Tuatara kapena m'Chilatini, Sphenodon punctatus amatanthauza zokwawa zakale zomwe zimakhalako kale ma dinosaurs asanasungidweko. Ku New Zealand, malo okhawo omwe anthu amafalikira, zokwawa zimagwidwa m'miyambo, ziboliboli, zidindo, ndalama.
Mabungwe azachilengedwe, omwe ali ndi nkhawa yakuchepa kwa zotsalira, amatenga zonse zotheka kuti apange moyo wabwino, kuti amenyane ndi adani achilengedwe.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a nyamayo, omwe amafika kutalika masentimita 75, ali ndi mutu waukulu, wamphongo yayifupi yamiyendo isanu ndi mchira wautali ukusokeretsa. Buluzi tuatara mukayang'anitsitsa, zimakhala ngati chokwawa chamtundu wina wamiyendo.
Kholo lakutali - nsomba yokhala ndi zingwe zopingasa idamupatsa chigaza chachikale cha chigaza. Nsagwada zakutchire ndi chivindikiro cha cranial zimasunthika poyerekeza ndi ubongo, zomwe zimaloleza kuthana ndi nyama.
Tuatara ndiye cholengedwa chakale kwambiri chomwe chimakhala m'masiku a dinosaurs
Mwa nyama, kuwonjezera pa mizere iwiri yachizolowezi ya mano opindika, amaperekanso chowonjezera, chomwe chikufanana ndi chapamwamba. Ndi ukalamba, chifukwa chodya kwambiri, tuatara imachoka mano ake onse. M'malo mwake, malo okhala ndi keratinized amakhalabe, omwe chakudya chimafunidwa.
Mabotolo a Bony amayenda mbali zonse za chigaza, zosonyeza kufanana kwa njoka ndi abuluzi. Koma mosiyana ndi iwo, tuatara sinasinthe, koma sinasinthe. Nthiti zam'mimba, komanso nthiti zofananira zofananira, zidangosungidwa mwa iye ndi ng'ona zokha. Khungu lanyama zouma ndi louma, lopanda zilonda zopatsa mphamvu. Kuti tisunge chinyezi, gawo lakumtunda la epidermis limakutidwa ndi mamba owopsa.
Tuatara pachithunzichi amawoneka owopsa. Koma sizimabweretsa ngozi iliyonse kwa munthu. Mwamuna wamkulu amalemera kilogalamu, ndipo wamkazi amakhala theka. Pamwamba pa thupi pamakhala chobiliwira maolivi pomwe pali zigamba zachikaso m'mbali, pansi pake pamvi. Thupi lovekedwa mchira wamphamvu.
Tautara yamphongo ndi yamwamuna imasiyanitsidwa mosavuta wina ndi mzake ndi kukula kwake
Membranes imawonekera pakati pa zala zazala zotukuka. Nthawi zowopsa, nyama imalira mofuula, zomwe sizachilendo kwa zokwawa.
Kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumbuyo ndi mchira kuli lokwera lokhala ndi ma wedges owoneka bwino. Zazikulu maso a tuatara yokhala ndi zikope zosunthika komanso ana owongoka omwe amakhala pambali pamutu ndikulola nyama kuwonedwa usiku.
Koma pambali pawo, palinso diso lachitatu pa korona, lomwe limawoneka bwino mu nyama zazing'ono mpaka miyezi inayi. Amakhala ndi diso ndi mandala, zolumikizidwa ndi zikhumbo zaminyewa kupita kuubongo.
Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wasayansi, asayansi afika pozindikira kuti chiwonetserochi chikuwongolera mayendedwe azinthu komanso zamoyo zonse za chokwawa. Ngati munthu ndi nyama zina amasiyanitsa usana ndi usiku kudzera m'maso wamba, ndiye kuti ku tuatara ntchitoyi imagwiridwa ndi parietal.
Pachithunzicho, diso la parietal (lachitatu) la tuatara
Akatswiri a zoology apereka mtundu wina, mpaka pano osatsimikizika. Vitamini D, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndikukula kwa nyama zazing'ono, imaperekedwa kudzera m'chiwonetsero chowonjezera. Kapangidwe ka mtima ndipadera. Zimaphatikizapo sinus, yomwe imapezeka mu nsomba, koma osati zokwawa. Khutu lakunja ndi zibowo zapakati zikusowa limodzi ndi nembanemba ya tympanic.
Miyambiyo sikuthera pamenepo. Tuatara imagwira ntchito pamatenthedwe otsika pang'ono, omwe samalandiridwa ndi zokwawa zina. Kutentha kosavuta - 6-18 ° С.
Chinanso ndi kutheketsa kusunga mpweya wanu mpaka ola limodzi, mukumva bwino. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama amatcha nyama kuti zatsitse zakale chifukwa cha zakale komanso zapadera.
Mitundu
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mtundu wachiwiri wamutu wokhala ndi milomo udapezeka ndikupatula - Gunat's tuatara, kapena Tuatara ya Brother Island (Sphenodon guntheri). Patatha zaka zana, zokwawa zokwanira 68 zinagwidwa ndikupita nazo kuzilumba ku Cook Strait (Titi). Pambuyo pazaka ziwiri zowonera momwe nyama zakutchire komanso zogwidwa, adasamukira kumalo omwe alendo amatha kuwona - Zisumbu za Sotes.
Mtundu - imvi-pinki, zofiirira kapena maolivi wachikasu, zoyera zoyera. Tuatara wa Gunther ndi squat, wokhala ndi mutu waukulu ndi miyendo yayitali. Amuna amalemera kwambiri ndipo chotupa chakumbuyo chimawoneka bwino.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mu reptile reptile, kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake, kupuma ndi kutulutsa mpweya komwe kumasintha masekondi 7. Nyamayo imanyinyirika kusuntha, koma imakonda kuthera nthawi m'madzi. Tuatara tikhalamo pagombe la zigawo zazing'ono zazing'ono zotetezedwa ku New Zealand, zosayenera kukhala ndi moyo wamunthu.
Hafu ya chiwerengerochi chonse chokhazikika pachilumba cha Stephens, pomwe pali anthu 500 pa hekitala. Malowa ali ndi miyala yokhala ndi magombe otsetsereka, madera okhala ndi zigwa. Madera ang'onoang'ono a nthaka yachonde amakhala ndiudzu wosowa, wosadzichepetsa. Nyengo imakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, nthunzi nthawi zonse, mphepo yamphamvu.
Poyamba tuatara wokhala ndi milomo amakhala pazilumba ziwiri zazikulu za New Zealand. Pakukula kwa nthaka, atsamunda adabweretsa agalu, mbuzi, ndi amphaka, zomwe, mwa njira yawo, zidathandizira kuchepa kwa ziweto.
Podyetsa mbuzi, masamba ochepa adawonongeka. Agalu omwe asiyidwa ndi eni ake amasaka tuatara, adasokoneza nkhosazo. Makoswewo adawononga kwambiri manambala.
Kutalikirana, kupatula kwakanthawi kwa madera kuchokera padziko lonse lapansi kwakhala kosiyana matendawo a tuatara momwe analili poyamba. Pangokhala ma hoiho penguin, mbalame za kiwi ndi anamgumi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri amakhala. Zomera zambiri zimakulanso kuzilumba za New Zealand.
Madera angapo a petrel asankha malowa. Malo oyandikana nawo amapindulitsa nyamayi. Zokwawa zimatha kukumba dzenje lokhalamo mpaka mita imodzi, koma zimakonda kukhala zokonzeka, pomwe mbalame zimamanga zisa zawo.
Masana, nyamayi imakhala yosagwira ntchito, imangokhala pogona, usiku imasiya pogona pofunafuna chakudya. Moyo wachinsinsi umabweretsa zovuta zina pakuphunzira zamachitidwe ndi akatswiri azanyama. M'nyengo yozizira tuatara nyama amagona, koma mopepuka. Nyengo ikakhala bata, dzuwa, imatuluka pamiyala.
Pazovuta zonse zoyenda bata, chokwawa chimathamanga mwachangu komanso mopupuluma, ndikuwona zoopsa, kapena kuthamangitsa nyama yomwe ikusaka. Nthawi zambiri, chinyama sichiyenera kupita patali, chifukwa chimadikirira wozunzidwayo, atatsamira pang'ono dzenje.
Atagwira mwana wankhuku kapena mbalame wamkulu, hatteria amaidula. Amapaka zidutswa za munthu ndi mano otayika, kusunthira nsagwada zakumaso kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Chokwawa chimamverera m'madzi monga momwe zilili. Kumeneko amathera nthawi yochuluka, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a anatomical, amasambira bwino. Iye samanyalanyaza ngakhale zithaphwi zomwe zinapangidwa mvula yamphamvu ikagwa. Beakheads molt pachaka. Khungu silimasunthika posungira, monga njoka, koma magawo awiri. Mchira wotayika umatha kusinthika.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri tuatara ndi anapiye ndi mazira. Koma ngati yalephera kupeza chakudya chokoma, ndiye kuti imadyetsa tizilombo (nyongolotsi, kafadala, arachnids, ziwala). Amakonda kudya molluscs, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi abuluzi.
Ngati kuli kotheka kugwira mbalame, imameza, pafupifupi popanda kutafuna. Nyama ndi zosusuka kwambiri. Pakhala pali zochitika pomwe zokwawa zazikulu zidadya ana awo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula pang'onopang'ono, njira zamoyo zimabweretsa kukhwima mochedwa kwa nyama, pafupifupi zaka 20. Mu Januwale, nthawi yotentha ikayamba, tuatara imakonzeka kuswana. Amuna amadikirira akazi pamabowo kapena powasaka akudutsa katundu wawo. Atapeza chinthu chowasamalira, amachita mwambo, amasuntha mozungulira kwa nthawi yayitali (mpaka mphindi 30).
Nthawi imeneyi pakati pa oyandikana nawo omwe amakhala m'malo oyandikana nayo amadziwika ndi mikangano chifukwa chakuchulukira. Banja lomwe limapangidwa limayenda bwino pafupi ndi burrow, kapena pakupuma mu labyrinths yake.
Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri tuatara ndi mbalame ndi mazira awo.
Chokwawa sichikhala ndi chiwalo china chakumaliseche chakukwatira. Feteleza imachitika kudzera m'ma cloacas opanikizika kwambiri. Njirayi imapezeka mu mbalame komanso zokwawa zapansi. Ngati mkaziyo ali wokonzeka kuswana zaka zinayi zilizonse, ndiye kuti wamwamuna amakhala wokonzeka chaka chilichonse.
New Zealand tuatara amatanthauza zokwawa za oviparous. Kapangidwe ka dzira kamapangidwa kuti kakulidwe kamene kamachitika bwino osati m'mimba, koma pamtunda. Chipolopolocho chimakhala ndi ulusi wa keratinized wokhala ndi ma limescale inclusions olimbitsira mphamvu. Mitundu yoyipa imapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso nthawi yomweyo amaletsa kulowetsedwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mwana wosabadwayo amakula pakatikati pamadzi, zomwe zimatsimikizira momwe ziwalo zamkati zimakhalira. Pakadutsa miyezi 8-10 mazirawo akukhazikitsidwa, mazira amapangidwa ndipo amakhala okonzeka kuyala. Pakadali pano, zazikazi zidapanga zigawo zodziwika kum'mwera kwa chilumbachi.
Mitu ya tuatara imakhala m'mabowo osazama kwambiri
Asanayime pamalo pomwe mazirawo adzapitilira, tuatara imafukula mabowo angapo oyeserera.
Kuikira mazira, okwana mpaka mayunitsi 15, kumachitika sabata sabata. Zazikazi zimakhala pafupi ndi usana pafupi, zikumateteza kunyinji kwa alendo omwe sanaitanidwe. Pamapeto pake, zomangamanga zimayikidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi zomera. Nyama zimabwerera kumoyo wawo wabwinobwino.
Mazira a tuatara, oyera ndi zigamba zachikaso, sizimasiyana kukula kwake kwakukulu - masentimita atatu m'mimba mwake. Nthawi yokwanira imatha pakatha miyezi 15. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono totalika masentimita 10 timagwetsera pachikopa cha dzira ndi dzino lapadera la nyanga, ndipo timatuluka patokha.
Pachithunzicho ndi tuatara yosalala
Kutalika kwa chitukuko kumafotokozedwa ndi nthawi yobisika m'nyengo yozizira, magawano akamayima, kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo kumayima.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi akatswiri a zoo ku New Zealand asonyeza kuti mtundu wa tuatara, monga ng'ona ndi akamba, zimadalira kutentha kwa makulitsidwe. Pa 21 ° C, kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhala kofanana.
Ngati kutentha ndikokulirapo kuposa chizindikirochi, ndiye kuti amuna ambiri amaswa, ngati ndiotsika, akazi. Poyamba, nyama zazing'ono zimakonda kukhala zokangalika masana, popeza pali kuthekera kwakuti ziwonongedwe ndi zokwawa zazikulu.
Chitukuko reptile tuatara chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake, kamatha zaka 35-45. Nthawi yakucha yonse imadalira nyengo. Akamakonda kwambiri (kutentha kwambiri), msinkhu wofulumira umadza. Chokwawa chimakhala zaka 60-120, anthu ena amafika ku bicentennial.
Zaka zopitilira zana zapitazo, boma la New Zealand lidakhazikitsa boma lachitetezo, ndikupereka malo achitetezo kuzilumba zokhala ndi milomo. Zokwawa zili mgulu la International Red Book. Mazana a nyama aperekedwa ku malo osungira nyama padziko lonse lapansi kuti apange zikhalidwe zabwino ndikupulumutsa mitunduyo.
Omenyera ufulu wa nyama akuda nkhawa ndi kumasulidwa kwa zilumbazi ku makoswe ndi ma possum. Ndalama zochuluka zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku bajeti pazolinga izi. Ntchito ndi matekinoloje atsopano akupangidwa kuti athetse adani achilengedwe a zokwawa.
Pali mapulogalamu osamutsira nyama zokwawa kumalo otetezeka, kusonkhanitsa, kuswana moyenera, ndi kuweta ziweto. Malamulo azachilengedwe okha, mgwirizano waboma ndi mabungwe aboma ndiomwe angapulumutse cholengedwa chokwawa chakale kwambiri kuti chisatheretu.
