Mbalame yotchedwa finch, yomwe ndi ya mtundu wina wa mbalame zotchedwa finches, imatchedwa bullfinch, finch, chaffinch. M'madera ambiri ochokera Kumwera, mbalame zimabwerera kumapeto kwa Marichi, pomwe matalala sanasungunuke kulikonse. Anthu amati kumayambiriro kwamasika kumaliza amayimbira chisanu.
Koma uwu si mtundu wokhawo womwe udayamba dzinalo. Kuwoneka kolusa komanso kudulidwa pang'ono kwa trill kumawonetsa kuti mbalameyi ndi yozizira, imapuma chifukwa cha kuzizira.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
M'mayiko ambiri a Russian Federation, omwe kale anali Soviet, mayiko a Western Europe ndi Middle East, chaffinch wofala kwambiri ndi waku Europe. Mlomo wake wautali wa 11mm wakuthwa ndi bulauni, kupatula nyengo yokhwima, pomwe mtundu wabuluu umawoneka.
Mbali yonse yakumunsi, pakhosi ndi masaya ndi bulauni-bulauni kapena utoto wa vinyo, kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kopepuka kamvekedwe. Khosi ndi chipewa pamutu pake ndi zofiira-buluu; malo akuda osiyana ndi omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa mlomo.
Pansipa kumbuyo kwake, mitundu yake imaphatikizaponso malankhulidwe achikaso ndi obiriwira. Mapikowo amafotokozedwa ndi malire oyera. Mawanga oyera omwe amapezeka moyenera amapezeka pambali pa mchira. Mitundu yolimba ngati imeneyi imakongoletsa amuna kuyambira chaka chachiwiri chamoyo.
Malizitsani pachithunzichi imawoneka yochenjera mu nthata za mating. Azimayi ndi anapiye okulirapo amakhala owoneka bwino kwambiri, osalankhulanso. Nyimbo zamtundu wa Brown ndi imvi zimapambana. Kutalika kwa thupi la European finch ndi 16 cm, mchira ndi 7 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 22 g.
Ngakhale kuti mbalameyi imathamanga mofulumira, imakhala nthawi yayitali pansi, ikuyenda modumpha kufunafuna chakudya. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi zambiri imamwalira chifukwa cha ziwombankhanga.
Kumaliza kumveka mafoni amakhalanso okongola. M'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana - pakagwa zoopsa ("izi", "hut", "tyu"), kunyamuka ("tyup"), chibwenzi ("ksip"), kupempha ("chirrup") mbalameyo imatulutsa chizindikiro mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhulupirira kuti phokoso la mbalame za "ryu-ryu" limachenjeza za mvula. Koma zomwe apeza posachedwapa zasonyeza kuti palibe kulumikizana pakati pa "kubwebweta" ndi zochitika zanyengo. Chizindikirocho chimafanana ndi chidwi cha mbalameyo.
Ngati munthu m'modzi yekha amasewera nyimbo za 3-6, ndiye kuti anthu amakhala mpaka makumi awiri. Chaffinch kuimba imayamba ndi mluzu, imasandulika ma trill, kubwereza masekondi atatu aliwonse, ndipo imatha ndi phokoso lakuthwa - sitiroko. Nyimbo zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa subspecies, malo okhala.
Wamkulu wamwamuna, amakhala ndi ma roulade ake osiyanasiyana, popeza chidziwitso chimadzikundikira pakapita nthawi, amatengedwa kuchokera kwa abale ndi mitundu ina. Akazi, anapiye akuluakulu amatha kumveka kokha, kosavuta. Ngati nthawi yachilimwe mbalameyi imayimba mofuula komanso mofunitsitsa, ndiye kuti pakati pa chilimwe nthawi ya molt imayamba ndipo samamveka kawirikawiri. Nyimbozo sizimveka.
Mitundu
Kusintha kwama subspecies a finch kumaphatikizapo mayina 18. Zosiyanitsa - kukula, nthenga, malo ogawa. Kuphatikiza pa finch yaku Europe, ma subspecies ena atatu amapezeka mdera la Russian Federation ndi omwe kale anali mayiko a Union:
- Anthu a ku Caucasus
M'nyengo yotentha, mbalamezi zimakhala ku Crimea, ku Caucasus. M'nyengo yozizira, imapezeka kumpoto kwa Iran, kumwera kwa Transcaucasia. Amakhazikika m'nkhalango za m'mapiri, mapiri okwera mamita 2.5 zikwi pamwamba pa nyanja. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 13, milomo yayitali kwambiri, mitundu ngati yaku Europe. Zosiyanitsa - kuyitana "kukankha" kulira, monga kuyimba kwa mutu waukulu, deta yosakopa mawu.
- Hyrcanian
Mtundu wakuda wa Podvit, mitundu yaying'ono. Malo okhala amapezeka kumpoto kwa Iran, zisa kumadera akumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, pansi pake pali utoto wofiira, mutu ndi khosi ndi phulusa lakuda.
- Kopetdag
Mbalameyi ndi yotumbululuka, ndipo ili ndi malo ofiira oyera pamchira ndi m'mapiko. Gawoli ndi gawo la Turkmen polymountain Kopetdag. Ornithologists amavomereza kuti subspecies izi ndizosiyana za Hyrcanian finch.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Zovuta mbalame mbalame m'nkhalango zowirira, zosakanikirana, zotere. Sakonda nyanjayi, pomwe kumakhala kovuta kupeza chakudya pansi. Amakonda kukapatsidwa nkhalango zowala zochepa komanso minda yodzikongoletsera yokhala ndi mitengo yokhwima, yozizira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'dera la paki, m'nyumba zazilimwe, minda yamaluwa.
Ambiri ali otsimikiza kuti finch mbalame yodutsa... Zimatengera malo okhala. Gulu lomwe lidayenda bwino pakati pa Russia, Siberia m'nyengo yozizira limapita kugombe la Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kumadera osefukira a madamu aku Central Asia. Ziweto zina zimafika kuzilumba za Canary, British Isles, North Africa, zoyimiridwa ndi Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria.
Ngati mbalamezi zimakhazikika kumadera akumwera, ndiye kuti zimakhala pansi kapena zimangoyenda mtunda wautali kupita kumadera oyandikana osadutsa malire adziko.
Asananyamuke, mbalamezi zimasonkhana m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi zana. Zimauluka mofulumira —50 -55 km / h. Kwa kupumula ndi chakudya, amapuma maulendo ataliatali kumadera ang'onoang'ono komwe amatha kudya. Kunyamuka kumawonjezekera pakapita nthawi, kumadutsa mafunde, koma mbalame zambiri zimapita kumadera ofunda mu Seputembala. Sukulu sizikhala yunifolomu, nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimayandikana nawo.
Amabwerera kumalo awo okhazikika kuyambira kumapeto kwa February mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa malowa, mbalame zimayamba kuwonekera. Amuna amafika koyamba, kufika kwawo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nyimbo zomvekera mokweza. Akazi amafika patatha sabata.
Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakhudzidwa ndikuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Chaka ndi chaka, malo akuchulukidwa kwa nkhalango akuchulukirachulukira, kuchuluka kwa malo olimapo ndi minda yam nkhalango yothandizidwa ndi mankhwala sikuchepa. Nyengo yoipa imakhala ndi vuto.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, omwe amaimiridwa ndi agologolo, ermines, mbalame zazikulu (magpie, jay, crow, woodpecker). Munthawi yogona, zimawononga timatumba ting'onoting'ono. Mbalameyi imachita zinthu mosazindikira ikamaimba.
Kutengedwa ndi ma roulades, male male Amakweza ndikuponya mutu wake kumbuyo osawona, osamva mozungulira.
Mbalamezi zimathera nthawi yambiri masana zikukhala panthambi, zimayenda pang’onopang’ono chammbali, kapena zimadumphira pansi, kufunafuna chakudya. Amawuluka mwachangu kwambiri, pamafunde.
Pakati pa nthawi yokhudzana ndi kuswana, zimapanga awiriawiri, nthawi yotsalira yomwe amakhala pagulu. Chifukwa cha kupirira kwawo, kudzichepetsa komanso kusinthasintha msanga malo awo okhala, mbalame zambiri zimapezeka ku Europe. Chiwerengero chawo chimafika pawiri miliyoni 95.
Kuyimba kwa Chaffinch kumalimbikitsa anthu ena kusunga mbalame. Ngati palibe chidziwitso, ndibwino kuyimilira pamtundu wina, wosavuta. Anthu ena amakhala okonda wolandila, koma zochuluka mwa mbalamezo zimakhala zakutchire mpaka kufa.
Pofuna kusinthasintha, finch imayikidwa mnyumba yayikulu yayikulu kapena mu khola laling'ono lokutidwa ndi nsalu yofewa. Ataika malo okhalamo okhazikika, amaiphimba ndi zinthu zazing'ono, popeza munthu akafika, mbalameyo imamenya mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi ndodozo, samakhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuti amve nyimboyi, yamphongo imakhala yokha, yopanda awiri. Pamaso pa munthu, mbalameyi imangoyimba chete. Nyumbayi ili ndi bafa, malo okhala. Amayika zotengera zochepa ndi spruce kapena mbande za paini.
Mbalameyi imadyetsedwa ndi mbewu za canary, njoka zam'mimba, mazira a nyerere, nyama ndi chimanga. Hemp mbewu amaloledwa, koma zochepa, monga chakudya ndi mafuta okhutira kumabweretsa matenda a maso, zithupsa.
Zakudya zabwino
Kumtchire, makolo amadyetsa anapiye awo ndi mphutsi, mbozi, dipterans, arachnids. Chakudya chazomera, chomwe kuchuluka kwake kumawonjezeka ndi mvula yayitali kapena nthawi yochereza kukaikira mazira, zimaphatikizapo:
- mbewu, nsonga za mphukira za paini, spruce;
- phala;
- bearberry, irga.
Wamkulu wamba finch kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe amauluka kupita kumunda kuti akadye zipatso. Amakonda mbewu zamatcheri wowawasa, elderberry, violet, bird buckwheat, primrose. Pambuyo pake, mbewu za namsongole (lunguzi, quinoa) zimapsa, zomwe mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito isanachoke m'nyengo yozizira.
M'nyengo yachilimwe ndi chilimwe, zakudya zambiri ndimapuloteni;
- ntchentche;
- mbozi za njenjete;
- zokopa.
Mbali zobiriwira za zomera, maluwa, ndi masamba zinapezeka m'mimba mwa mbalame. Mbalameyi imathandiza kwambiri m'nkhalango, ulimi, chifukwa imachotsa nkhalango ndi mbewu ku tizilombo tina.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Amuna akafika kuchokera m'nyengo yozizira, amayang'ana madera awo. Ngati ali kale wotanganidwa ndi winawake, ndewu zimachitika. Nthawi zambiri ndewu zimachitika pakati pa mbalame zazing'ono zomwe sizinakhalepo ndi mbalame zazikulu. Nthawi imadziwika ndi kupsa mtima, kusokonekera, phokoso laphokoso kwambiri.
Mlendo akathamangitsidwa m'derali, amunawo amatanthauza katundu wawo ndi nyimbo zaphokoso ndikukopa akazi omwe abwera kuchokera kumayiko ofunda patatha sabata. Ma trill okongola a melodic ndi nthenga zowala zowala zimagwira ntchito yawo. Mkazi amawulukira mpaka kuitana, amakhala pansi pambali pake, akukweza mchira wake ndikuyamba "zizikat".
Zisa zaffinch zimapangidwa mu mphika
Pambuyo popanga mapangidwe awiri, kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, mbalame zimayang'ana mtengo woyenera, komwe kumakhala kosangalatsa finch chisa... Spruce, birch, paini, alder ndi oyenera. Mapulo, msondodzi, thundu, linden sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi thunthu lakuda ndi nthambi.
Ornithologists anapeza zisa pamtunda wa mamita 15, masentimita 40, koma nambala yaikulu ili pa mita imodzi mpaka inayi kuchokera pansi pamatope akuluakulu a conifers kapena m'mafoloko a nthambi pafupi ndi thunthu. Iye akuchita nawo chilengedwe cha nyumba ya anapiye m'tsogolo mkazi finch, ngakhale makolo onse amtsogolo amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga zida zomangira.
Kukhazikika koyambirira sikukutanthauza kuti dzira limaikira posachedwa. Nthawi zina ntchito yomanga imachedwa chifukwa chanyengo. Ngati mtengo wokhala ndi makungwa amdima wasankhidwa, ndiye kuti umayenera kupanga chisa kangapo, kuyambira pomwepo.
Anapiye a Chaffinch amawoneka oseketsa kwambiri
Chinthu chowonedwa bwino chimakopa chidwi cha mbalame zina, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawiyo kudzipukusa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida kukonza malo oti zidzagone. Mbalamezi zimaphunzitsidwa ndi zinthu zowawa, koma zimabisalanso nyumba zina zomwe zimakhala zosaoneka bwino kunja.
Womaliza chisa mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mphika wokhala ndi m'mimba mwake mpaka mita ndi kutalika kwa theka komwe kumapangidwa kuchokera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthambi, zomera za herbaceous ndi moss. Nthawi zina, ziwalo zawo zimakhala zofanana, mwa zina, nthambi ndi masamba a udzu zimapanga chimango, ndipo makoma ndi pansi zimakhala ndi moss. Nthawi zina moss amakhala wocheperako kuposa nthambi.
Chinsalucho chimalumikiza zinthuzo ndi ulusi wa ulusi, zomwe zimapangitsa makoma a 3-cm kukhala olimba. Pilo yamatoni imapangidwa ndi fluff chomera, nthenga, ubweya. Pofuna kubisala, kapangidwe kake kamakonzedwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi khungwa la birch ndi lichen wonyezimira. Zidutswa zazing'ono zamapepala, ubweya wa thonje, gauze zidapezeka m'matumba omwe ali pafupi ndi malire amzindawu.
Kuti mudziwe momwe nsomba zimasalira, muyenera kuwayang'anira, kuyambira zaka khumi zachiwiri za Meyi. Pakadali pano, ya nondescript yokhala ndi nthenga, yolumikizana ndi chilengedwe, imayikira mazira. Pali kuyambira atatu mpaka asanu ndi awiri a iwo.
Mtunduwo ndi wotumbululuka wobiriwira komanso wabuluu wamtambo wokhala ndi zofiira kapena pafupi ndi utoto wolowetsedwa. Kwa milungu iwiri yakumbatira clutch, yamphongo mosasamala imasamalira bwenzi lake komanso ana amtsogolo, kubweretsa chakudya, kuteteza chisa kwa adani achilengedwe.
Kumaliza anapiye wamaswa ndi chipolopolo chofiira, wamaliseche ndi mutu ndi nsana. Makolo awo amawadyetsa masiku 14. Pakati pa kukula kwakukulu, pamafunika mapuloteni amanyama okha. Pambuyo pake, chakudyacho chimatsukidwa ndi mbewu, tirigu. Mbalame zazing'ono zitakwera pamapiko, sizimauluka kutali ndi chisa, koma zimapitiliza kutenga chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo masiku ena asanu ndi awiri.
M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, zinsomba zazimayi zimakwirirana kamodzi, komwe kuli mazira ochepa kuposa oyamba. Kutuluka komaliza kwa achichepere ku chisa kumachitika mu Ogasiti. Mu Seputembara, mbalamezi zimadziyimira pawokha. Kunyumba, mbalame zazinyama zimakhala zaka 12. Amwalira koyambirira kuthengo.
