Makolo athu adaphunzira za ndira zaka zikwi makumi anayi zapitazo. Ndi pomwe Homo sapiens adayamba kuyendera Africa. Kudziwana kwakutali kwa anthu ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa ichi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi petroglyphs, omwe ali ndi zaka 12-14 zikwi. Miyalayi ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Libya masiku ano, kutsetsereka kwa Wadi Metkandush.
Osati nyama zaku Africa zokha zomwe zimajambulidwa pa iwo, komanso zithunzi zolumikizirana ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo: chimodzi mwazosema, bambo amakhala mozungulira chithaphwi. Ndizovuta kunena kuti ichi ndi chiyani: zopeka za ojambula kapena umboni wofuna kuyesa kuweta ziweto izi.
Anthu a m'nthawi ya Julius Caesar mwina anali nzika zoyambirira kuboma la Europe kuwona ndikuyamikira nzika zakunja kwa Africa. Anabweretsedwa kumizinda ya Ufumu wa Roma ndi amalonda achiarabu. Pambuyo pazaka mazana angapo, anthu aku Europe adatha kuyang'anitsitsa nyamalayi. Inalandiridwa ngati mphatso ndi Florentine Lorenze de Medici. Izi zinali m'zaka za zana la 15.
Msonkhano wotsatira wofanana wa okhala ku Europe ndi chozizwitsa chaku Africa chidachitika zaka 300 pambuyo pake. Mu 1825, King Charles 10 waku France adalandira ngati mphatso kuchokera kwa pasha waku Egypt. Osati kokha suzerain ndi oyang'anira nyumba omwe adadabwa ndira, nyama adawonetsedwa kwa anthu onse.
Karl Linnaeus anaphatikizira ndulu mu gulu la nyama mu 1758 pansi pa dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Giraffa camelopardalis. Gawo loyambirira la dzinali limachokera ku mawu osokonekera achiarabu akuti "zarafa" (anzeru).
Gawo lachiwiri la dzinali limatanthauza "ngamila ya kambuku". Dzina losazolowereka la herbivore wodabwitsayo likusonyeza kuti akatswiri azamoyo anali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chokhudza iye.
Dzina lachi Russia, mwachilengedwe, limachokera ku Chilatini. Kwa nthawi yayitali idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chachikazi. Kenako mawonekedwe achikazi ndi achimuna adakhala ovomerezeka. M'mawu amakono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito amuna kapena akazi, ngakhale "thundu" nawonso sangakhale kulakwitsa.
Nyamalikiti zimatha kupanga ziweto zambiri ndi oyandikana nawo
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ukadaulo wamakono (wailesi yakanema, intaneti) umatha kudziwa za artiodactyl iyi osachoka panyumba. Girafi pachithunzichi kapena kanema akuwoneka bwino. Choyamba, kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kodabwitsa. Thupi limabwerera mmbuyo.
Imadutsa khosi lokwera kwambiri, lokhala ndi mutu waung'ono (wachibale ndi thupi) wokhala ndi nyanga. Miyendo ndi yayitali, koma osati yayikulu. Pa liwiro la makilomita 55 pa ola limodzi, amatha kusuntha cholengedwa chomwe kulemera kwake nthawi zina kumaposa tani.
Kukula kwa thonje wamkulu ikuyandikira 6 mita. Kutalika kwa khosi kuli pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika konse, ndiye kuti, 1.8-2 mita. Pamutu, amuna ndi akazi ali ndi nyanga zazing'ono, nthawi zina osati imodzi, koma awiriawiri. Pamaso pa nyanga, pangakhale mphukira ya oblique, yomwe imafanana ndi nyanga.
Makutu ang'onoang'ono amawonetsa kumva bwino. Maso akulu, akuda, ozunguliridwa ndi ma eyelashes osalala, akuwonetsa masomphenya abwino. Kukula kwakumva ndi kuwona kwamtali wamtali kumawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka ku savannah yaku Africa.
Gawo lodabwitsa kwambiri la thupilo ndi khosi. Kuti ikhale yayitali kwambiri, chilengedwe chimapereka khosi limodzi ndi banja (monga liyenera kukhalira) ndi mafupa amtundu wapadera. Ndi masentimita 25 kutalika. Akazi samasiyana mthupi mwa amuna, koma ndi 10-15% ofupikitsa komanso opepuka kuposa amuna.
Ngati makulidwe ndi kukula kwa thupi m'mitundu yonse yazinyama ndizofanana, ndiye kuti mtundu ndi mtundu ndizosiyana. Mtundu wonse wa khungu ndi wachikasu-lalanje. Pathupi lonse pali mawanga ofiira, abulauni ndi mithunzi yosinthira. Pali ma subspecies momwe mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati gridi kuposa mawanga. Asayansi akuti ndizosatheka kupeza akadyamsonga okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana.
Ziwalo zamkati mwa nyama zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe ake akunja: zazikulu kwambiri osati zachilendo kwenikweni. Lilime lakuda limafikira theka la mita kutalika. Ndi chida chosinthira komanso champhamvu chogwirira nthambi ndi kubudula zomera. Lilime limathandizidwa ndi milomo yakukhazikika komanso yosinthasintha, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba kuti muteteze ku minga.
Kum'mero kumakhala ndi minofu yotukuka yonyamula chakudya kupita nacho kuchokera kumimba. Monga momwe zilili ndi zowawitsa zilizonse, kungotafuna mobwerezabwereza kumatha kuthandiza kugaya bwino. Mimba, yomwe ili ndi zigawo zinayi, imayang'ana njira yowala yopezera chakudya. Ndira, nyama yayitali kwambiri, Ali ndi matumbo a 70 mita kutalika.
Pakati pa zitsamba zaminga ndi mitengo, khungu lakuda komanso lolimba limalola kudyetsa. Amapulumutsanso ku tizilombo toyamwa magazi. Ubweya, womwe umatulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, umathandiza kuteteza. Amapereka nyamayo kununkhiza kosalekeza. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zodzitchinjiriza, kununkhira kumatha kukhala pagulu. Amuna amamva fungo lamphamvu kwambiri motero amakopa akazi.
Mitundu
Munthawi ya Neogene, atasiyana ndi agwape, kholo la artiodactyl iyi lidawonekera. Anakhazikika zakale girafira ku Africa, Asia ndi Europe. Palibe imodzi, koma mitundu yambiri yakale isanachitike idanenanso kuti ipitilizidwa. Koma mu Pleistocene, kuzizira kozizira kunayamba. Nyama zambiri zazikulu zinatha. Mitunduyi yasandulika kukhala mitundu iwiri: okapi ndi ndira.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kutalika kwa khosi la akadyamsonga kunayamba kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Zifukwa zomwe zatchulidwazi zimatchedwa kulimbana pakati pa amuna pautsogoleri komanso mpikisano wapa chakudya. Pamodzi ndi khosi, miyendo idakulitsidwa ndipo thupi lidasintha kasinthidwe. Pomwe Kukula kwamtchire wamkulu sanafike mamita asanu ndi limodzi. Njira yosinthira idayimira pamenepo.
Mitundu yamakono yamitunduyi imaphatikizanso mitundu isanu ndi inayi.
- Giraffe wa Nubian ndi subspecies osankhidwa. Ali pafupi kutha. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Sudan, South Sudan ndi kumadzulo kwa Ethiopia kuli anthu pafupifupi 650. Izi zimadziwika kuti - Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis.
- Chiwerengero cha akadyamsonga a ku West Africa ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ndi nyama 200 zokha zomwe zimakhala ku Chad. Dzina lachi Latin la subspecies iyi ndi Giraffa camelopardalis peralta.
- Panali chigawo cha Kordofan ku Sudan. M'gawo lake panali imodzi yamitundumitundu, yomwe inkatchedwa Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum. Tsopano ma subspecies awa amapezeka kumwera kwa Chad, ku Cameroon.
- Giraffe wodziwikiratu amapezeka ku Kenya ndi kumwera kwa Somalia. Kuchokera pa dzinalo zikuwonekeratu kuti mtundu womwe umakhala pakhungu la kanyundidwe uli ngati gridi kuposa mawanga. Nyama imeneyi nthawi zina amatchedwa ndira ya ku Somalia. Dzina la sayansi - Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata.
- Giraffe wa Rothschild (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) amakhala ku Uganda. Mpata wakusowa kwathunthu ndiwokwera kwambiri. Anthu onse amtunduwu amakhala ku Uganda ndi Kenya.
- Giraffe wamasai. Potengera dzinali, malo ake okhala amafanana ndi madera omwe mtundu wa Masai umakhala. M'Chilatini, amatchedwa Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi.
- Giraffe Thornycroft adatchedwa Harry Rhorcrcroft. Subpecies izi nthawi zina amatchedwa Giraffe wa Rhodesia. Dzinalo Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti adapatsidwa gawo la subspecies.
- Giraffe wa ku Angola amakhala ku Namibia ndi Botswana. Amatchedwa Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis.
- Giraffe waku South Africa amakhala ku South Africa, Zimbabwe ndi Mozambique. Lili ndi dzina la giraffa camelopardalis giraffa.
Chithunzithunzi chachithunzi
Gawoli kukhala subspecies lakhazikika bwino ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano. Koma zinthu zitha kusintha posachedwa. Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala pali mikangano yasayansi yokhudzana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa oimira subspecies. Zinthu zowona zidawonjezeredwa kutsutsana kwasayansi.
Asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Goethe ku Germany adasanthula DNA yazomwe adapeza. Ndipo mmalo mwa mtundu umodzi, womwe tidawutcha kuti ndi girafa, anayi adawonekera. Onsewa ali ndi dzina lodziwika kuti "girafi", koma mayina achi Latin ndi osiyana. M'malo mwa Giraffa camelopardalis akuwonekera:
- kumpoto chithaphwi (Giraffa camelopardalis),
- Giraffe wakumwera (Giraffa giraffa),
- Giraffe wa Massai (Giraffa tippelskirchi),
- Giraffe (Giraffa reticulata).
Tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'ono talimbikitsidwa kukhala mitundu yazamoyo. Zina zonse zidatsala ndi subspecies. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu latsopano, kuwonjezera pa tanthauzo lenileni la sayansi, kuli ndi tanthauzo lothandiza. Tsopano anthu amtundu umodzi akuphatikizidwa m'mitundu inayi. Kuchulukanso kwa mitunduyi kumachepetsedwa kangapo. Izi zimapereka chifukwa cholimbikitsira kulimbana kuti zisunge zamoyozo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Akadyamsonga amakonda malo okhala ndi nkhalango zaminga, mtedza wa ku Africa, mtengo wa apilikosi, ndi zitsamba zilizonse. Tinyama ting'onoting'ono tambiri timapezeka m'malo amenewa. Nyama 10-20 mdera.
Msana wa gululi umapangidwa ndi akazi. Amuna amatha kuchoka pagulu kupita ku gulu kapena kutsogolera moyo wosalira zambiri. Maubwenzi ovuta kwambiri adalembedwa posachedwa. Zidapezeka kuti akadyamsonga amalumikizana osati mdera lokhalo, komanso magulu ena a ziweto omwe ali pamtunda wa kilomita imodzi kapena kupitilira apo.
Magulu amatha kuyenda molumikizana, kwakanthawi agwirizane kukhala gulu lalikulu, kenako nkumabwereranso.
Pobowola madzi, akadyamsonga amakhala pangozi kwambiri
Tsiku lonse gulu la akadyamsonga limangoyendayenda pofunafuna chakudya. Nkhunda amapuma usiku. Amakhala pansi atakhala osasunthika, akuweramitsa mutu wawo kumbuyo kwawo. Akakhala pansi kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri, akadyamsonga amadzuka ndi kuyenda pang'ono. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe amthupi ndi kutentha ndikofunikira kuti ziwalo zamkati zikwaniritse bwino.
Nyama zimagona ili motere
Ndi nyama zopanda phokoso. Koma momwe anthu amakhalira pamafunika kusinthana kwa chidziwitso. Kuyang'anitsitsa kumawonetsa kuti pali mawu. Amuna amamveka mofanana ndi kutsokomola.
Amayi amatchula ana amphongo ndi kubangula. Achichepere, nawonso, amang'ung'uza, kulira, ndi kuwomba. Infrasound imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana patali.
Zakudya zabwino
Ziwombankhanga ndi artiodactyl herbivores. Maziko azakudya zawo ndizomera zopanda michere yambiri. Mitengo iliyonse yobiriwira, maluwa ndi masamba, yomwe ili kutalika kwa theka ndi theka kupitirira mita ziwiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ali ndi ochepa ochita nawo mpikisano wazakudya.
Mofanana ndi zinyama zonse zodya nyama, akadyamsonga nawonso ndiwo chakudya. Pafupifupi chilichonse chimawopseza nyama yayikulu yathanzi. Ana ndi odwala ali ndi adani ambiri. Awa ndi akalulu akulu, afisi, agalu amtchire.
Nthawi zambiri, njira yodyera ziweto komanso chidwi choteteza anthu amtundu wawo zimathandizira. Kuphulika kumodzi komwe ziboda za chimphona ichi zitha kulepheretsa chilombo chilichonse.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Twigulu ndi mitala, samapanga magulu okhazikika. Amuna amazindikira kufunitsitsa kwa mkazi mwa kununkhiza ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuyamba kukwatira. Amuna amatsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wobereka mwa kumenya nawo limodzi.
Kuwukira kwakukulu kumatanthauza kumenyedwa pamutu. Koma, ngakhale kuli kwakumenya kwamphamvu, palibe ngozi zakufa.
Mimba ya mkazi imatenga masiku 400-460. Amabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi, nthawi zina amapasa. Kukula kwa mbidzi kumafika mita 1,7-2. Pambuyo pa maola ochepa, amatha kuthamanga kale ndikukhala membala wathunthu.
Girafi amasungidwa bwino ndikubwezeretsedwanso ku ukapolo. Monga zosangalatsa kwambiri Zoo Animals Zoo Animals nthawi zonse amakopa chidwi cha anthu. Imakondweretsanso chidwi pakati pa akatswiri azanyama. Akasungidwa mu ukapolo, iye (giraffe) amakhala zaka 20-27. Mu savannah yaku Africa, moyo wake ndi theka utali.
