - wogawidwa kuchokera ku China kupita ku India, wopezeka ku Bhutan.
- White - mtundu wake ndi chifukwa kuphwanya synthesis wa melanin, amene amapereka mtundu khalidwe la odula ndi irises a maso. Amaona ngati kupambana kwakukulu kwa anthu am'deralo kugwira mbewa zoyera, ngakhale mafuko ena amakhulupirira kuti ichi ndi chizindikiro cha tsoka.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
90% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi akhazikika m'mapiri a taiga ku Russia:
- Sakha-Yakutia;
- Altai;
- Kum'mawa kwa Siberia;
- Madera a Magadan ndi Amur;
- Madera akumapiri a Sakhalin;
- Kutuluka kwa mapiri a Sayan.
Kuphatikiza apo, imapezeka ku Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Korea.
Pothawa kutsatira, nyama zam'mimba zimamangirira ngati kalulu. Kusiya kuthamangitsidwa, kumatha kutembenuza madigiri 90 poyenda kapena kuyima pomwepo.
Musk deer amakhala m'nkhalango zakuda za coniferous, zokhala ndi spruce, mkungudza, fir ndi madera a taiga. Amakonda malo okhala ndi zitsamba komanso nkhalango yaying'ono yomwe ikukula. Zimapezeka m'malo owotcha omwe ayamba kale kuchira; okhala mkati mwa mapiri, atasankha malo amiyala. Kuika miyala ndi malo obisalako ndi opumulirako.
Kuchuluka kwa ziweto kuli pafupifupi anthu 30 pa mahekitala 1000. Ku Russia, malo agwape ali m'dera lamapiri oundana, nyama imabisala m'nkhalango, miphepo yamkuntho, kuthawa adani. Yovuta kwambiri komanso yosamala, imagwera m'manja mwa chilombo pakagwa namondwe, pomwe nyama yomwe ikukwawa siyikumveka chifukwa cha kuwomba kwa mphepo.
Poyenda, mopupuluma, sangathe kuthamanga mtunda wautali, chifukwa chake amasokoneza mayendedwe, kufunafuna chitetezo. Pothawa mdaniyo, nyamayo imadutsa njira zopapatiza komanso matanthwe m'matanthwe, imatha kudumphira pamalo a masentimita 10x15 okha ndikukhalabe bwino mpaka ngoziyo itadutsa.
Akudumpha kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda, amayenda m'njira zazitali masentimita 10. Ziboda zake ndizosiyana, zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi wokwera kumalo komwe chilombo kapena mlenje sangafikeko. Adani a wolverine deer, lynx, harza, omwe amasaka ndi banja lonse. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri akatswiri amasaka musk agwape amakhala ndi moyo wongokhala, osamukira kokha pakudula mitengo, zomwe zimakhudza kuchepa kwa chakudya.
Chifukwa chakusowa kwathunthu kwa nyama zam'mimba zili m'mimba mwawo - ma gland a musk ali pafupi ndi mchira. Ndi chinsinsi chawo, amuna amalemba mitengo m'nyengo yamvula. Cholinga cha musk ndi kukopa akazi, koma musk yemweyo imaphatikizidwa ndikukonzekera pafupifupi mazana atatu azamankhwala aku China. Mtengo wamankhwala ndiwokwera kwambiri, ndichifukwa cha tiziwalo timeneti tomwe asaka amasaka nyama.
Kuti mubwezeretse kuchuluka kwa anthu, Sakhalin subspecies musk agwape Olembedwa mu Ofiira buku. Chiwerengero cha ma subspecies ena awiri ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuyiyatsa kuti ikulitse malo olimidwa, kuyika nyama pachiwopsezo chotha.
Malo Osungira Zachilengedwe Amakopa mabungwe am'madera kuti athandizire kuteteza mitunduyo. Lero, chiwerengero chawo mu Russia - 120-125 zikwi. Ziphaso 1,500 zosakira zaperekedwa, ndipo opha nyama mosaka nyama akupitiliza kusaka popanda chilolezo.
Zakudya zabwino
Mimbulu ya nyama zamtundu wa musk, masentimita 11 kutalika, yatulutsa nthano zambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo anati mzukwa zana kuyenda m'nkhalango, amene amadyetsa thupi la munthu. Zachidziwikire, zonsezi ndizopeka zomwe zilibe maziko.
Zakudyazi zimakhala ndi ndere zamatabwa, mosses. Mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ya coniferous zimadyedwa. Kudziwika kwakadongosolo lazakudya kumawonetsa kukhala pakati pa mphepo, mitengo yothyoledwa, malo achinyezi komanso miyala pomwe mitundu yotsatira ya mbewa zakutchire zimakula:
- Mbawala cladonia;
- Star cladonia;
- Chipale chofewa
- Marhantia.
M'nyengo yozizira, zikafika povuta kupeza chakudya, nthambi za aspen, alder, ndi mitengo ya msondodzi zimakhala ngati chakudya. Horsetail, rank, fireweed ndi zina herbaceous zomera adzachita chilimwe. Mtedza wa paini, makungwa ang'onoang'ono amtengo amaphatikizidwa pazakudya m'nyengo yozizira komanso yophukira. Nthawi yozizira, chifukwa chophimba chisanu chambiri, imadziwika ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi, zopangidwa ndi ndere zokumbira ndi khungwa. Mbawala kupita kunyambita mchere.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Pofika zaka zitatu, amuna amakula mano, kutulutsa kwa msk gland kumawonjezeka, komwe amalemba mitengo, kukopa akazi. Anthu amakhala pawokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, amakumana nthawi yayitali, pomwe yamphongo imadzisonkhanitsira ng'ombe yaikazi. Apa zachilendo, zachilendo zimayamba kugwira ntchito: ofunsira ntchito amayamba kumenyera kuti azikhala ndi akazi, ndikupweteketsa mabala akuthwa ndi mano awo.
Otsutsanawo amawoneka ngati ankhondo, ubweya kumbuyo kuli ndi ma bristled, omwe amawonekera kukula kwawo. Nthawi zambiri, otsutsa amabalalika mwamtendere, koma pali ndewu zowopsa. Posangalatsidwa ndi fungo la nswala, amuna amamenyanirana ndi ziboda zawo, amagwiritsa ntchito mano awo, kuwaponyera kumbuyo kapena m'khosi. Nthawi zina mabala amakhala olimba kwambiri kotero kuti yamphongo yomwe yagonjetsedwa imapita kukafa.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la nyama ndi kachilendo: miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayitali kwambiri kuposa yakutsogolo, ngati kuti ndi kalulu. Sacram iyi ndiyokwera kuposa yakutsogolo, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta mukamakwatirana, Don Juan amaphimba mayiyo pomwe akuthamanga.
Gestation imatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, nthawi zambiri ana amphongo 1-2 pa zinyalala. Kwa kanthawi, nyama zam'mimba sizithamangira amayi awo - amabisala ana mnyumba, obisika pamaso. Chifukwa chachinsinsi cha moyo wa nyama, kutalika kwa kukhalapo kwaulere kumatsimikizika molondola: pafupifupi zaka 5, ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala zaka 10-14.
Kusaka nyama zam'mimba
Mbozi za musk zimasodza m'njira zoyenda bwino. Mwa kuyika misampha yopangidwa ndi lupu m'malo olowera, osaka amapanga zonamizira zomwe zimamveka ngati kaphokoso ka kulira kwa gwape. Osati chachikazi chokha, komanso champhongo chimamveka motere.
Malupu amalanda amuna ndi akazi onse, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili ndimatenda osakhwima zimakumana. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, nyama yomwe tagwidwa imamwalira, ndipo achinyamata samapereka musk wathunthu, akumafera pachabe.
Kwa osaka taiga kusaka nyama zam'mimba nthawi zambiri njira yokhayo yopangira ndalama. Mtengo wa ndege zaku Russia ndi ma ruble 680 pa gramu, China imalipira zochulukirapo, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kusiya kusaka.
Kuchokera kwa wamwamuna wamkulu, magalamu 15-20 azinthu zouma amapezeka, motero mbali yamakhalidwe abwino yatayidwa. Mimbulu ya ku Mongolia yawonongedwa, China idakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kusaka nyama.
Musk deer kuswana m'minda
Msika waku Russia, womwe umatulutsa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya musk padziko lapansi, ndege za musk deer sizofunikira.
Ndege ya musk deer ndiye chifukwa chokha chowedzera nsomba. Gawo la nyama ndi laling'ono, chifukwa chake samabzala m'mafakitale.
Musk musk mgodi popha nyama ndikudula gland. Marco Polo amamutchula m'mabuku ake, dokotala wotchuka Avicenna adagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi cha gland kuchiza matenda. Amankhwala aku China amamuwonjezera pamankhwala kuti achulukitse potency, kuchokera pakasungunuka, mitundu yopitilira 200 ya mankhwala. Mu Middle Ages, musk idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodzitetezera ku mliri ndi kolera. Mafumu achi China adapereka makoma kununkhira kosangalatsa kwa musky.
Makampani opanga mafuta onunkhira amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chokonza fungo. Natural musk imangowonjezedwa kokha ku mafuta onunkhira achi French, enawo amatsukidwa ndi analogue yokumba. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kufunika kwa musk ndikokwera kwambiri. Koma simungaphe nyama zonse!
Kuti mupeze jets of musk agwape akhala akuyesera kuti akule kuyambira zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri. Mafamu aku France ndi Chingerezi sanachite bwino. Altai Nature Reserve idayamba kuswana Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi. Zotsatira zabwino zidapezeka: nyama zidayamba kuswana, ana adaleredwa mpaka m'badwo wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Zonse pamodzi, 200 musk deer adabadwa, kenako ntchitoyi idathetsedwa.
Tsopano ku Russia amawetedwa ndi minda iwiri: m'chigawo cha Moscow - m'munsi "Chernogolovka", motsogozedwa ndi V.I. Prikhodko. Ku Altai Ecosfera Rare Animal Population Support Center.
Mzindawu umadziika wokha kukhala cholinga chongokwera ndege, komanso kudzaza anthu aku taiga, akuyembekeza kukonzekera kutulutsa zinyama zonse m'chilengedwe.
Malowa amasunga ziweto zazikulu kwambiri mdzikolo, motsogozedwa ndi a M. Chechushkov, mothandizidwa ndi Russian Geographical Society ndi Dynamo Sports Society. Adakwanitsa kukhazikitsa malo oyambira, okhala ndi makola osiyana ndi mafamu ena onse am'mimba.
Gawoli ndi lotchinga ndi taiga wamba pamakwerero otsetsereka omwe ali kumpoto. Zipangizo zomangira zimabwera ndi dzanja kapena njinga zamoto kuti zisunge chilengedwe monga momwe zingathere.
Zovuta zazikulu pakubereketsa nyama zam'mimba zimalumikizidwa ndi kusaphunzira bwino kwachilengedwe ndi ethology ya nyama. Kuti mupeze nyumba, mufunika nkhalango yamdima yamtambo, zitsamba zazitali, mitengo yakugwa pomwe moss ndi mbewa zimakula. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala tofunikira kwambiri kwa ana kuti apange gawo logaya chakudya.
Mbozi za musk zimakhala zokhazokha, ndikusunga famu amafunikira malo a mahekitala 0,5. Mussels ndi amanyazi kwambiri, powona munthu akuthawa mwachangu, ngati corral ndi yaying'ono, amathyola mpanda. Madera otchinjiriza ndiyofunikira kuti muchepetse kupsinjika. Kukhazikika kwa nyama zazing'ono kumawopseza kufa kwamphongo kwamphongo chifukwa chomenyera magawano.
Chakudya chomwe chili pafamuyi chimakhala ndi ndere, tirigu kapena tirigu, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, msipu m'chilimwe. The musk yopangidwa ndi ntchofu. Njira yotulutsira zomwe zili mkati mwa gland poyipukutira m'thumba imavulaza nembanemba, thumba limaphulika - katulutsidwe kamatha kutulutsa musk.
Njira yamakono ikuphatikiza kusankha kwa katulutsidwe ka gland, kutulutsa kudzera pakatsegula kakang'ono. Amuna amalimbikitsidwa kwa mphindi 40, mankhwala apadera - 4-5 mm m'mimba mwake - amalowetsedwa mosamala mdzenje, ndikulandila ntchofu zamtengo wapatali. Gwape amadzuka m'maola ochepa, kusankha kotsatira kumachitika mchaka chimodzi.
Kuchuluka kwa kulandila kamodzi kwa musk wouma ndi magalamu 5-11, nthawi yabwino kusankha ndi kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, pamene katulutsidwe kasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo ntchofu zimayamba kuuma. Alimi aku China adayika musk pamtsinje. Ana abwinobwino adasankhidwa kale m'minda yawo. India ndi Saudi Arabia zimaberekanso bwino musk deer for musk.
