Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Auk - Iyi ndi mbalame zam'madzi zapakatikati, zomwe zimakhala makamaka kumpoto. Oimira nyama zakutchire zochokera kubanja la auks amapezeka m'mphepete mwa zilumba za North Atlantic, kufupi ndi maiko aku Europe ndi America.
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ndi ku Canada komwe kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kumawonjezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafika kumaderawa nthawi yogona kukafika ku 50,000. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Iceland ndikotchuka chifukwa chakukula kwake.
Chovala chautoto cha zolengedwa izi chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana, kukhala kumtunda, ndiye kuti, kumutu, mapiko, khosi ndi kumbuyo, mdima wonyezimira ndikuwonjezera mabotolo ofiira ofiira, ndipo kumunsi, pachifuwa ndi m'mimba, zoyera.
Kuphatikiza apo, mizere yoyera imatha kuwoneka pankhope za mbalamezi. Amathamangira m'maso mpaka pakamwa, pakamwa, pakakona kokhota, kophwatalala kuchokera mbali, pomwe mphuno zake zimawoneka ngati zotchinga.
Mizere yofananira yopingasa imatha kuwonanso pamapiko a nyama izi. Ziyenera kufotokozedwa kuti mtundu wa mbalame umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera msinkhu wa munthu wina komanso nyengo.
Mutu wa mbalame yolimba ndiyabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ziwalo zina za thupi. Maso ang'onoang'ono a bulauni-amdima samawonekera pamenepo. Khosi la zolengedwa izi ndi lalifupi.
Miyendo yawo yosinthasintha imapatsidwa ziboda zopangidwa bwino, zolimba, zakuda. Mchira wawo umakwezedwa pang'ono, wakuthwa kumapeto, wonenepa pafupifupi masentimita 10. Izi ndi zina zimawoneka pachithunzichi auk.
Palibe kusiyana kwakunja kwakunja pakati pa akazi ndi amuna mu auk, kupatula kuti omaliza nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo pang'ono. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amuna akuluakulu amatha kulemera kwa kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 43 cm, ndipo mapiko awo amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 69.
Koma kukula kwake kumakhala mbalame pokhapokha, koma ambiri a iwo, ngakhale atakula, samakula msinkhu wopitilira 20 cm.
Mbalame zimatulutsa mkokomo wa mkokomo, womwe umamveka molimbika makamaka poyembekezera miyambo yaukwati. Mawu awo ndi ofanana ndi "gar-gar", omwe zolengedwa zamapiko izi zidapatsidwa dzina lotchuka.
Mverani mawu a auk
Mitundu
Mtundu wa auk pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni anayi kapena asanu zapitazo, nthawi ya Pleistocene, anali ochulukirapo kuposa momwe ziliri pano. Kenako ku America, kudera lomwe North Carolina iliko, malinga ndi asayansi, panali zakale, ndiye kuti mitundu ya auk yomwe tsopano satha kusintha.
Anthu amakono athu amatha kuweruza mawonekedwe awo kokha ndi zidutswa zazinthu zotsalira za mbalame zakale zam'madzi.
Komabe, posachedwapa (pakati pa zaka zapitazo), mtundu wina unasoweka pankhope ya dziko lapansi - mapiko auk... Dzinalo la mbalame zotere sizangochitika mwangozi, chifukwa pakupanga chisinthiko adataya mwayi wowuluka. Koma polephera kuyenda mlengalenga, adasambira mwaluso, ngakhale pamtunda anali wovuta kwambiri.
Chifukwa cholephera kuuluka, mapiko a mbalamezi anali amfupi mosagwirizana, anali masentimita 15 okha, okhala ndi kukula kwathunthu kwa anthu mpaka masentimita 80. Mbalame zoterezi zimafanana ndi achibale amakono omwe adafotokozedwapo, kupatula zina zambiri, koma adakhala akulu kwambiri (adafika pamiyeso pafupifupi 5 kg). Komanso, mbalamezi zimawoneka ngati zofanana kwambiri ndi ma penguin.
Malo okhala nyama zamapiko zazifupi anali olemera m'mphepete mwa chakudya ndi zisumbu za Atlantic zokhala ndi magombe amiyala. Nsomba ndi nkhanu ankadya. Adani achilengedwe a zinyama zomwe zatha tsopano akuphatikizapo chimbalangondo, chimphepo choyera ndi chinsomba chakupha. Koma mdani woopsa kwambiri anali munthu.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalame zotayika ngati izi zakhala zikudziwika kwa anthu kwazaka mazana ambiri. M'chikhalidwe cha Amwenye, amawonedwa ngati mbalame zapadera, ndipo milomo yawo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokongoletsa.
Ma auk opanda mapiko nawonso anaphedwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo ndi nyama, pambuyo pake iwonso anapangidwa kukhala nyama zodzaza, kukopa osonkhetsa.
Ndipo zotsatira zake zinali kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa mbalame zotere (munthu womaliza amakhulupirira kuti adawonekeranso mu 1852). Chifukwa chake, abale awo amakono, omwe mafotokozedwe awo adatchulidwa kale, ndi mitundu yokhayo pamtundu wa auk womwe ulipobe lero kuthengo.
Auk wopanda mapiko sakanatha kusungidwa kuti abwerere, ngakhale kuti zinthu zinatengedwa munthawi yake. Tsopano, okonda zachilengedwe akuyesera kupulumutsa woimira womaliza wa mtundu wa auk. Alipo kale pamndandanda wazinthu zotetezedwa ku Scotland, komwe pachilumba cha Fula m'nkhalangoyi amatchulidwa mwapadera.
Tsopano asayansi akukonzekera, pogwiritsa ntchito majini azaka mazana awiri apitawo, osungidwa mozizwitsa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuti athetse ndi kuwononga zamoyo, potero amaukitsa ndikuwukhazikitsa m'malo achilengedwe, omwe, monga akukhulupirira, Zilumba za Farne zomwe zili pagombe la Britain ndizoyenera.
Dera la Maine ku America ndi gombe lakumpoto la France akuwerengedwa kuti ndi malo akumwera kwenikweni a mbalame zamakono za auk. Ponena za nzika zakumpoto kwambiri, zolengedwa zamapiko izi zochokera kumadera ovuta zimasamukira ku New England, Newfoundland ndi kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Mediterranean koyambirira kwa dzinja.
M'dziko lathu, zolengedwa zamapiko ngati izi zimakhazikika kwambiri pagombe la Murmansk. Kuphatikiza apo, osati pafupipafupi, koma mumakumana ndi Nyanja Yoyera ndi Nyanja ya Ladoga. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti kuli malo okhala ndi dzina lomwelo lomwe lili ndi dzina la mbalameyi m'chigawo chapakati cha kontinentiyo, komwe oimira nyama zotere sanapezekepo.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Altai komanso madera monga Sverdlovsk «Auk»Zimapezeka ngati dzina la midzi ndi midzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame zotere zimakonda kupezeka m'madzi amchere komanso pagombe lamiyala m'malo omwe muli chakudya chochuluka, zomwe zimatha kulowa pansi pamadzi. Koma mlengalenga, zolengedwa zamapikozi zimapereka chithunzi cha kusokonekera komanso kusinkhasinkha.
Pamtunda, nawonso, satha kuyenda mwachangu, kukonzanso miyendo yawo, kusinthidwa kuti azisambira mwaluso, koma osati kuyenda, ndi mamina akuthwa, pang'onopang'ono komanso movutikira. Malo otseguka amadzi ndizofunikira zawo. Kwenikweni, ndikumveka kokha kwa chilengedwe m'nyengo yakukhwimitsa komwe kumapangitsa nyama zotere kubwera kumtunda.
Auk, monganso mamembala ena am'banja lawo, ndiotchuka chifukwa chokhala m'malo ambiri a mbalame zomwe amapanga. Chizoloŵezi chotere chakusonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu chimapatsa zolengedwa zabwino zazikulu, makamaka, kuthekera kokhala chitetezo chawo kwa adani ndi adani ena.
Mbalamezi ndizapadera osati kokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo achilengedwe komanso kukongola kwawo, komanso kuthekera kwawo kusinthasintha kukhala moyo wathunthu munthawi ya nyengo yovuta yomwe sivomerezeka ndi zolengedwa zina zambiri, chifukwa zimapezeka ngakhale m'malo ozizira kwamuyaya ndi chipale chofewa Arctic.
Mbalame ya Auk amadalira kwambiri gawo lamadzi kotero kuti ngakhale ana ang'onoang'ono a mbalamezi, akangoti akula, amathamangira kuti adziwe zachilengedwe, ndikulumpha kuphompho kwa nyanja kuchokera m'miyala.
Zowona, sikuti kwa anapiye onse zochita zoterezi zimatha mosangalala. Kulimba mtima kwa azimayi ena osauka nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mavuto.
Zakudya zabwino
Inde, mbalamezi zimapeza chakudya chokha pansi pa madzi. Auk amadya nsomba: anchovies, hering'i, cod, sprat, capelin, komanso nyongolotsi zam'madzi, nkhono zapansi, nkhanu, nkhanu, nyamayi. Kupeza chakudya choyenera paokha, nyama izi zimatha kulowa m'madzi kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ndikufikira mita yakuya.
Kuti agwire ndi kumugwira wovulalayo, amagwiritsa ntchito mlomo womwe umasinthidwa kwambiri ndi izi, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe ngati mbedza pachifukwa. Mbalamezi zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nyama yawo yatsopano.
Chifukwa chake, akangofika pamwambapa, amathanso kudya, kapena amathamangira kukatenga ana awo. Machitachita achipongwe ndi mwano ndizofala kwambiri m'zinthu zoterezi, chifukwa cha izi, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti amalimbana ndi mbalame zina kuti awachotsere zakudya zabwino.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kuswana kwa mbalame zapaderazi kumachitika nthawi yachisanu yozizira komanso yachidule chakumpoto. Ndipo okhwima mwakuthupi ndipo amatha kuberekanso mtundu wawo mbalame ya auk zimakhala pafupifupi zisanu, nthawi zina pang'ono pang'ono, ndiye kuti, pofika zaka zinayi.
Masewera oyeserera mbalamezi amayamba ndi chibwenzi chodabwitsa. Kuyesera kusangalatsa omwe akakhale zibwenzi, auk ikuyambitsa kukongola kuti ilimbikitse mokwanira kukhumba kwawo.
Ndipo pambuyo poti mamembala awiriawiriwo asankha kukhala limodzi, kukondana kumachitika pakati pawo, ndipo kangapo, chifukwa kugonana koteroko kumatha kuchitika mbalamezi mpaka maulendo khumi ndi atatu.
Koma kukhathamiritsa komwe kukuwonetsedwaku sikutanthauza nkomwe za mbalamezi. Kupatula apo, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti akazi, atatha miyambo yotereyi, amatha kusangalatsa dziko ndi dzira limodzi lokha.
Ndipo nthawi yomweyo samayiika mu chisa, koma pamiyala, kufunafuna ming'alu yoyenera, malo owonongera ndi malekezero okufa. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti auk, atawona malo amodzi, amabwerera komweko mzaka zotsatirazi.
Nthawi zina zimakhala zowona kuti mbalame zimayesetsa kukonza malo oti zigone, ndikugwiritsa ntchito timiyala tating'onoting'ono ngati zomangira, ndikuyika pansi pazokhumudwitsa ndi nthenga ndi ndere.
Mazira a Auk, olemera kupitirira magalamu zana, nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu kapena oyera, ndipo mabala ofiira kapena ofiira nthawi zina amatha kuwonekera m'malo ena. Magulu onsewa amatenga nawo mbali powaswa: onse mayi ndi abambo.
Amakhala osamala komanso amasamalira ana awo, komabe, samadzikonda kwambiri mpaka kuiwala za iwo eni kwathunthu. Kupatula apo, ngati mbalame zili pachiwopsezo, zimatha kubisala, ndikuyiwala za mazira.
Nthawi yomweyo, makolo amatha kusiya zowalamulira osasamalidwa komanso osawopseza kunja, mwachitsanzo, ana asanabadwe, nthawi zambiri amatha kupita kukafunafuna chakudya, nthawi zambiri amasunthira kutali ndi malo obisalira.
Khalidwe lotere ndilolondola ngati mbalame zimabereka ana, monga mwa chizolowezi cha oimira banjali, m'madera, chifukwa chake onse ndi anapiye awo ali otetezeka pang'ono. Koma olowa m'malo mwazimenezi atangobedwa, makolo samadzilolera kupezeka kwakutali. Nthawi yokwanira ndi pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka.
Dzira limodzi likatayika chifukwa cha ngozi yoopsa, awiri auks okwatirana amatha kupezanso kutayika ndikupanga clutch yatsopano. Anapiye ankhaka okutidwa ndi mdima pansi (mu maola oyamba amoyo kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi magalamu 60) amadyetsedwa ndi makolo awo pachakudya cha nsomba.
Poyamba, sizimasiyanasiyana pakuyenda kwakukulu, ndizosathandiza ndipo zimazizira nthawi zonse. Koma pakatha milungu iwiri ayamba kuzolowera kuzizira kwam'mwera.
Pakadali pano, anapiye amakula ndikukhwima kotero kuti amatha kupita, limodzi ndi achikulire, paulendo wawo woyamba m'moyo wawo kupita pachimake pa ma auk onse - madzi: nyanja kapena bay, pomwe pofika miyezi iwiri amaphunzira kusambira mwaluso.
M'madzi am'madzi, makamaka, kukhalapo kwawo konse kumatha. Ndipo nthawi yawo yokhala ndi moyo imakhala pafupifupi zaka 38, zomwe ndizochulukirapo kwa nthumwi zaufumu wamapazi.
