Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nkhandwe ndipo galu ndi wachibale wapafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazi zimakhala za banja limodzi, lotchedwa mayini kapena mayini. Kunena zowona, mimbulu ndi imodzi mwamagulu amtunduwu, omwe mphalapala ndi mimbulu amawerengedwanso kuti ndi mamembala.
Dzina lomweli ndi mtundu uwu uli ndi mtundu womwe umatchedwa: nkhandwe. Koma imodzi mwazinthu zamtundu uwu ndi galu chabe. Kuphatikiza apo, monga mukudziwa, agalu oweta amachokera ku mimbulu, chifukwa chake, omalizawa ndi makolo awo enieni.
Kafukufuku wa DNA adatheketsa kuzindikira mizere ingapo yamibadwo ya mimbulu. Zowonadi zake, zamoyo zoyamwitsa izi zili ndi zinayi. Malinga ndi izi, akale kwambiri ndi mimbulu yaku Africa, yomwe idawonekera Padziko Lapansi kwazaka mazana mazana angapo.
Ndipo pambuyo pake, kudera la Hindustan wamakono, mizere ina itatu ya mimbulu inayamba kupangika umodzi: Himalayan, Indian ndi Tibetan. Kuchokera m'magulu anayi awa a makolo, mitundu yonse ya mimbulu yam'mbuyomu idayambira, yomwe tsopano yafalikira kudera lamayiko ambiri.
Dera la oimira zinyama nthawi zonse lakhala lokulirapo. Zowona, mzaka zapitazi, idatsikirabe chifukwa chakutha mosalamulirika ndikuwononga nyama izi. Mwachitsanzo, mimbulu imatheratu ku Japan.
Awa anali makamaka oimira subspecies ya Honshu ndi Hokkaido. Mitundu ya Newfoundland yomwe imakhala ku Canada, komanso mitundu ina, idazimiririka. Komabe, mimbulu tsopano ikufala m'maiko ambiri aku Europe. Ku Russia, amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse.
Kupatula okha ndi Sakhalin ndi a Kuriles, komanso zigawo zina za taiga mdziko lathu. Ku North America, mitundu ya ziwetozi ndiyonso ndiyambiri ndipo imachokera ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico.
Zinthu zotsatirazi ndizobisika ngati mimbulu. Izi ndizofunikira pachifuwa chokhazikika komanso kumbuyo kwake, mchira wautali. Zotupa zawo ndi zikhadabo zosalongosoka zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zawo, ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayitali kuposa ya kumbuyo. Ubweya wa nyama izi umakhala ndi malo abwino otenthetsa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale m'malo omwe nyengo imakhala yovuta, mimbulu imatha kuzika mizu bwino ndikumva bwino.
Poyenda m'malo okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, mawotchi awo amatenthedwa ndi chida chapadera chozungulira. Pakati pa zala zazimbalangondo pali zotupa, zimakulitsa malo akuthandizira miyendo, chifukwa chake, zimachepetsa katundu panthaka poyenda.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale nthaka itaphimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa chachikulu, nkhandwe imatha kuyenda mwachangu komanso mosavuta. Kusamala pamene akuthamanga kumaperekedwa ndi chizolowezi cha nyama iyi kudalira osati pa phazi lonse, koma zala zala zokha. Ndipo tsitsi lalitali kwambiri la nkhandwe komanso zikhadabo zolusa zimathandiza kuti zizikhala malo oterera komanso otsetsereka okhala ndi madzi oundana.
Ndipo chinthu china chimathandiza mimbulu kupulumuka m'malo ovuta achilengedwe. Pa mapazi awo, pakati pa zala zawo, pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa zinthu zonunkhira. Chifukwa chake, mapazi a mtsogoleriyo amatha kupereka chidziwitso kwa gulu lonse za komwe adapita, chifukwa chake amathandizira kuyenda, kupeza njira yoyenera pansi. Zomwe nyamazi zimawoneka zimawoneka pa chithunzi cha nkhandwe.
Mitundu ya mimbulu
M'banja la canine, nkhandwe imadziwika kuti ndi membala wamkulu kwambiri. Koma kukula kwenikweni kwa zolengedwa zotere kumatengera mitundu ndi malo okhala, pomwe zizindikiritso zawo (kutalika kwa thupi ndi kulemera kwake) zimasiyana kwambiri. Oimira ochititsa chidwi kwambiri amatha kufika pafupifupi makilogalamu 100 ndi kukula kwa mita ziwiri.
Zonse pamodzi, pali mitundu pafupifupi 17 ya nyama zoyamwitsa izi, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa.
Tiyeni tiwonetse ena mwa iwo.
- Nkhandwe wamba (imvi). Kulemera kwa thupi la nthumwi za nkhandwe kumafikira makilogalamu 80, ndipo kutalika ndi mita yopitilira theka ndi theka, pomwe ali ndi mchira wa theka la mita. Kunja, nyamazi zimafanana ndi agalu akuluakulu okhala ndi makutu osongoka.
Miyendo yawo ndiyolimba komanso yayitali. Chosemphacho ndichachikulu, chopangidwa ndi "zoyipa zam'mbali". Mawonekedwe ake amafotokoza bwino ndikuwonetsa kusunthika kwa chinyama: kuchokera pakukhala bata, kusangalala ndi chikondi mpaka mantha, kupsa mtima ndi mkwiyo. Ubweya wa nyama yotereyi ndi wosanjikiza kawiri, wautali komanso wonenepa.
Mtundu wa mawu umasiyanasiyana. Kungakhale kukuwa, kubangula, kuuwa, kukuwa mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nyama izi ndizofala ku Eurasia (kuyambira Spain mpaka Hindustan) komanso kumpoto kwa New World.
- Nkhandwe yam'mlengalenga ndimawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono chabe ya nkhandwe yomwe yangotchulidwa kumeneyi. Ichi ndi mtundu wosowa. Nyama zotere zimakhala m'mphepete mwa chisanu chozizira komanso chosatha ku Alaska ndi Greenland. Amapezekanso kumpoto kwa Canada.
Mwa oimira mtunduwo, zitsanzozi ndizazikulu kwambiri, amuna amadziwika ndi kukula kwapadera. Kuyang'ana nyama yoteroyo patali, wina angaganize kuti ndi Nkhandwe yoyera, koma tikayang'anitsitsa, zimawonekeratu kuti ubweya wonyezimira wa nyamayi uli ndi khungu lofiira pang'ono. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi wandiweyani, ndi fluffy pa miyendo ndi mchira.
- Nkhandwe siyabwino kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi Arctic, ndipo nthawi zina imatha kuposa iyo. Kutalika kokha pamapewa a nyama izi ndi pafupifupi mita. Kuchokera dzinalo zikuwonekeratu kuti izi nyama zakutchire.
Mimbulu Mitunduyi imatchedwanso Central Russian, yomwe imawonetsa malo okhala, omwe amapitanso ku Western Siberia, nthawi zina mpaka ku nkhalango-tundra ngakhale kumpoto.
Mtundu wa nyamazi, komanso kukula kwake, zimadalira kwambiri malo okhalamo. Anthu akumpoto nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo, amakhalanso opepuka mumtundu wa malaya. M'madera akumwera, makamaka kuli mimbulu yomwe imakhala ndi ubweya wofiirira.
- Nkhandwe ya Mackensen ili ndi utoto woyera ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi yofala kwambiri pakati pa mimbulu ku North America. Posachedwa, achitapo kanthu pobzala.
Pachifukwa ichi, nyama zoterezi zidatengedwa kupita ku Yellowstone Park - malo osungidwa padziko lonse lapansi, komwe adazika mizu ndikubala mwanjira yabwino kwambiri, zomwe zidathandizira kwambiri kuchuluka kwawo. Nyama zoterezi zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi mimbulu ya m'nkhalango.
- Nkhandwe. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhandwe sizikhala ku South America. Koma mtundu uwu (wokhala m'malo ena a kontinentiyo) uli ndi mawonekedwe achilendo ndipo umafanana kwambiri ndi abale ake ochepa.
Zinyama zotere zili ndi tsitsi lofiira, ndipo limakhala ndi dzina chifukwa cha mane, chofanana kwambiri ndi cha kavalo, chimakula pamapewa ndi khosi. Mimbulu imeneyi imakhala yowonda, ndipo kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri sikupitilira 24 kg.
Popeza nyamayi imayenera kusuntha kwambiri m'malo omwe muli udzu wamtali, kufunafuna nyama yolanda, ili ndi miyendo yayitali. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ili pangozi.
- Nkhandwe Yofiira kunja kwake sikufanana kwenikweni ndi obadwa nawo ndipo amangofanana nawo mwamakhalidwe. Thupi lake ndilofanana kwambiri ndi nkhandwe. Koma ubweya wake wamtundu ndi kukongola uli ngati nkhandwe.
Ndi nyama zolusa zazing'ono koma zanzeru kwambiri. Ali ndi mchira wautali ndi wautali, makutu akulu ozungulira ndi chofupikitsa. Zambiri mwa nyamazi zimakhala ku Asia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazokongola imatha kukhala malo okhala mimbulu. Komabe, amakhala m'nkhalango nthawi zambiri. Amatha kukhala kumapiri, koma m'malo okhawo omwe kuyenda kosiyanasiyana sikovuta kwambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, mimbulu imakonda kukhala m'matumba, ndipo nthawi zambiri samachoka m'magawo omwe asankhidwa pasadakhale. Ndipo kuti adziwe zomwe ali nazo, amasiya zonunkhira, zomwe zimadziwitsa nyama zina kuti malowa (dera lawo limafika makilomita 442) chatengedwa kale. Nthawi zambiri amasankha malo okhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, atasinthidwa kunyamula ziweto kuchokera kwa anthu.
Chifukwa chake, amatsata gulu la agwape, nkhosa ndi ziweto zina. Komabe, pakuyamba kwa nyengo yofunda, magulu amtunduwu ogawika amagawika awiriawiri, aliyense wa iwo amasankha kukhalapo kosiyana ndi paketiyo. Ndipo mimbulu yamphamvu kwambiri yokha ndiyo yomwe imatsala komwe kumakhala anthu, pomwe ena onse amakakamizidwa kupita kukasaka malo ena okhalamo.
Kuyambira kalekale, nyama zoterezi zidagwidwa ndi anthu mantha ochulukirapo. Koma nyama yanji ndi nkhandwe, ndipo ndizowopsa kwa miyendo iwiri? Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti adani awa pafupifupi samayambitsa ziwopsezo.
Chifukwa chake, ngati chiwopsezo chachindunji sichichokera kwa anthu, ndiye kuti moyo wawo uli pachiwopsezo. Kupatula kumachitika, koma kawirikawiri. Ndipo malinga ndi akatswiri, pazochitika izi, zigawenga zimachitika kokha ndi anthu osaganiza bwino, opitilira muyeso.
Makhalidwe a mimbulu, mphamvu zawo, mphamvu zawo, kufotokoza kwawo, komanso kuthekera kwa adaniwa kutsogolera ndi kupambana pankhondo, kuyambira kalekale zimadzetsa chidwi chamunthu. Ena mwa anthuwo amamva ubale wapamtima komanso kulumikizana kwachilengedwe ndi chilombochi, motero adasankha nkhandwe totem nyama.
Anthu akale amakhulupirira kuti ngati mungayang'ane mawonekedwe amisili kudzera m'miyambo yamatsenga, mutha kupeza mphamvu kuchokera kwa cholengedwa chotere ndikupeza mphamvu kuchokera pamenepo. Izi ndi zolengedwa zosinthika kwambiri.
Alidi ndi zambiri zoti aphunzire. Akamasaka ndi kumenya nkhondo, amagwiritsa ntchito machenjerero osangalatsa omwe anthu ambiri akale adachita pomenya nkhondo.
Nthawi yomwe mimbulu imalumikizana m'maphukusi, mamembala ake amakhala ndi cholinga chokomera onse, kudzipereka m'malo mokomera anthu amtundu wawo. Ndipo zikhale zosiyana mimbulu yolusa sakanakhoza kukhala m'malo ovuta achilengedwe. M'madera awa, pali olamulira olamulira okhwima, pomwe aliyense mosakayikira amakhala pansi pa mtsogoleri, ndipo membala aliyense wa paketiyo ali ndiudindo wawo.
Utsogoleri wa gulu lino umachitika popanda chiwawa komanso kuletsa ufulu. Komabe, kapangidwe kameneka ndi makina okonzedwa bwino. Ndipo chikhalidwe cha mamembala chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kugonana, zaka komanso luso la munthu aliyense payekha.
Zakudya zabwino
Polimbana ndi ziweto, mimbulu imagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi, zomwe ndizofala kwambiri kwa oimira nyama. Choyamba, atakhala obisalira, amadikirira kuti anzawo awonekere. Kenako ena mwa adaniwo amakhalabe pogona, mwachitsanzo, tchire, ndipo mamembala ena a gulu la osaka anai-miyendo inayi amayendetsa nyama yawo mbali iyi, potero amapita nayo ku imfa.
Mbalame ndi anthu ena osatuluka, mimbulu nthawi zambiri imafa ndi njala. Gawo la paketiyo limathamangitsa wovulalayo, ndipo omwe akuwatsata akatopa, amasinthidwa ndi ena, odzaza ndi mimbulu yolimba. Chifukwa chake, chiyembekezo cha omwe akuzunzidwa chatsimikizika.
Izi ndizo dziko la mimbulu, alibe chifundo ndi nkhanza. Nthawi zambiri, zolengedwa izi zimatha kuthana ndi njala yawo ngakhale ndi amtundu wawo, odwala komanso ovulala. Komabe, nyama izi sizingalepheretse chidwi ndi nzeru zawo komanso kulimba mtima kwawo.
Nyama zoterezi zimasaka nyama yayikulu: Gwape, nguruwe zasiliva, Gwape, mphalapala. Koma anthu osakwatiwa a fuko lino amatha kugwira hares, gopher, makoswe, mbalame zam'madzi. Mimbulu yanjala samanyoza mitembo ya nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Kuchokera pamndandanda wazomera, amagwiritsa ntchito zipatso, mavwende ndi mabala, bowa, amatola zipatso, koma si chakudya chawo, koma imwani, ndiye kuti, msuzi wa mbewu izi zimawathandiza kuthetsa ludzu lawo.
Nyama zowopsa izi zimapita kukasaka usiku. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalumikizana mwa kupatsana mawu osiyanasiyana. Ndipo mwamtheradi iliyonse ya izo, kaya kung'ung'udza, kubangula, kukuwa kapena kubangula, imasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kulamulira monogamy kokhazikika kumalamulira pakati pa mimbulu. Ndipo ngakhale atamwalira mnzake, winayo amamusungabe wokhulupirika. Ndipo chidwi cha akazi aulere nthawi zambiri chimapambanidwa ndi okwera pamahatchi pamikangano yankhanza komanso yamagazi ndi omenyera.
Mgwirizano wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha utapangidwa, mamembala awiriwa amayamba kufunafuna phanga labanja, chifukwa akuyenera kukonzekera zonse munthawi yake komanso moyenera kuti ana abwere.
Masewera okwatirana omwe amachitika nthawi ya estrus ya nkhandwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka nthawi yachisanu kapena masika. Njirayi, yomwe imakhalapo m'nkhandwe, imakhala yabwino kwambiri mdera lanyengo, chifukwa ana a banja amawoneka panthawi yomwe kuzizira kumatha, ndipo ndi kutali ndi nyengo yozizira yatsopano, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ana a nkhandwe amakhala ndi nthawi yoti akule, kulimba ndikuphunzira zambiri panthawi yayitali.
Nthawi yoyembekezera mu nkhandwe imatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, kenako ana amabadwa. Sikovuta kulingalira momwe amabadwira komanso momwe amakulira kwa iwo omwe ali ndi agalu kunyumba, chifukwa zimadziwika kale kuti nyama izi ndizofanana. Masiku oyamba a ana a nkhandwe ndi akhungu, ndipo maso awo amadulidwa pakangotha milungu iwiri.
Pa gawo ili la moyo wawo, anawo alibe chodzitetezera, amangokhalira kukwapula pofunafuna chibere cha amayi, ali ndi kuthekera kokwawa kokha. Ndipo amadyanso erection omwe makolo awo amapereka, koma amaleredwa kale pachakudya cha nyama.
Ana a mwezi uliwonse amakhala odziyimira pawokha, amayenda bwino, amasewera ndi abale ndi alongo. Posakhalitsa mbadwo watsopano ukukula mphamvu, ndipo ana akuyesera kusaka chakudya.
Tsoka ilo, kuchuluka kwa anthu akufa pakati pa fuko la nkhandwe ndilokwera kwambiri. Kale mchaka choyamba chamoyo chomwe changoyamba kumene, theka la zinyalala zimamwalira pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Koma iwo omwe amadutsa bwinobwino nthawi imeneyi amabereka ana awo. Kuthekera kofananira kwa mimbulu kumachitika zaka ziwiri. Ndipo amuna amakula patapita chaka.
Nkhandwe – nyama, wofanana ndi galu, kuphatikiza potengera moyo. Amayamba kumva ukalamba pambuyo pa zaka 10. Mamembala otere a nkhandwe ali ndi ufulu kupeza chakudya, chisamaliro ndi chitetezo. Mimbulu imafa pafupifupi zaka 16, ngakhale, mwongoganiza, imatha kukhala ndi moyo wopitilira makumi awiri.
