Nyama zodabwitsa zochokera ku banja la marten zakhala golide wofewa waku Russia. Kukongola kwa ubweya wa nyama kwakhala tsoka lake. Pamalonda onse aubweya, zikopa zake zimagulitsidwa pansi pa nyundo mpaka chidutswa chikwi chidutswa chimodzi. choncho khola ndi nyama adalowa mkati Buku Lofiira.
Sable wapamwambayo amawonetsedwa pazovala za mizinda yaku Siberia, komanso malaya a mikono ya Novosibirsk, Tyumen ndi Sverdlovsk.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama yothamanga, yothamanga imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri. Mukapita mozama m'nkhalango za spruce, mutha kupeza zochitika zake, ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi, ndiye kuti ndi wokongola kwambiri. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri wakhala chizindikiro cha Siberia. Zikopa zoyimbidwa zimawerengedwa ngati ndalama kwa zaka zambiri ndipo zimayenda limodzi ndi ndalama kapena m'malo mwake.
Mafumu aku Europe adalandira zinthu kuchokera ku ubweya wa sable ngati mphatso yochokera ku Russia tsar. Tsopano chilombocho chalembedwa mu Red Book, ndipo malonda asamukira ku minda ya ziweto. Russia ndiyo yokha yomwe imapereka ma sable fur padziko lapansi. Mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, kusaka nyama kunafikira anthu 200,000.
Zikopa zoposa zana zimafunikira kuti apange malaya amoto. Mtengo wa khungu laubweya unatsala pang'ono kuthamangitsa sable kuti atheretu. Kwa kanthawi, kusaka kunali koletsedwa kwathunthu, nyama zidasungidwa m'malo osungidwa, zokhazikika m'malo awo akale.
Ambiri ali ndi nkhawa ndi funsoli kodi sable amawoneka bwanji, tidzayesa kupereka yankho pansipa. Kutalika kwa nyama ndi masentimita 45-56, mchira wofewa mpaka masentimita 20. Kulemera kwake ndi kwa 1.1 mpaka 1.8 kg.
Pakamwa pake ndi chakuthwa, ndichifukwa chake mutu umakhala woboola pakati. Kumbuyo kuli kolimba kwambiri chifukwa miyendo ndi yaifupi kwambiri. Ubweya m'nyengo yozizira ndi wandiweyani, wonyezimira ngakhale pamapazi, ziyangoyango ndi zikhadabo, chilimwe umatsika, ndipo chinyama chimakhala chonyansa. Mtundu umadziwika ndi mzere wakuda wakuda pakati kumbuyo, wopepuka mbali ndi m'mimba.
Mitundu
Mitundu 19 ya banja la a marten amakhala ku Russia. Sable imasiyanitsidwa ndi ubweya wapamwamba, chifukwa chake zotchinjiriza zimazigawa koposa mitundu yonse:
- Barguzinsky sable - Mwiniwake waubweya wapamwamba kwambiri wamtundu wakuda wa khofi wokhala ndi imvi. Amadziwika kuti ndi mfumu ya ma sables - kamodzi pamalonda, madola 1000 adaperekedwa pakhungu lake;
- Yenisei sable - khungu ndilopepuka, koma ubweya ndiwofanana ndikulimba;
- Sable waku Canada - mtundu wa ubweya umawunikidwa ndi opanga ngati osakhutiritsa, womwe umapatsa nyama mwayi wokhala wopanda chidwi kwa osaka;
- Altai sable - mtundu wa khungu kuchokera ku bulauni wakuda mpaka wachikaso chowala;
- Sable wa Tobolsk - wopepuka kwambiri pamtunduwu, amakhalanso ndi ubweya wofunika;
- Kuznetsky - pakati, pakati pa Tobolsk ndi Altaic;
- Ndizochepa kwambiri mu taiga kupezeka Sable woyera.
- Kum'mawa kwa Urals kumakhala Kidus - wosakanizidwa wa marten ndi sable.
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ku Russia lero ndi anthu 1.5 miliyoni. Alenje amatuta zikopa zokwanira theka la miliyoni chaka chilichonse.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kuchokera ku Urals, pafupi ndi Yenisei, kudutsa ku Siberia mpaka ku Pacific Ocean, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana Nkhalango zankhalango... Mutha kuziwona ku Mongolia, North Korea, m'malo ena a China. Mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, zidapezeka ku Karelia, Baltic States, Finland, ndi kumadzulo kwa Poland. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa zikopa zamtengo wapatali kwachititsa kuti nkhalango zambiri ziwonongedwe.
M'nkhalango zina anthu ake onse atha; Pofika m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ubweya wotumizira kunja udapeza gawo lalikulu lamaboma. 1916 - 20-30 masabata adatsalira, omwe amaphatikizapo kuletsa mitundu yonse yazotulutsa zikopa zamtengo wapatali.
Chiyambi cha zaka za zana la makumi awiri - maulendo adatumizidwa ku Siberia ndi Kamchatka kuti akaphunzire malowa ndi zikhalidwe zopanga malo osungira anthu kuti azikhala ndi Barguzin wapadera. Mbiri yawasunga ngati "maulendo otsogola."
Mtsogoleri wa bizinesiyo anali G.G.Doppelmair, asayansi ankagwira ntchito panja, zikhalidwe zinali zovuta kwambiri. Malire osungidwa a malowa omwe ali ndi mahekitala 500,000 m'malo otsetsereka a phiri la Barguzinsky akadali pachimake pa malo otetezedwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino komanso zosintha, anthu ochita zachiwerewere adagwira ntchito yayikulu, zipatso zomwe tikukolola mpaka lero.
Barguzinsky Biosphere Reserve, komwe masabata amatetezedwa pansi pa Lamulo la Mitundu Yowopsa, ndi nkhokwe yachilengedwe - mulingo wachilengedwe. Zomwe zimakhudza gawo lanu ndizochepa. Sable amakhala momasuka ndipo amakula motetezeka, kukhala otetezeka.
Tsopano akumusaka ndi mfuti yojambula, ndikupatsa chiphaso kuti akayendere malowo. Dera losungidwa limapangidwa kuti lifufuze zasayansi komanso zachilengedwe. Asayansi a Academy of Sciences amamvetsetsa bwino momwe zizolowezizo zimakhalira komanso momwe nyama zimayendera, amapereka malangizo pachitetezo choyenera cha mitunduyo.
Sable amaonedwa ngati nyama yapamtunda, ngakhale, ngati wokhalamo taiga, nyama akukwera mitengo mwangwiro. Amayenda maulendo ataliatali mpaka makilomita anayi patsiku, ndipo zaka zowuma zimamukakamiza kuti athamange makilomita 10 kukafunafuna chakudya.
Amakhazikika m'nkhalango za coniferous: paini, mkungudza, nkhalango za spruce. Maenje a mitengo yodulidwa ndi abwino kuti nyama zolusa zibowole, kuti zizidutsa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndikuswana.
Amazikonza mosamala poziphimba ndi moss ndi masamba owuma, chimbudzi chili kutali ndi chisa. Amayika gawo lomuzungulira, ndikukhazikitsa njira zake kuti munthu wakunja asasake m'zinthu zake. Malo osungira miyala amakhalanso malo okhala nyama.
Zakudya zabwino
Sable nyama omnivorous, amadya zomanga thupi ndi zakudya zamasamba. Ndi chilombo, chifukwa chakudya chake chimakhala:
- Mbalame - makamaka ma grouse, ma hazel grouse, ma grouse akuda, koma amatha kugwira ena, mbalame - izi zimachitika nthawi zina, mukakhala ndi mwayi;
- Makoswe onga mbewa - ma voles ofiira ofiira, ma pikas;
- Agologolo - mamiliyoni angapo a iwo amadya nyama zolusa pachaka;
- Chipmunks zazing'ono ndi hares.
Kuchokera kuzowonjezera zitsamba, amadya mtedza wa paini, zipatso - mabulosi abuluu, lingonberries, phulusa lamapiri, ananyamuka m'chiuno, currants. Khwangwala amasaka nyama nthawi yamadzulo, nthawi zina masana. Osadandaula kudya nsomba masika, pamene nsomba zimayamba kubala. Amadya pambuyo pa otter kapena chimbalangondo, chifukwa, chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, iyeyo siotchera kwambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, imatha kudya zovunda, kapena kubzala chakudya, kuti ichepetse pansi pa chipale chofewa. Nyamayo imatha kukhala nyama ya kadzidzi, chimbalangondo kapena marten. Mbalame zazikulu - ziwombankhanga kapena mphamba nawonso samadana ndikudya mwana wokoma.
Nyama ili ndi omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya - awa ndi a Siberia weasel ndi ermine, amasakanso makoswe onga mbewa. Ngati nyamazi zikukhazikika m'dera lomwelo, nkhondo zowopsa zachilengedwe zimachitika pakati pawo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Ndi chisamaliro chabwino, ma sables amatha kukhala zaka 20, koma amangobereka mpaka zaka 15, chifukwa chake samasungidwa m'minda nthawi yayitali. Amakhala m'chilengedwe kwa zaka 8-10.
Zazikazi zimasankha bwenzi lawo pasadakhale, zimakhalira ndi yamphongo imodzi yokha pakati pa chilimwe. Ofunsidwa ena amatengeka ndi osankhidwawo, nkhondo zoyipa zimayambika mpaka mafani ena abwerere. Amuna amakhala ndi akazi nthawi yayitali, kubweretsa chakudya pomwe sangathe kusaka kumapeto komaliza kwa mimba.
Amasiya ngati iye mwini amuthamangitsa asanabadwe. Mimba imakhala miyezi 9-10, mayi woyembekezera amayala chisa ndi ubweya, moss, udzu wofewa. Malo okhala amakhala okonzeka kutali ndi malo okhala anthu. Agalu amodzi mpaka asanu ndi awiri olemera magalamu 30 amabadwa m'nyansi.
Kwa miyezi iwiri yoyambirira amangodya mkaka wa amayi okha, kenako amafuna chakudya china. Mkazi amawatulutsa ndi iye, ndikuyamba kuwaphunzitsa kusaka ndi ukalamba. Ngati pali chiwopsezo chochokera kuchinyama chokulirapo, mayiyo amasuntha chisa kupita kwina.
Molimba mtima amateteza zinyalala zake, akuukira nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa iye, ngakhale kutsutsana ndi galu. Pakutha nyengo yachilimwe, agalu amapeza mphamvu, iliyonse ikubalalika mbali yake, kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo yaikazi imayamba gawo lotsatira. Kukula msinkhu kwa zolengedwa zaubweya kumachitika zaka zitatu, zabodza zimachitika mu February.
Kukonza famu
Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito gawo loyambirira la kupanga famu ndi munthu wodziwa bizinesi yotere. Sankhani malo pafupi ndi nkhalango, otetezedwa ku mphepo, ngakhale, popanda kusintha kwamphamvu pakuthandizira. Konzekerani mpanda kuti
Musanayambe bizinesi yoswana, muyenera kufunsa loya, chifukwa malamulowa amangogulitsa zikopa kumabizinesi aboma okha. Ngati woweta wosadziwa agulitsa ubweya kwa munthu wachinsinsi, zikusemphana ndi lamulo.
osalowetsa kulowa mkati kwa nyama zakutchire. Perekani magetsi, zimbudzi, madzi. Woswetulayo amakonza zotsekera kapena zokhazokha kuti azimayi ndi abambo azikhala mosiyana. M'khola kapena mnyumba, chipinda chimasiyanitsidwa ndi khola momwe ana agalu adzakhalamo. Nthawi yopuma, nyama zimakhala limodzi, zikuwona momwe amachitiramo - anthu omwe safuna kukwatirana amatayidwa ndikupita zikopa kugwa.
Nyamazo zimagulidwa kuchokera kumafamu miyezi ingapo asanagwedezeke ndipo amakhala awiri awiri, ndikuwona kuthekera kwa anyamata kuthamanga. Mitundu yosankhidwa imasindikizidwa, ndikupatsa nambala iliyonse ndikukhala pafamuyo kuti akhale ndi ana. Manambala amaperekedwa kwa akazi ngakhale, osamvetseka ndi amuna, monga momwe zimakhalira ndiulimi wa ubweya.
Opanga omwe amalonjeza kwambiri amalandila pasipoti, yosunga mbadwa mpaka m'badwo wachitatu. Kukula kwachinyamata kumabzalidwa m'maselo osiyana. Kuti apeze ubweya wabwino kwambiri, amadyetsedwa bwino ndi nyama zanyama, akalulu, nkhuku, ndi ng'ombe. Onjezerani zipatso, zipatso, tirigu.
Chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri cha ubweya wa sable, minda yokhala ndi zida zambiri imapereka ndalama zambiri kwa eni ake. Poyamba, ndikokwanira kukhala ndi ziweto 50, kukonzekeretsa famu mdziko muno, zomwe zingachepetse ndalama zolipira.
Mtengo woyerekeza wa nyama yamoyo ndi $ 200-500. Chaka choyamba chimangokhala zolipirira, koma posamalira bwino chaka, ziweto zidzachuluka katatu. Pakutha chaka chachiwiri, zikopa zimaphedwa ndikugulitsa.
Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugulitsa kudzera pakampani yogawa ubweya. Nthawi zina minda yaboma imasamutsa nyama kuti zizisamalira anthu. Izi zimathandiza kuteteza nyama kuti zisawonongedwe.
Zolemba kunyumba
Ngati mungatenge mkaka wochepa kwambiri wa mkaka, mutha kupanga chiweto. Amamwetedwa mosavuta, amangofunika kukonzekera malo amasewera, mwachitsanzo, khonde kapena chipinda chapadera chokhala ndi gridi. Ndikofunikira kugula zoseweretsa zapulasitiki, nyama iyeneradi kusewera nayo.
Tidzakhala bwino ndi ziweto. Dyetsani ndi zinyalala zanyama, nyama yambewu, tirigu, kuwonjezera mchere ndi mavitamini. Mutha kupatsa chakudya amphaka kapena agalu. Institute of Cytology and Genetics ikuchita nawo zoweta za Altai sable, pofuna kuteteza anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu iyi.
Adapanga mapu amtundu, kuphatikiza mitundu yonse yomwe idafalikira kudera la Russia, ndizolemba zam'madera omwe anthu amakhala.
Khola lanyumba limawonjezeredwa m'malo opezeka nthumwi zakutchire, m'malo osakhalamo anthu. Izi zimabweretsa zotsatira zakuchulukitsa chilombocho.
